
Qass. 
Book. 



cRfK 



u. s. 
"SNAP SHOTS" 



An Independent, National, and IMeniorial Encyrlo^jedia. 

(AJpliahetically Arranged for Ueady Ret'creucc.) 

A GAZETTEER OF NATIONAL INDUSTRIES. 

Products, Agriculture, ISIanufacturcs, Wealth, Kelin'ious Dfuuniiiiations, 
etc. Great Inventions and Inventors, according to the 1890 census. 

NATIONAL AND STATE POLITICS, PARTIES, AND STATESMEN. 

Interesting Reiniuiscences. Anecdotes, Songs, Fun, AViiticisms 
and Slang of Famous Cani[)aigns. 

THE STUMP, TOKCII-LIGIIT PKOCESSION8, PAKADES. liUASS BANIJS 

IN POLITICS. 



Chronicle outline of American History fn)m 986 to 1892, with a Full 
AND Authentic Descjmi'tion of the 

WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 



Facts about Presidents and Biographical Stories, Anecdotes, and Remi- 
niscences of the Presidential and Vice-Presidential Nominees 
of the Republican and Democratic Parties and 
their Wives and Families. 



By OLIVER McKEE. 



Illustrated with many iihoto-chroinatic color plates, and over 200 Engravings and 
Portraits by the BEST AMERICAN ARTISTS. 







Px^ 






Copyrighted 

by A. M. Thayer & Co. 

Boston, Mass. 



U 



PUBLISHERS' PREFACE. 



The design of this book is to collect and group in a convenient 
arrangement those facts regarding the political history, the insti- 
tutions, the government, and the industries of the United States, 
which every thoughtful citizen may reasonably be expected to 
desire to have knowledge of. While the first aim has been to lay 
most stress upon the origin of political institutions, parties, laws, 
public questions, etc., it was felt that this purpose would not be 
adequately realized without giving an outline sketch of the indus- 
tries and conmierce of the country, so nearly related nowadays 
are legislation and the national material development. For this 
reason, descriptions are given of the States and Territories, with 
their industrial statistics compiled from the census of 1890, and 
Avith their more prominent characteristics defined. 

The encyclopjedic arrangement has been supplemented by an 
exhaustive system of cross-references, by which it is hoped that 
the seeker after information may obtain what he desires to know 
in the shortest possible time. All of the important sub-divisions 
of chapters are indexed in alphabetical order, and in each case 
are referred to the caption under which they naturally would be 
found. For instance, anything of a military character will be 
found under the head of the United States Army; subjects in any 
way connected with the Post-Office Department under that head, 
and anything relating to ships or shipping under Shipbuilding. 
To make the reference even more convenient, sub-heads of main 
heads, or, in other Avords, the essential facts in each chapter are 
outlined by captions to be found in close conjunction with the 



PREFACE. 

main caption itself. A glance at eacli caption, therefore, will 
show all that the chapter contains. 

It is impossible in a work of this kind that some errors, involv- 
ing questions of fact, should not he made. If any reader finds 
such errors, the publishers will be gratified if he will point them 
out, in order that in later editions they may be corrected. 

Several works of a kindred nature have been drawn upon for 
some of the material in tlie book, a fact which the author desires 
to publicly ackiunvledge. The more important of these books are 
Johnston's " .Vnierican Politics," Townsend's " U. S. Facts," the 
" Dictionary of American Politics," and John Fiske's "Civil Gov- 
ernment," all of which are especially valuable to any student of 
United States history and institutions. 




Abolition, AbolKioiiisls. (Stc rolitical Parties.) 
Aecidoiiial Pn'sidciH, The. (See Prosidcnts of tin United 
States.) 

Accidents, Kailroad. (See Railroads and IJiidoes.) 

AdministratiiMi Should licCondnctcd bcliiiid (wlass Doors. 

[See Saying^s ot" Famous .(Viiicricaiis.) 

Admission ol' States into the Union. — riie dates on which 
he thirteen original States ratilied the Constitution, and those 
)n which the rest have been admitted into the Union are as 
'ollows : — 



Delaware, Dee. "7, 1787; '2'.-,. 

rennsylvauia, Dee. 12, 1787; 24. 

New Jersey, Dec. 18, 1787; 25. 

Georjiia, Jan. 2, 1788; 26. 

Conneeticnt, Jan. 0, 1788; 27. 

Massaelnisetls, Feb. 7, 1788; 28. 

Maryland, April 28, 1788; 29. 

South Carolina, May 2;5, 1788; ;)0. 
New Hampshire, June 21, 1788; 81. 

Virginia, June 2(5, 1788; o2. 

New York, July 2t), 1788; 83. 

North Carolina', Nov. 21, 1781); 34. 

Rhode Island, May 2!), 17!)0; 35. 

Vermont, March 4, 1701; 36. 

Kentucky, June 1, 1702; 37. 

Tennessee, June 1, 1706; 38. 

Ohio, Nov. 20, 1802; 30. 

Louisiana, April 30, 1812; 40. 

Indiana, Dee. 11, 1816; 41. 

Mississippi, Dec. 10, 1817; 42. 

Illinois, Dee. 3, 1818; 43. 

Alabama, Dee. 14, 1819; 44. 



Maine, March 15, 1820; 
Missouri, Aug. 10, 1821; 
Arkansas, ',Iune 15, 1836; 
Michigan, Jan. 26, 1837; 
Florida., IVIarch 3, 1845; 
Texas, Dec. 20, 1845; 
Iowa, Dec. 28, 1846; 
Wisconsin, May 20, 1848; 
California., Sept. 0, 1850; 
Minnesota,, May 11, 1858; 
Oregon, Feb. 14, 1850; 
Kansas, Jan. 20, 18()1; 
West Virginia, June 10, 1863; 
Nevada, Oct. 31, 1864; 
Nebraska, March 1, I8(i7; 
Coh)rado, Aug. 1, 1876; 
No. Dakota,, Nov. 3, 1880; 
So. Dakota, Nov. 3, 1880; 
JMontana,, Nov. 8, 1880; 
AVashington, Nov. 11, 1880; 
Idaho, July 3, 1800; 
Wyoming, July 11, 1800. 



Agricnltnral Wheel. (See Political Parties.) 
Agricnltnre. 

Corn, Hay, 

Oats, Wool, 

Wheat, Barley, 

Rye, 



Tobacco, 
Farm Animals, 
Cotton, 
Sui^ar. 



34 



AGRICULTURE. 






When Capt. John Sniitli landed in America in 1607, he 
found the Indians growing Corn. He thus describes the 
process: "They make a hole in the earth with a stick, and 
into it they put four grains of wheat (i. e. maize) and two of 
beans. These holes they make four feet from one another. 
Their women and children do continually keep it with Aveeding, 
and when it is grown middle high, they hill it about like a hop 
yard. In May also among their corn tliey plant pomjieons." 
What the Knglish explorer thus described was the Beginning 
of Agriculture in America. The one great need of the early 
colonists was live-stock. A few cows wei-e brought over to Vir- 
ginia in 1GU7, and by 1020 the number was 500. In 1689, the 

number was 30,- 
000. The First 
Cattle were im- 
ported in 1623, 
and seven years 
' later 100 cows 
,V a r r i V ed . Pre- 
vious to this, 
however, cattle 
had been intro- 
duced into the 
Spanish settle- 
ments in Central 
America by the 
Spanish, and here were raised the i)i-ogenitors of the modern 
Texas steers, and many domestic stocks also sprang from the 
Spanish importations. Although in remote times The Horse 
inhabited America, the species was extinct by the time the colo- 
nists an-ived; the ancestors of the modern American Horse were 
imported by the Spanish, the Dutch, and the English, 

Wheat was imported, and was sown in an island in Buzzard's 
Bay by Gosnold in 1602. It was first sown in Virginia in 1611. 
It remained the staple crop until 1648, when it was surpassed 
by Tobacco. In 1622, Virginia raised 60,000 pounds of 
tobacco. The industry grew to such ])roportions that between 
1622 and 1644 the crop aggregated 40,(100,000 pounds. Of the 
colonies. New Jersey was the most productive. 

Potatoes came from South America. By 1725, all the 
cereals were grown in abundance, the staple food product being 
the native Indian Corn, which was eaten either as hominy, 
hasty pudding, pone bread, or succotash (a mixture of corn and 
beans) and was to be found on every table between Maine 
and Georgia. The first attempt at Cotton Production was in 




AGRICULTURE. 



35 



South Carolina, in 1733, Avith seed imported from Smyrna, but 
after that seed was imported from the West Indies. Cotton was 
used extensively in makins; clothing for the negroes. Another 
ditticulty the colonists contended with was the lack of suitable 
tools to work with. 

In 1G17, Ploughs were introduced, rude affairs of wood, 
heavy, big, and requiring a strong team to pull them. The other 

farming implements were 
the spade, the sickle, the 
wooden fork, the hoe, 
and later the harrow. 
The plough 
was so useful 




STEAM PLOUGH. 



an implement that Thontas Jefferson thought it worth his while to 
try to have it improved, and he succeeded in doing so. To his 
efforts is due th.e introduction of the first hillside ]ilough. 

Reaping Machines Avere exj)erimc!ited with, both in this 
country and in England, about LSOO. The years from 18U0 to 
1830 saw large impoi'ts of blooded cattle and sheep, Avhich were 
used to ext-ellent advantage for breeding purposes. About 1810 
sheep were very scarce, and therefore wool was at a premium ; 
as high as |100 a pound in ISIO, aiul in 1812, #250 a pound 
being asked for the finest quality. Tlams were worth |l,000 
each. 

The period from 1833 to 1860 was one of progress. Drain- 
age came into ])rominence, the h'rst real attempt at irrigation 
being that of the Mormons, at Salt Lake City. Iin))rovement of 
farm buildings and in farm impkunents was n<)ticeabk\ Farmers 
came to realize the value of economy in the use of manures. The 
cereal acreage increased with the opening of the Pacific railroads. 

Agriculture took a great stride forward with the invention of 
the McCornnick Reaper, in 1834, although its advantages 
were not at once appreciated. From 1860 agriculture has moved 



36 



AGKIOUI.TUKE. 



steadily forward. 'Vhc eiiaotiiuMit of the liomostead law, the work 
of Agrieultural Colleges, the unjirovement in agrieullui-al imple- 
ments, the organ i/ation of the Cirange, and the cstalilishment by 
the government of the Departnient of Agrienlture, — these have 
all operated to make agrienlture a scienee wliieh is to-day belter 
untU'rstood and enjoys a higher state of perfection in the United 
[States than in any land under the sun. Drainage, irrigation, the 
use of fertilizers, intelligent construction of farm buiUlings, not 
to mention the invention ot machinery for sowing and harvesting, 
ha\ e made possible the raising of immense crops, and have led to 
the opening up antl expansion of agricultural industries Avhich 
heretofore ha-l been conducted only on a small scale. Among 
these are the butter, I'heese, and milk industries, which yield 
products wortli millions of dollars yearly. 

Of Milk, the United States now raises upwards of (>0,000,00() 
gallons annually, of Biilter, the product is upwards of 770,000,- 
000 pounds, and of Cheese the product is oO,0(»0,000 pounds. 
Another immense industry allied Avith agriculture is the raising of 
Poultry, which exceeds 70,000,»K)0 fowls in a year; the pro- 
duction of Eggs is (n-er 5,000,000,000. 

The entire agricultural product is worth over $4,000,000,000 in 



5,0 0,000, 
10,000,IM)0. 
duct w a s 



a vear. The farms inunber over 
the farmers and farm laborers over 

Wheat.— In iSOO, the wheat pro- 
oO!),-JO-J,000 bushels, with an acre 
age of 30,087,154 acres. The 
product Avas valued at 'S3o4,- 
773,078. The Dakotas led 
with 40,411,000 bus 
]Minnesota being stHond 
with 3S,;;50,000 bushels. 
In wheat ])roduction the 
Uinted Statvs leads all 
the nations of the earth, 
France being sectMid 
Avith 3*25,000,000 
bushels, India third, 
with 235,000,000, and 
Austria-lluiiiiarv fourth 
with 217,000,000. 

Corn.— In iSiiO, tlie yield of corn Avas 1,480,970,000 bushels, 
from 71,07(t,70o acres; the jtrod net Avas valued at $754,433,451. 
Iowa led Avith 232,439,000 bushels. 

Oats, Rye, and Barley. — Of rve in 1890, the yield was 
28,415,000 bushels ; of barley, 63,884,000 ; of oats, 523,621,000. 




TOBACCO CCLTCRE. 



AOKTCItl-TURK, 



37 



'I'lie total are:i growinjjf t-crcals was 1 40, 'JS 1,000 acres. The 
value of the product was !ii?l,;i'J0,Uf)5,o98. 

Hay. -Of hay in 1888, the i)ro(liict Avas 46,643,094 tons, 
\ ahicd at -t40S,4i)l»,r)6r), ( For P^xports of Cereals see Kx{)oi-ts 
aiul Impoits.) 

Potatoes. — Tlie ))otato crop aogri'L^alcd 'i02,;>6r),0(H) bushels, 
valued at $81,41 3,58!) ; tlie acreao-o t\)r ])otatoes was 2,5o3,-JS(). 

Wool. -The product of wool in 1890 was 276,000,000 pounds, 
which was an average yield; imported, 105,431,281 pounds; 
domestic wool exported, 231,0 12 pounds; foreign wool exported, 
3,288,467 pounds; retained for honic consumption, 3(56,911,772 
pounds. 

Sugar.— Tlu' sugar producers in the applications for licenses 
announci'd theii* |)rospective production as follows (year ending 
dune 30, 1891) : Cane sugar, 447,157,709 pounds; beet sugar, 
7,971,777 pounds; sorghum sugar, 57,132,044 pounds; total, 
512,261,530 pounds. This abnormally large production is due to 
the srauting of bounties to sugar manufacturers under the act of 




UARVESTING THE HVK CROP, 



Oct. 1, 1890, the enti-ance tVee of duty of beet sugar machinery, 
and to other favoring circumstances. The consumption of sugar 
per capita in 1891 was 62 jtounds, as against 77.8 pounds per 
capita in England, 

Cotton. — In 1891, the cotton crop aggregated 8,655,518 bales, 
the largest ever grown. The exports of cotton in 1890-91 were 
5,750,443 bales, for home consumption, 2,642,912 liales. 

Tobacco. — The prodiu-tion of tobacco in 1888 (JSecretary of 
Agriculture's IJeport ) was 565,795,000 pounds, valued at 143,- 
666,665. Kentucky grew the largi>st crop, 283,306,000 pounds, 
valued at !|i521, 247,971. The production of the other chief to- 
bacco-growing States was, in jjounds, as follows: Connecticut, 
9,603,000; Illinois, 2,947,000; Indiana, 16,153,000 ; Maryland, 
14,017,000 ; Massachusetts, 3,898,000 ; Missouri, 13,109,000 ; New 



38 



ALABAMA. 



York, 6,488,000 ; North Carolina, -25,755,000; Ohio, 35,195,000 ; 
Pennsylvania, 24,180,000; Tennessee, 45,641,000; Virr^inia, 
64,034; West Virginia, 4,406,000 ; Wisconsin, 12,840,000. ' The 
tobacco crop in 1890 aggregated over 600,000,000 pounds. 

Farm Animals in the United States. — The Department 
of Agriculture reported the following farm animals in the Ihiited 
States in 1891 : Horses, 14,056,750, value, $941,823,222 ; mules, 
2,296,532, value, 1178,847,370 ; milch cows, 16,019,591, value, 
1346,397,900 ; oxen aiid other cattle, 36,875,648, value, |;544,- 
127,908; sheep, 43,431,136, value, Ji;l08,3;)7,447 ; swine, 50,625,- 
106, value, !|210,193,923. Total value of farm animals, .^2,329,- 
787,770. In the numher of sheep in 1891, Texas led the States, 
having 4,990,272; Ohio wiis second, having 3,712,310; New 
Mexico third Avith 3,123,66:5; Oregon fourth with 2,431,759; 
Michigan fifth with 2,263,249 ; JNIontana sixth with 2,089,337 ; 
and Utah seventh M'itli 2,<»55,900. In 1888, South Amerii-a had 
99,928,607 sheep; Australasia, 86,245,520; liussia in Europe, 
46,724,736 ; British India, 30,453,724 ; Ureat Britain and Ireland, 
29,401,750 ; South Africa, 23,746,179 ; France, 22,688,230 ; 
Germany, 19,189,715; Spain, 16,939,288; total in foreign lands, 
423,907,Y41. 

Agriculiuro, Department of. (See Feilei-al Government.) 
Alabama. — Tiie State was founded at Mi>l)ile, by the 

French, in 1702. A hundred and 
hfty years before that the Spaniards 
entered the region in search of gold. 
At this time they were attacked by 
the natives and fought with tiienx a 
bloody battle. Alabama did not 
unite with tl»e thirteen colonies in 
their conflict with England. The 
Spaniards retained their power at 
Mobile until it was broken by Gen- 
eral Wilkinson's arin}^ from New 
Orleans in 1S13. In 1817 Congress 
organized the territory, and two 
years later it became a State with 
besides the Indians. Cahaba became 
the capital in 1820; Tuskaloosa, in 1>*26; Montgomery, in 1847. 
The Indians since then have been icmoved to the Indian Terri- 
tory. 

Agriculture in Alabama employs 400,000 persons on 140,000 
farms, with 180,000,000 worth of land and buildings, and $25,000,- 
000 in live stock, the yearly products being valued at $57,000,000. 




GREAT SEAL OF ALABAMA. 



about 127',000 iidiabitants 



ALABAMA. 



89 



The largest erop is of Cotton, which averages 700,000 hales; 
of tohacco, the average is 450,000 lbs. ; of riee, .Sid, ()()() lbs. ; of 
cereals, 40,000,000 1)Us1r'1s ; of hay, 52,000 tons. In cotton pro- 
duction, Alabama is the Fourth State. 

The develoj)ment of the mineral regions has of late years be- 
come an important industiy. There are extensive ccKil-fields and 
iron-beds, and iron-mannfacturing has attaiiuMl immense pro))or- 
tions. 

Within fifteen years the Output of Pig-iron has increased 




MONTGOMERY, ALA., SUOWINO STATE CAPITOL. 



SO that the State now ranks next to Pennsylvania and Ohio- 
There are 52 blast-furnaces in operation, producing, in 1889> 
890,432 tons of pig-iron. A fine quality of steel is also produced, 
the product being verj' large. The coal yield has risen to 340,- 
000 tons. Alabama is also noteil for its mineral springs, and has 
numerous health resorts. 

The (State supports a University at Tuskaloosa in which 
military trainiiig is a prominent feature. There is also an agri- 
cultural and mechanical college, at Auburn, a Methodist P]piscO' 
pal church college, Howard College for Ba])tists, S))ring Hill 
College (Catholic), and other sectarian institutions and a medical 
college. There are 35 academies, with 6,000 students, including 
9 colleges for women. There are four Normal Schools for 
Colored Students, for which the State makes yearly appro- 
priations. 

The population of Alabama in 1880 Avas 1,262,505, in 1890, 
1,518,017, of whom 662,185 were white, and 681,431 colored. 
The net ])ublic debt was |11,992,()19. There were in 1890 3,813 
miles of railroads, ajid 1,933 post-oHices, and in 1892 there were 



40 



ALABAMA. 



180 newspapers. Mt. Vernon Barracks, a United States garri- 
son, is situated 28 miles nortli of Mobile. 

Mobile, the cliief city, with a populatioji in 1800 of 31,076, is 
a vast cotton exporting centre. Birnunghani (poj)ulation, 26,178) 
has extensive rolling mills, and many factories ]iroducing a variety 
of manufactures. It lias the largest iron mainifacturing business 
of any city outside of Pennsylvania. JMontgomery (population, 
21,888) is a manufacturing and cotton centre. The Governor of 
Alabama is Thomas G. Jones (Democrat), whose term expires 
Dec. 1, 1892. The State is Democratic. 

Alabama Claims. — The fact that in English ports during the 
Civil War 

Confederate .rz- .._ t, ,>i^.j-ii) 

cruisers were 
allowed to be 
built, and that 
Confede rate 
vessels were 
a 11 o w ed to 
coal and arm 
there while at 
tlie same time 
neutrality was 
strictly e n - 

forced against ITnittMl States ships, led 
to the display of nnu-h })itterness toward 
the English goveriuncnt on the part of 
the F'ederal governnient. Chief among 

the cruisers which were built or equipped in England Avere the 
Florida, the Georgia, the Shenandoah, and the Alabama; the 
last-named because of her esi>ecially destructive career gave her 
name to the claims which arose from tlu^ depredations of all 
such vessels on the conunerce of the United States. 

As a result of Great Britain's action in .these matters, the 
United States Claimed Damages from her for " direct losses 
in the capture and destruction of a large number of vessels, with 
their cargoes, and in the heavy national expenditures in the pur- 
suit of the cruisers ; and indirect injury in the transfer of a lai-ge 
part of the American commercial marine to the British flag, in 
the enhanced payment of insurance, in the prolongation of the 
war, and in the aildition of a large sum to the cost of the war and 
the su])pression of the IJebellion." The dispute between the two 
govennnents stood unsettled until after the war. In 1866, this 
goverinnent offered to submit the dispute to arbitration ; England 




MUSCLE SHOALS AND CANALS, 
ALABAMA. 



ALASKA. 41 

objected, and proposed instead a joint commission to settle this 
and other disputes, "^rhe Commission met and signed the Treaty 
of Washington, in 1871, the residt of which was an Arbitration 
Commission, whicli met at (Geneva, Switzerland, and on Sept. 
14, 1H72, awarded to the llnited States damages amomiting to 
$15,500,000, wliich was paid. (See Geneva Award.) 

Albany Regency. (See Political Parties.) 

Alaska.-- Navigators sailing under the Russian Hag in 1741, 
were the first to land on the shores of Alaska. In 1799, the 
Emperor Paul of Ilussia granted a charter to the Russian- 
Amei'ican Company, who conquered the country as far as Sitka, 
penetrated to California, and opened ti-ade with China and the 
Spanish colonies. Priests of the Greek church, acting with the 
Russian government. Christianized thousands of the natives. 
Following the advice of Seward and Sumner, in 1867 this 
government bought Alaska from Russia for $7,200,000 in 
gold. 

The Climate of southern Alaska is moderated by the influence 
of the ocean. The mean temperature of Sitka is 54 degrees in 
summer and 31 degrees in winter. The government consists of 
a governor, a district judge, and a district attorney, besides a 
collector of customs, several commissioners, and a marshal. 
Education is under the direction of the United States Commis- 
sioner of Education. There are eighteen day schools supported 
by the government. 

The Fisheries of Alaska are of enormous value ; upAvards of 
fifty American vessels come to the fishing grounds annually, 
getting $1,500,000 a year in ivory, bone, and oil. The yearly 
yield of furs has reached 100,000 fur seals, 5,000,000 otters, 
10,000,000 beavers, 12,000,000 foxes, and 20,000,000 martens. 

The value of Fur-Seal skins shipped from Alaska and sold in 
the London markets since the Territory came into the possession 
of the United States is given as nearly $33,000,000, and of other 
furs as $16,000,000. With regard to the fisheries, the value of 
the product of the salmon canneries alone from 1884 to 1890 is 
reported at nearly $7,000,000, and of salmon salted at $500,000. 
In 1890 over 3,000,000 salmon weie taken at Karluk, where the 
largest cannery in the world is situated, and no fewer than 200,- 
000 cases of salmon were canned at this place last year, 1,100 
fishermen and packers being employed therein. The Herring 
fishery at Killisnoo yields annually over 150,000 gallons of oil and 
nearly 1,000 tons of fertilizing material, and the value of the cod- 
fish catch in Alaskan waters since 1868 is stated to be fully $3,000,- 
000. The whale fisheries of the Arctic Ocean in 1890 yielded 



42 ALIEN AND SEDITION LAWS. 

226,402 pounds of whalebone, worth from 12.50 to 18.50 per 
pound ; 3,980 pounds of ivory, worth 50 cents per pound, and 
14,567 barrels of oil, worth from 30 to 60 cents per gallon. The 
total value of the precious metals exported from Alaska up to the 
])resent time approaches $4,000,000, the annual production of 
gold dust and bullion being now 1700,000. 

The United States Government has received in income from 
the Seal Islands more than it jjaid for the Territory. 

The Capital of Alaska is Sitka, which had a population in 
1890 of 1,188. Metlakahtla, on Annette Island, is the home of 
1,000 semi-civilized Indians from British Columbia. The popu- 
lation of the Territory in 1880 was 33,426, of whom 430 were 
white; in 1890 the population was 30,329, of whom 4,419 were 
white. The area of Alaska is 531,000 square miles; there are 
320 towns and villages, 50 government and mission schools, and 
four newspapers. The governor of Alaska is Lyman E. Knapp 
(Rep.), whose term expires January 9, 1893. 

Alexander, tlie Coppersmith. (See Nicknames of Famous 
Americans.) 

Alien and Sedition Laws. — When the trouble between the 
United States and P^ ranee arose in 1797, the Federalists attempted 
to strengthen themselves by the enactment of certain laws which 
Avere very unjjopular with the people. ( See X. Y. Z. Mis- 
sion.) 

The Alien Law authorized the President to order such aliens 
as he regarded as dangerous, to quit the country, and to fine and 
imprison such as refused. The law also lengthened the period 
of residence necessary for naturalization to fourteen years. The 
Sedition Law i)unished with fine and imprisonment all persons 
who combined or conspired to oppose the government, or who 
produced or circulated any false, scandalous, or malicious writing 
against the government, or the President, or Congress. This 
law was the result of the attacks made upon the government's 
policy in its attitude toward France. 

Intense feeling against the Federalists was engendei-ed by these 
laws, and in 1798, Kentucky and Virginia legislatures adopted 
resolutions, in effect that by these laws the Constitution had been 
violated, that the laws were Unconstitutional, that the Federal 
government had overstepped the boundary of its delegated 
authority, that the laws abridged liberty of speech and of the 
press, and that in such a case of abuse of power, the States should 
interpose. 

The Kentucky resolutions even went so far as to declare that 
"Nullification " in this extremity was the "rightful remedy," 



AMENDIMENTS TO THE COJfSTITUTIOX. 43 

liut (lid not use the Avord in the upidication of its later relation to 

the doctrine of State rights. 

Alien Contract Labor. (See Immigration, Restriction of.) 
Alien Land Owners. (See Public Lands and Land (4rants.) 
Alinnde Joe. (See Nicknames of Famous Americans.) 
Allei?iance. — The doctrine of allegiance is tliat ever}'^ citizen 

of the United States owes paramount allegiance to the national 

government. 

All Qniet Alonis; the Potoni m. (See Sayings of Famous 
Americans.) 

All We Ask Is To Be Let Alone. (See Sayings of Famous 
Americans.) 

Amendments to the Constitntion. — There have been fifteen 
in all, the first ten of which were adopted in 1789, and were 
intended to guarantee freedom of religion, speech, person, and 
property. The eleventh was adopted in 1794, and secured States 
against suits in United States Courts, thus enabling, since then, 
many States to repudiate their debts. The twelfth, adopted in 
ISOo, shaj)ed the manner of electing Presidents as it is to-day. 
The thirteenth, adopted in 1864, was proposed for the purpose of 
making emancipation universal in the nation, and prohibiting 
si i very forever. The fourteenth amendment, adopted in 1865, 
injected into the Constitution the principle of the Civil Kights 
Bill, which gave citizenship to 4,000,0(10 freed men. All the 
Confederate States except Tennessee at once refused to ratify it, 
l)ut afterwards ratified it as the condition of re-admission into the 
Union. The fifteenth amendment, adopted in 1869, supple- 
mented the fourteenth, guaranteeing the right of suffrage, with- 
out regard to race, color, or previous condition of servitude. 

American Caesar, The. (See Presidents of the L'^nited 
States.) 

American Carrying Trade. (See Shipbuilding.) 
American Cato. (See Nicknames of Famous Americans.) 
American Chatham. (See Nicknames of Famous Americans.) 
American Fahiiis. (See Presidents of the United States.) 
American Fiai?. (See Flags of the United States.) 
American Knights. (See Political Parties.) 
American Lonis Phillipe. (See Presidents of the United 
States.) 

Americans Must Light the Lamps of Industry and Econ- 
omy. (See Sayings of Famous Americans.) 



44 ARIZONA. 

American Party. (See Political Parties.) 

Ancestry, etc., of Presidents. (See Presidents of the 
United States.). 

Ancient Mariner of the Wabash. (See Nicknames of Fa- 
mous Americans.) 

Another Connty Heard From. (See Slang of Politics.) 
Anti-Federalists. (See Political Parties.) 
Anti-Masonic Party. (See Political Parties.) 
Anti-Monopoly Party. (See Political Parties.) 
Anti-Nebraska Party. (See Political Parties.) 
Anti-Poverty Society. (See Political Parties.) 
Anti-Slavery Party. (See Political Parties.) 
Arbor Day. (See Forestry.) 

Area of the United States, and of States. (See Popula- 
tion and Area.) 

Aristocrats. (See Political Parties.) 

Arizona. — Arizona was part of the Mexican cession and the 
Gadsden purchase. It was settled in 1<)85, by tlie Spainards. It 
was annexed to the United States in 1848. It is remarkable for 
vast plateaus, 3,000 to 7,000 feet high, for deep canons and 
arid plains. The Colorado River, which separates Arizona from 
California, is a mighty stream having a channel 1,100 miles long, 
and passing through a series of deep chasms, Avith walls of mar- 
ble and granite from 1,000 to (>,.500 feet high. 

The State has many Natural Wonders, and is a favorite 
resort of those who are in search of the wild and picturesque in 
nature. The Chief Resources are mineral. The output of 
her mines has exceeded 180,000,000 ; the output of silver has 
been over $5,000,000 yearly. The silver nunes of Tombstone have 
produced $33,000,(l0"(» in the metal, since 1878. There are rich 
copper deposits, the exports having reached ^4,000,000 in a j^ear. 
The agriculture of Arizona is conducted by means of artificial 
irrigation. The fruit product includes oranges, lemons, peaches, 
limes, figs, olives, and dates. 

The Population in 1880 was 40,440 ; in 1890, it was 59,691. 
The territorial debt was $769,000 ; the value of assessed property 
was $26,000,000. PluiMiix, the capital, is situated in an oasis 
made by ii-rigation. There were in 1890, 1,097 miles of railroads, 
and the school attendance was 4,702, There were 26 newspapei-s. 
The chief cities are Tucson, with 5,095 inhabitants ; Phcenix, 
with 4,000 ; and Tombstone, Avith 2,000. The Governor of the 
Territory is John N. Irwin, whose terra expires September 1, 1894. 



ARKANSAS. 



45 




GREAT HEAL OE ARKANSAS. 



Arkansas. — The region was iirst visited by white men belong- 
ing to De Soto's expedition in 1541. 
Frenchmen established the first 
settlement at Arkansas Post, 1686. 
It was pai-t of tlie Lonisiana Pur- 
chase and was ;;|,dmitted as a State 
in 1836. Eastern Arkansas is fiat, 
while the western part is an elevated 
plain. 

The Arkansas River, rising 
in the Rockies, fiows through Colo- 
rado and Kansas, and thence south- 
east througli the Indian Territory 
and Arkansas, to its junction with 
the Mississip])i at Napoleon. Jt has 
a course within the State of five hundred miles. The Red, St. 
Francis, White and Ouachita rivers are all large streams and of 
much service in commerce. Tlie Mississippi, here of great width, 
washes the eastern boundary of Arkansas, and gives it an addi- 
tional water frontage of nearly four hundred miles. 

Steamboating is carried on on all the rivers, the navigable 
lengtli of which is over 3, "200 miles. Agriculture is tlie chief 
industry, there being upwards of 10(1,000 tarms, producing 
500,000 bales of cotton, 800,000 bushels of sweet potatoes, 
1,200,000 pounds of tobacco, 40,000,000 bushels of corn, 1,800,000 
bushels of wheat, and 4,500,000 ])ushels of oats. Sorghum, 
molasses, and truit are also produced. The live stock is woith 
over $20,000,000, including 700,000 cattle, 275,000 sheep, 1,500,- 
000 swine, and 300,(>00 horses and mules. The Timber Lands 
cover nearly 30,000 square miles, yielding yellow-pine, poplar, 
walnut, cypress, oaks, hickory, cheri-y, etc., the product being 
worth $20,000,000 in a yeai-. The minerals have not yet been 
developed, but are found in great variety. The output of coal 
is about 300,000 tons in a year. Building stones, zinc, mai'l)les, 
manganese, some copper, and other minerals are found. The 
most notable feature of the State are the Hot Springs, which 
lie in a gorge in the mountains two hours' ride from l.,ittle Rock. 
The Arkansas Industrial University at Little Rock provides for 
beneficiary students of botli sexes, having several hundred 
scholars. ^Nfanual and military training is an important branch 
of tlu' curriculum. There are u])war(ls of a dozen other higher 
educational institutions. The a])]iroj)riations for schools aggre- 
gate $l,0ir),0O0, the average daily atteii(Kance being 148,714. 
Tlie jiopulation of Arkansas in 1880 was 802,525, of whom 
210,666 were colored; in 1890, the population was 1,125,385. 



46 



ARMY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



The real property was valued (1S88) at 178,000,000. The 
personal property at $48,000,000 ; the manufactures were valued 
at $7,000,000, the farm lands (12,001,000 acres) were valued at 
$74,240,000, their products at $45,000,000; there were in 1890, 
2,195 miles of railroad and in 1892, 198 newspapers. 

Little Rock, the chief city and the cai)ital, has a business- 
like appearance, broad streets well paved, several fine buildings, 
and has a trade aggregating $25,000,000 in a year. The State 
House, Little Rock University, the United States Court House, 
the Post-Office and Custom House, and tlie Arsenal are the more 
notable buildings. The population in 1890 was 22,430. Fort 
Smith (population 11,291) is the second city. It is on the Upper 
Arkansas, and is a railroad centre. Pine Bluff is a shipi)ing 
centre on the Arkansas River, with a population of 9,952. 

Tlie Governor of Arkansas is James P. Eagle (Democrat). 
His term expires Jan. 15, 1898. The State is Democratic. 
Arin-iii-Arin Coiiveiltioil. (See Political Parties.) 
Army, the United States. 

Departments, West Point Academy, 

Soldiers' Homes, U. S. A. Commanders, 

Organization, National Cemeteries, 

ind Army, Salaries, Militia, 

headquarters of the United States army are at 
hington, D. C. The President of the* United 
■states is Commander-in-Chief. The rank 
of C4eneral, which is the highest possible rank, 
was bestowed upon General Grant after he had 
been Lieutenant-General. Lie.ut.-Gen. Pliilij) H. 
Slieridan was also made a general, l)ut the title 
expired on the death of Sheridan in 1888. 
The officer commanding the army in 1892 
^r}: is Maj.-Gen. John M. Schofield, head- 
quartei's at Washington, 1). C. There are 
by law two other major-generals, Oliver O. 
Howard, commanding the' Department of the 
East, headquarters at Governor's Island, in 
New York Harbor, and Nelson A. Miles, com- 
manding the Department of the Missouri, 
headquarters at Chicago, 111. There are six 
brigadier-generals, as follows: — 

Thomas II. linger. Department of Califor- 
nia ; Wesley Merritt, Department of Dakota ; 
David S. Stanley, Department of Texas ; John R. Brooke, Depart- 
ment of the Platte ; A. McD. MeCook, Department of Arizona ; 
A. V. Kautz, Department of the Columbia. 




THE GARRISON FLAG 



ARMY OF THE UNITED STATES. 47 

The other principal officers are : — 

Adjutant-Geaeral, Brigadier-General, John C. Kelton. 

Quartermaster-General, ,, liicliard X. Bachelder. 

Paymaster-General, ,, William Smith. 

Commissary-General, ,, Beekman Du Barry. 

Surgeon-General, ,, C. Sutherland. 

Chief Signal Officer, ,, Adolphus W. Greely. 

Chief of Engineers, ,, Thomas L. Casey. 

Inspector-General, ,, Jos. C. Breckinridge. 

Acting Judge Advocate-General, Colonel, Guido N. Lieber. 

Salaries. — The salaries of army officers are as follows : — 

Pay During First 5 Years Maximum 
of Service. Fay. 

Lieutenant-General $11,000 .fl5,400 

Major-General 7,500 10,500 

Brigadier-General 5,500 7,700 

Colonel 3,500 4,500 

Lieutenant-Colonel 3,000 4,000 

Major 2,500 3,500 

Captain, mounted 2,000 2,800 

Captain, not mounted 1,800 2,520 

First Lieutenant, mounted . 1,600 2,240 

First Lieutenant, not mounted 1,500 2,100 

Second Lieutenant 1,400 1,960 

The pa}' is graded, according to years of active service, being 
increased at the rate of ten per cent, for every five years 
of service nntil after twenty years' service the maximum is 
reached ; in the case of colonels and lieutenant-colonels the 
maximum is fixed somewhat lower. Officers are allowed mileage 
at the rate of eight cents a mile for every mile travelled under 
orders. The pay of the men is graded froni $V^ a month and 
rations, for the first two years, to |21 a month and rations after 
twenty years' service. The retired list of the arni}^ is limited to 
four hundred, officei's, four of whom are major-generals, and 
thirty-four are brigadier-generals. 

Organization of the Army. — The army of the United 
States, in 1S90, consisted of the foUowing forces, in officers and 
men : — 

Otticers. Enlisted Men. Aggregate. 

Ten cavalry regiments 432 6,050 6,482 

Five artillery regiments .... 282 3,675 3,957 

Twenty-five infantry regiments . 877 12,125 13,002 

Engineer Battalion, recruiting par- 
ties, ordnance dejjartment, hos- 
pital service, Indian scouts. 
West Point, Signal detachment, 
and general service 579 3,370 3,949 

Total 2,170 25,220 27,390 



48 



ARMY OK THK UNITED STATES. 



The United States are diA'ided into eight military departments, 
as follows: — Department of the East: New England States, 
New York, New Jersey, rennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Vir- 
ginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, 
P'lorida, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Kentucky, Tennessee, 
Ohio, and the District of Columbia. Department of the Mis- 
souri : Michigan, Wisconsin, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Kan- 
sas, Arkansas, Indian and ()klahoma Territories. Department 
of California : California (excepting that poition south of the 
o5th parallel) and Nevada. Department of Dakota : Min- 
nesota, South Dakota (excei)ting so much as lies south of the 44th 
parallel). North Dakota, JMontana, and the post of Fort Yellow- 
stone, Wyo. Department of Texas : State of Texas. De- 
partment of the Platte : Iowa, Nebraska, Colorado, and 
W^'oming (excepting the post of Fort Yellowstone, Wyo.), 








^m ^jzzzjzffl 








L^^^^S Hfe-^^-z^d 



No. 8. 



SHOULDER STRAPS OF UNITED STATES ARMY. 

No. 1. — General of tbe Army. No. 2. — Lieutenant-General. No. 3. — Major-General. 
No. 4. — Brigadier-General. No. 5. — Colonel. No. (i. — Lieutenant-Colonel (silver leaf) 
and Major (gold leaf V No. 7. — Captain. No. 8. —First Lieutenant. No. 9. —Second 
Lieutenant. 



Utah, part of Idaho, and so much of South Dakota as lies south 
of the 44th parallel. Department of Arizona : Arizona and 
New Mexico, and California south of the o5th parallel. De- 
partment of the Columbia : Oregon, Washington, Idaho, 
and Alaska, excepting so nuich of Idaho as is embraced in the 
Department of the Platte. 

West Point Military Academy. — The United States Mili- 
tary Academy at West Point (New York) has graduated 3,500 



ARMY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



49 



officers for the army. Post-graduate schools for officers are in 
opej-ation at Fort Monroe, Virginia (for artillery), and at Fort 
Leavenwortii, Kansas (for cavalry and infantry). Up to the 
year 1861, West Point had graduated 1,966 officers, of whom 
1,249 were then living. Three fourths of these fought in the 
armies of the Union, including 162 from the insurgent South 
(nearly half of the Southern graduates). West Point was chosen 
by Washington for the site of a National Military School, 
which opened in 1812. Every Congressional district is entitled 
to send here one youth, physically perfect, and well grounded in 
elementary studies. Cadets receive $540 a year for four years, 
with a discipline and instruction unequalled elsewhere in America 
for exaction and thoroughness. The graduates enter upon the 
rank and pay of second lieutenants of the regular army, and are 
sent to the frontiers. There are three hundred cadets, in a 
battalion of four companies, uniformed in gray ; and they pass 
two months of each year in camp, and ten months in barracks. 

Commanders of the United States Army. (1775 to 
1892.) — The commanders (under the President as Commander-in- 
Chief) of the United States Army from the Revolution to the 




NEW YORK HARBOR. FORT WADSWORTH ON STATEN ISLAND. 



present time have been as follows : — 

Major-General George Washington, June 15, 1775, to Decem- 
ber 23, 1783; Major-General Henry Knox, December 28, 1783, 
to June 2, 1784, disbanded ; Lieutenant-Colonel Josiah Harmer 
(General-in-chief by brevet, July 31, 1787), June 3, 1784, to 
March 4, 1791 ; Major-General Arthur St. Clair, March 4, 1791, 
to March 5, 1792; Major-(Teneral Anthony Wayne, March 5, 
1792, to Deceml)er 15, 1796 ; Major-General James Wilkinson, 
December 15, 1796, to July 2, 1798 ; Lieutenant-General George 
Washington, July 3, 1798, to March 3, 1799 ; General George 
Washington, March 3, 1799, to December 14, 1799 ; Major-General 
Alexander Hamilton, December 15, 1799, to June 15, 1800; 
Brigadier-General James Wilkinson, June 15, 1800, to January 
27, 1812; Major-General Hc-nry Dearborn, January 27, 1812, 
to June 15, 1815 ; Major-General Jacob Brown, June 15, 1815, 



50 



ARMY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



to February 24, 1828 ; Major-General Alexander Macomb, May 
28, 1828, to June 25, 1841 ; Major-General Winfield Scott, 
(Brevet Lieutenant-General), July 5, 1841, to November 6, 18G1 ; 
Major-General George Brinton MeClellan, November 1, 1861, to 
March 11, 18G2 ; Major-(Teneral Henry Wager Halleck, Jul}^ "I"-), 
1862; to March 12,1864; Lieutenant-General Ulj^sses Simpson 
Grant, March 12, 1864, to July 25, 1866; General Ulysses 
Simpson Grant, July 25, 1866, to March 4, 1869 ; General Wil- 
liam Tecumseh Sherman, March 5, 1869, to November 1, 1883 ; 
Lieutenant-General Philip Henry Sheridan, November 1, 1883, 




FOET OAKLAND, COLORADO. 



to June 1, 1888; General Philip Henry Sheridan, June 1, 1888, 
to August 5, 1888 ; Major-General John jMcAllistei- Schofield, 

August 14, 1888, to ^^ 

Soldiers' Homes. — The Civil War left thousands of regular 
army and volunteer soldiers disabled for work on account of 
injuries received or disease contracted. To provide for the 
sustenance of these men the government 7naintains the United 
States Home for regular army soldiers, and the National Home for 



ARMV OF THE UXITEI) STATES. 



51 



disabled volunteer soldiers, the latter having seven branches. The 
benefits of the former are open to all regular army men who have 
served twenty years, or to any who have been disabled or in- 
capacitated for further service while in the line of dut\^ The 
inmates are fed wc^ll, and comfortably clothed, and receive 
medical attendance wlien needed. Over 1,200 men are now in- 
mates of tlie Home. 

The National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers 
is located at Washington, 1). C, and is open to the disabled 
volunteer soldiers and sailors of the United States, Avhether of the 
Mexican or the Civil Wars. Clothing, sustenance, religious 
instruction, and amusements are provided by the government. 
Admission to the Home is not open to i)ensioners who receive -flG 
a month or more. Only soldiers or sailors who have been 
honorabl}' discharged or who are disabled from service are 




i</i> Aur 



THE MILITARY SERVICE OF THE U>rTTFD STATES. 



a(bnitted. There are branches of the Home at Dayton, O., Mil- 
waukee, Wis., Togus, Me., Hampton, Ya., Leavenworth, Kan., 
Santa Monica, Cal., and Marion, Ind. The total average number 
of inmates in the National Homes is 17,528; the average age of 
inmates is 57 years ; the average cost of maintenance ])er man is 
!r!l39.50. Besides the National Homes, there are Homes suj»- 
ported by eighteen States. The States supjiorting such Homes 
are California, Connecticut, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Massachusetts, 
Michigan, Minnesota, Nel)raska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, 
New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, 



52 



ARMY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Vermont, and Wisconsin. The total number of inmates supported 
by the State Homes is 5,292. 

National Cemeteries. — The nation's dead number 300,000 
men, whose graves are in seventy-nine National Cemeteries, many 
of which are in the Soutli. Among the principal ones in the 
North are Cj'press Hills, Brooklyn, N. Y., Avith 3,786 dead; 
Finn's Point, N. J., which contains the remains of 2,644 unknown 
dead; Gettysbui-g, Pa., with its 1,967 known and 1,608 unknown 
dead; Mound City, 111., with 2,505 known and 2,721 un- 
known graves; Philadelphia, with 1,909 dead, and Woodlawn, 
Elmira, N. Y., with its 3,090 dead. In the South, near the 
scenes of terrible conflicts, are located tlie largest depositories of 
the nation's heroic dead: 

Arlington, Va., 16,264, of whom 4,349 are unknown; Beaufort, 
S. C, 9,241, of whom 4,493 ai-e unknown ; Chalmette, La., 12,511, 
of whom 5,674 are unknown; Chattanooga, Tenn., 12,902, of 
whom 4,963 are unknown; Fredericksburg, Va., 15,257, of whom 
12,770 are unknown; Jefferson Barracks, Mo., 11,490, of Avhom 
2,906 are unknown ; Little Rock, Ark., 5,602, of Avhom 2,337 are 
unknown; City Point, Va., 5,122, of whom 1,374 are unknown; 
Marietta, Ga., 10,151, of whom 2,963 are unknown; Memphis, 
Tenn., 13,997, of whom 8,817 are unknown; Nashville, Tenn., 
16,526, of whom 4,701 are unknown; Poplar Grove, Va., 6,199, 
of whom 4,001 are unknown ; Richmond, Va., 6,542, of whom 
5,700 are unknown ; Salisbury, N. C, 12,126, of whom 12,032 are 
unknown ; Stone River, Tenn., 5,602, of whom 288 are unknown ; 

Vicksburg, Miss., 16,600, of 
whom 12,704 are unknown ; 
Antietam, Va., 4,671, of 
whom 1,818 are unknown; 
Winchester, Va., 4,559, of 
whom 2,365 are unknowm. 

T w o cemeteries are 
mahily devoted to the brave 
men who perished in the 
loathsome prisons of the 
same name — Andersonville, 
Ga., which contains 13,714 
graves, and Salisbury, with its 12,126 dead, of whom 12,032 are 
unknown. 

Militia of the United States.— The Fathers of the Con- 
stitution were quick to appreciate the importance to the protection 
of the government of a well-organized militia. In the early years 
of the Republic, when thei-e was no standing army, naturally more 
anxiety was felt on this subject than now, yet if the population 




SHELL-GUN. 



ARMY OF THE UXITED STATES. 



53 



of the country and its military resources have since then enor 
mousi}' increased, steam transportation and other changes have 
as obviously augmented the facilities for bringing here an invad- 
ing army. Washington, in his message of 1790, laid down the 
rule that "a free people ought not only to be Armed, but 
Disciplined," while his succeeding message declared the militia 
to be "an object of piimary importance, whether viewed in ref- 
erence to the national security, to the satisfaction of the commu- 
nity, or to the preservation of order.'' 

In his message of 1794 he declared that " the devisuig and 
establishing of a well-regulated militia would l)e a genuine source 
of legislative honor, and a ])erfect title to pidtlic gratitude." 

Jefferson, in his inaugural address, declared a well-disciplined 
militia to be "our best Reliance in Peace and for the first 
moments of war till regulai-s may relieve them." Madison in his 
first message declared the militia to be "the great Bulwark of 
Our Security and re- s«» **' 

source of our power." f^^ .*.' . f^ **-\.-., 

Both Monroe and <^'^-^- 

John Quincy Adams 
in their messages to 
Congress emphasized 
the importance to the 
country of the militia. 
Jackson took the view 
that the great body of 
a patriotic people was ample protection in case of war, and 
pointed out weaknesses in the militia system. While the Con- 
stitution proviiled for the establishment of the militia, with the 
President as commander-in-chief, there was for some time a con- 
troversy as to exactly what authority the government possessed 
oyer it. Being organized under State laws, there was some ques- 
tion whether the militia was subject to the same regulations, 
while enlisted in the army of the Union, as were the regular 
troops. 

It was also questioned whether the President could delegate 
his authority as commander-in-chief to the commanding othcer of 
the army. However, these questions settled themselves when 
once the militia took up arms for the Union, its members, officers, 
and men, quickly submitting to the discipline governing the 
regular troops. 

The Militia to-day enjoys a high proficiency, and while to a 
certain extent, the organization is attractive to young men by 
reason of its opportunities for social pleasures, yet it takes the 
place of a standing army very satisfactorily. The perform- 




FORT PICKENS, PENSACOLA. 



54 ARMY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

anises of the militia during the Civil W.ar, especially in the ex- 
cellent material it developed in the way of officers, is convincing 
proof of its value. The tendency of the government is to encour- 
age the militia to become more ])erfect, and also to make the 
knoAvledge of military tactics a ])art of the educational system in 
the schools and colleges. The War Department has upwards of 
fifty officers stationed at institutions of learning, for the purpose 
of giving instruction in the military science. By the records of 
the War Department, it appears that in October 1, 18U1, there 
Avere enlisted in the militia of the States and Territories 101,981 
men, of whom 9-J,"iUo were in the infantry, 4,554 in the cavalry, 
and 5, '224 in the artillery, besides 9,311 commissioned officers. 
The State of New York leads with 12,957 men, Pennsylvania is 
second with 7,747, Ohio third with 4,736, South Carolina fourth 
with 4,704, JMassachusetts lifth with 4,015, New Jersey sixth with 
o,989, California seventh Avitli 3,954, Illinois eiglith with 3,722, 
and Georgia ninth Avith 3,656. All the States and Territories 
except Utah have a militia organization. 

The Grand Army of the Republic— To Illinois belongs 
the credit of organizing the first Grand Army post. This oc- 
curred in 1866, at Decatur. The movement grew ra})idly, and 
to-day there are posts in all the States. Auxiliary ]iosts for the 
sons and the wives of veterans have been organized also, and 
have a large membership. The total enrolment of the Grand 
Army of the Republic on June 30, 1891, Avas 398,270 men. The 
posts of each State and Territory are organized into a depart- 
ment, and the departments are officered by a commander-in-chief, 
and a national council of administration consisting of one mem- 
ber from each State and Territory'. 

The Objects of the organization Avere outlined as foUoAvs, 
Avhen the national organization Avas perfected at Indianapolis, 
Ind., Nov. 20, 1866 : — 1, To jtreserve and strengthen those kind 
and fraternal feelings Avhich bind together the soldiers, sailors, 
aiul marines Avho united to sui>press the late Rebellion, and to 
perpetuate the history and memory of the dead. 2, To maintain 
true allegiance to the United States of America, based upon a 
paramount respect for and fidelity to tlie national Constitution 
and laws, to discountenance Avhatever tends to Aveaken loyalty, 
incites to insurrection, treason, and rebellion, or in any manner 
impairs the cfiiciency and ])ermanency of our free institutions, 
and to encourage the spread of universal liberty, equal rights, and 
justice to all men. Finally the organization aims to help the 
AvidoAA'S and orphans of soldiers or sailors Avho lost their lives in 
the serAace, and to assist such former comrades-in-arms as need 
help and jirotection. At the Indianapolis meeting. Gen. Stephen 



AKMV OK TIIK UNITKI) STATKS. 



55 



A. Tlurlbut, of Illinois, was olioseii as coniiiian<lrr-iii-rliR'f, ami 
Dr. Stephenson, Avlio organized the tirst post, Avas chosen as 
adjutant-general. Eligible as members of tlie (irand Army of 
the Kepublie are all soldiers and sailors of the Ignited States 
Army, Navy, and ^Marine Corps between Api'il 1.!, iSCil , and 
April 9, 18(15, who were honorably discharged, and the members 
of sucli State regiments as were called into ser\ice. In 18GI), 
when it was asserted that tlie G. A. li. was a political organization, 
a decree was issued at the annual eneam[»ment against the nse of 
the organization by the niembers for partisan ])urposes. 

The National Eneaniptnents and Commanders-in-Chief 
have been as follows; 18G6 — Indianapolis, Stephen ^V. Ilurlbnt, 




'M^ 






•'i - ;•> 




14 -U m'^ \ I! m mmi'M k it- i I i' ■ '- M ti^- 



gjWj'-'ftsy^,^,^ 



LIBBT VRISON. 



TIL; 1868— Philadelphia,, John A. Logan, 111.; 1869 -^Cincin- 
nati, John A. Logan, lib; 1870 — Washington, John A. Logan, 
III.; 1871 — Boston, A. E. Bnrnside, U. I.;'ls72 — Cleveland", A. 
E. Burnside, R. I.; 1870 — New Haven, Charles Dcvens, Jr., 
Mass.; 1874 — Ilarrisburg, Chas. Devens, Jr., Mass.; 1875 — 
Chicago, John F. Ilartranft, Pa.; 1876 — Philadelphia, John F. 
Hartranft, Pa.; 1877 — Providence, J. C. K'obinson, N. Y.; 
1878 — Springfield, Mass., J. C. Robinson, N. Y.; 1879 — 
Albany, William Earnshaw, O.; 1S80 — Dayton, O., Louis 
Wagner, Pa.; 1881 — Indianapolis, George S. Merrill, Mass.; 



56 ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATIOISr. 

1882 — Baltimore, Paul Van Der Voort, Neb.; 1883 — Denver, 
Robert B. Beath, Pa.; 1884 — Minneapolis, John S. Kuntz, O.; 
1885 — Portland, Me., S. S. Burdette, Wash.; 1886 — San Fran- 
cisco, Lncius Fairchild, Wis.; 1887 — St. Louis, John P. Rae, 
Minn.; 1888 — Columbus, O., William Warner, Mo.; 1889 — 
Milwaukee, Wis., Russell A. Alger, Mich.; 1890 — Boston, 
Mass., Wheelock G. Veazey, Vt.; 1891 — Detroit, Mich., John 
Palmer, New York. 

The notable feature of the annual encampment of the G. A. R. 
is a parade, participated in by upwards of 35,000 Union veterans 
from all the States, many of them aged men, marching with their 
tattered battleflags, to the old familiar martial airs. Such a 
spectacle never fails to inflame with the spirit of patriotism the 
workaday population of the city in which the encampment is held. 
The day is a general holiday, business being practically suspended. 
Great crowds of people from the surrounding country come to 
witness the spectacle. 

Articles of Confederation. — The name given to the docu- 
ment which united the colonies in 1776, and under which they 
were governed until the Constitution was adopted. These 
articles were weakly constructed and inadequate, and gave the 
government no power to enforce its own commands, and not even 
to raise revenue. The debt, principal, and interest, fell into 
arrears, the soldiers of the Revolution remained unpaid, and 
Congress could not even induce the States to give it power to 
retaliate on nations bent on ruining our trade. The attendance 
of members in Congress grew smaller and smaller, and it required 
an especial appeal to have the quorum necessary for the ratifica- 
tion of the treaty of peace with Great Britain. The weakness of 
these articles led to the framing of the Constitution. 

Assay Ofiftces. (See Coinage, Free Coinage, etc.) 

Associated Press. (See Newspapers.) 

Associated Yonth. (See Political Parties.) 

Asylnm for the Oppressed of Every Nation. (See Sayings 

of Famous Americans.) 

Atlas of America, The. (See Presidents of the United 
States.) 

Australian Ballot. (See Ballot Reform.) 

Ballot Reform. — In the past four years a new system of vot- 
ing at elections has been introduced, and has so much to recom- 
mend it in the interest of honest elections that over two thirds of 
the State legislatures have adopted it with several modifications. 
The aim of the system, which is knoAvn as the Australian 



BALLOT REFORM. 57 

System, is to protect the voter from "influence" either of 
employer, party boss, or " heeler," and to seem e absohite secrec}'. 
This is provided for by all the new laws through the mechanical 
arrangements of booths, guard-rails, etc., similar to those in use 
in England and Australia. There are two methods of groupino- 
the names on the tickets and both have been tried. The first of 
these is the English, or more properly the original Australian 
style of alphabetical arrangement of the names of the candidates 
under the title of the office. This is used by the following States : 
California, Kentucky, Massachusetts, JNlinnesota, Montana, Ne- 




TOTING THE AUSTRALIAN BALLOT. 



braska. New Hampshire, Oi-egon, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Ver- 
mont, Washington, and W_yoming. 

The second is known as the Belgian System, and consists 
of grouping all nominations and offices l)y ]iarlies. It is used in 
Missouri, Ohio, Wisconsin, Delawai-e, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, 
Maine, Maryland, and Oklahoma Territory. 

The Australian ballot was first used in a State election in 
Massachusetts in 1888; in a city election in Louisville, Ky., in the 
same year. In New York State, the Saxton bill, which embodied 
the principles of the imported system, ])assed the legislature in 
1888, but was vetoed by Governor Hill on the ground of uncon- 
stitutionality. In 1890, a new bill wliicli was a compromise 
became a law. 

The Practical Operation of the Australian Ballot, as it was 
adopted in Massachusetts, is as follows : The voter enters and 



58 FALLOT REFORM. 

gives his name and residence to tlie ballot clerk, who on finding 
the voter's name on the check list admits him within the rail 
and hands him a ballot. He goes alone to one oi' the voting 
shelves and there nnfolds his ballot. He marks a cross x in the 
square at the right of the name of each ])erson for whom he wishes 
to vote. No other method of marking, such as erasing names, 
will answer. Thus, if he wished to vote for John Bowles for 
Governor, he would mark his ballot in this way : — 



GOVERNOR .... 


Vote for ONE. 


JOHN BOWLES, of Tauntou 
THOMAS E. MEANS, of Boston . 


Prohibition. | X 


. Democratic. | 


ELIJAH SMITH, of Pittstield . 


Kepublican. | 


1 



If lie wishes to vote for a person whose name is not on the 
ballot, he writes, or inserts by a sticker, the name in the blank 
line at the end of the list of candidates for the office, and marks a 
cross X in the square at the right of it. Thus, if he wished to vote 
for George T. Morton, of Chelsea, for Governor, he would pre- 
pare his l)allot in this way : — 



GOVERNOR Vote for ONE. 



JOHN BOWLES, of Taunton .... Froliibition. 

THOMAS E. MEANS, of Boston . . Democratic. 

ELIJAH SMITH, of rittsfieltT . . . . Republican. 
George T. Morton, of Chelsea 



Leaving the voting shelf, the voter folds his ballot, and di-ops 
it folded Into the ballot-box. As he does so he gives his name 
and residence to the officer in charge. The business of voting is 
thus entirely secret. The voter is not allowed to remain within 
the railing more than ten minutes, nor more than five if other 
voters are waiting their turn to vote. Nor is the voter allowed 
to take away with him a soiled ballot, nor one that is perfec.t. 
Those who cannot read, or who are blind, are assisted in marking 
their ballots by the officer in charge. 

Belgian System of Balloting. — By this system, the names 
of all candidates and of the officers are printed by groups, thus :— 

Democratic. Republican. Prohibition. People's. 

O O 

For Governor. For Governor. For Governor. For Governor. 

[^ William Smith, z: Thomas Jones, c: John Brown. :=; Henry Robinson. 

The voter of a straight ticket mai-ks a cross in the circle at the 
head of his ticket. The voter who " scratches " marks the squares 
opposite the nanies of all the candidates on the tickets. 



BAXK OF THE UNITED STATES. 59 

Baclielor President. (See Presidents.) 
BillHlaiina. (See Slang of Politics.) 

Rank of the United States, The. (For Banks, National 

and Savings, See National Banks.) — The project for the estah- 
lislunent of snch a bank was a hobby with Alexander Ham- 
ilton. It met with great opposition fi'om Jefferson, Madison, and 
other Federalists, on the ground that it was not only nnconstitu- 
tional, but unnecessary, Hamilton contended that being a 
sovereign power, the United States had power to Charter a 
Corporation, but this contention his opponents denied. The 
bill nicorporating the bank was passed in 1791, and was signed 
by Washington. The bank was to continue for twenty years, 
with a capital of |i 1 0,000,000, of which $2,000,000 was to be 
subscribed by the government. The government was to receive 
a loan of $-2,iiOO,OOU rei)ayable in yearly instalments of 1200,000. 
The Bank failed to secure a renewal of its charter, and in 1811, 
it went out of existence. 

A Second Bank of the United States was incorporated in 
1816, under nearly the same conditions as the first. Its capital 
stock was |53o,000,000, payable one fifth in cash and four fifths in 
government stock. It was to have the custody of public funds, 
and five of the twenty-five directors were to be appointed by the 
government. Mismanagement l)rought the bank into a precarious 
position, and the new bank president was obliged, as a matter of 
necessity, largely to curtail loans. There was a suspicion that the 
bank had some connection with ])olitics, an<l a prejudice against it 
was enkindled in the public mind. Piesident Jackson, who never 
approved of the bank, in 1832 removed the government deposits 
to State banks, which were thence nicknamed " Pet Banks," 
Ultimately the bank became a private institution. 

Barley, Prodnctlon of. (See Agriculture.) 
Bar'l, To Tap The. (See Slang of Politics.) 
Barnburners. (See Political Parties.) 
Bee in His Bonnet. (See Slang of Politics.) 
Beer, Prodnction of. (See Licpiors and Tobacco.) 
Belgian System of Voting. (See Ballot Reform.) 
Big Knife. (See Presidents of the United States.) 
Billion Congress. (See Slang of Politics.) 
Bimetallism. (See Coinage, etc.) 

Black Eagle. (See Nicknames of Famous Americans.) 
Black Friday. (See Panics, Financial.) When, on Sep- 
tember 24, 1869, " Jim " Fisk and Jay Gould succeeded in corner- 



60 BT.ACK FRIDAY. 

ing the gold market, gold sold at New York as high as 16'2|^, 
havhig been quoted the evening before at 143^. The plan of the 
speculators was to force the price to 180. A panic seized the 
stock market, all lines of business were affected, many houses 
went under, the Gold Board sus])ended business, and a most 
disastrous condition of affairs was threatened. The Secretary of 
the Treasury came to the rescue and j)ut an end to the panic by 
offering to sell 14,000,000 of gold to the highest bidder, and to 
redeem government bonds to the same amount. This having 
occurred on a F^'iday, the (\a\ has since been known as Black 
Friday. 

Black ReinibliCilll. (See Political Parties.) 
Blaine and Business. (See Slang of Politics.) 
Bland Dollar Prolif S. (Coinage, Free Coinage, etc.) 
Bleeding Kansas. (See Slang of Politics.) 
Blocks of Five. (See Slang of Politics.) 
Bloody Chasm, To Bridge the. (See Slang of Politics.) 
Bloody Shirt, To Wave the. (See Slang of Politics.) 
Blnebacks. Confederate currency, so called by reason of its 
appearance, to distinguisli it from greenbacks. 

Blue Jeans Williams. (See Nicknames of Famous Ameri- 
cans.) 

Blue Light Federalists. (See Political Parties.) 

Blue Noses. An American nickname for Nova Scotians, 
whose noses are popularly supposed to be blue, owing to the 
cold climate. 

Bolter. (See Slang of Politics.) 

Boodle. (See Slang of Politics.) 

Boom. Boomer. (See Slang of Politics.) 

Boss. (See Slang of Politics.) 

Boston Tea Party, The. — The name given to the Boston 
men who in 177o seized three English ships, arrived in Boston 
harbor, and threw overboard their cargoes of tea. 

Boy Mayor. (See Nicknames of Famous Americans.) 

Boys, The. (See Slang of Politics.) 

Brahmin Caste. — This was a name frequently applied to 
Nevv' England aristocrats. When Charles Sumner espoused the 
cause of the negro, it was said that he did so in the face of the 
opposition of the " Brahmin caste of New England," who would 
punish him with social ostracism. 

Bridges, Railroad. (See Railroads and Bridges.) 



CALIFORNIA. 



61 



British Party. (See Political Parties.) 

Brother Jonathan.— This is a general nicknarfie for Ameri- 
cans. It originated with General Washington, whose secretai-y 
and friend, Gov. Jonathan Trumbull, of Connecticut, gave the 
commander-in-chief much sound advice. When in doubt, 
Washington sometimes would say, "• We must consult Brother 
Jonathan." The phrase has since become proverbial. 

Buckwheat, Production of. (See Agiiculture.) 

Buck Tails. (See Political Parties.) 

Burial Places of Presidents. (See Presidents of the U. S.) 

Burn This Letter. (Sec Sa^'ings of Famous Americans.) 
Butter, Production of. (See Agriculture.) 
Cabinet, The. (See Federal Government.) 
Ciesarism. (See Slang of Politics.) 

Calico Charley. (See Nicknames of Famous Americans.) 
Ca?sar had his Brutus, Charles I. His Cromwell, and 
Oeor^e III. May Profit by their Example. If That Be 

Treason, Make the Most of It. (See Sayings of Famous 

Americans.) 

California. — The State was acquired by conquest from th« 

Mexicans, in 1848. It was founded 
by the Spaniards in 1769, the first 
settlement being at San Diego ; it 
was admitted to the Union in 1840. 
The Discovery of Gold on 
January 24, 1848, led to an im- 
mense immigration from all parts 
of the world. It is estimated that 
during 1849 100,000 men entered 
the country from the East. From 
1850 to 1853, $65,000,000 of gold 
each year was taken. At that 
time the State was inhabited by 
thousands of adventurers, and 
gambling, speculation, crime, and 

murder, were carried on with impunity. So barbarous was the 

civilization of that period that a Vigilance Committee was 

organized for the protection of life and the execution of the laws. 

California remained true to the Union, and gave seven regiments 

in l!^61 for its suj»port. 

The total Output of Gold since 1849 has been 11,300,000,- 

000 ; it is the chief gold-producing State of the country. Tht 




GREAT .SEAL OV CALIFORNIA. 



62 



CALIFORNIA. 



quick-silver product has exceeded $70,000,000. There are thirty-six 
large furnaces in active operation. Copper, lead, and some iron 
are produced. Borax, antimony, petroleum, coal, tin, nickel, granite, 
sandstone, marble, and onyx, are produced in abundant quantity. 
The wheat product is 30,000,000 bushels, of barley 16,000,000. 
California is one of the foremost wool-producing States, having 
4,000,000 shee]), giving 35,000,000 pounds of fine fleeces in a 
year. The Fruit Industry has attained mammoth proportions ; 
"there are 20,000,000 fruit trees in the State ; of oranges, lemons, 
limes, peaches, and other deciduous fruits, the crop has reached 
300,(100,000 pounds annually. Prunes, pears, figs, apricots, 
plums, olives, and nectarines are grown in large quantities and 




STATE CAPITOL, SACRAMENTO, CAL. 



varieties. The canning industry has become a most extensive 
one, fruits of all kinds being canned and shipped to all parts 
of the world. There are several beet-sugar factories. Side by 
side with the fruit industry there has grown up an extensive 
business in the production of native wines. 

The sum of $87,000,000 is invested in California vineyards. 
The yearly product of Avine is about 15,000,000 gallons, with 1,000,- 
000 of native brandy. The vines for the cultivation of vineyards 



CALIFORNIA. 



63 



were imported from Europe and Oriental countries. There are 
185,000 acres planted with young vines, producing 300,000 tons 
of grapes yearly. The State abounds in mineral springs, which 
are much frequented by invalids. It is celebrated for its natural 
wonders, the chief of which is the picturesque Yosemite Valley, 
which is 3,950 feet above sea-level, and is hemmed in by perpen- 
dicular cliffs ; it covers 36,011 acres, and Avas granted by Congress 
to California for a State park. The Yosemite Falls descend 
2,600 feet, l,oO() in a vertical direction. 

The Big Trees of California are the loftiest trees in America, 
many of them being over 300 fccj. in height, and from 50 to 100 
feet in circumference. The population of California in 1870, 
was 560,247 ; in 1880, it was 864,694 ; in 1890, it was 1,204,002. 
The real property in 1888 was valued at $816,000,000; the 




CITY HALJj, SAN FRANCISCO. 

personal ])roperty at •!?] 86,000,000. The manufactures amounted 
to 1116,227,973. The acreage of farm lands in 1380 was 
16,593,742, valued at $262,051,282. The school population in 
1890 was 221,756. There were in 1890, 4,356 miles of railroad, 
and in 18!)-J, 568 ne\vspa]>ers. 

The Educational System of California is one of its proudest 
possessions. Among its more influential institutions are the 
Univei'sity of California, at Berkeley, and the Leland Stanford, 
Junior, University, at Palo Alto, endowed by Senator Stanford in 
memory of his son, besides a dozen or more sectarian institutions. 
The Lick Observatory, fa?nous for its astronomical achievements, 
is at Mount Ilamiltcjii. Many of the California cities and towns 
su])port excellent libi-aries. 

San Francisco, the chief city, has a noble harl)or ; the l)ay, 
which has seventy miles of navigable length, and a width of three 
to five miles, is entered through the Golden Gate, the narrows 



64 



CALIFORNIA. 



where the sea runs in between points of land. The city has 
many tine business l)uil<lings, some of them rivalling those of 
New York. Among the public buildings are the California Acad- 
emy of Sciences endowed by James Lick, the United States Mint, 
the $4,500,000 City Hall, and the Public Libraries. The monu- 
ments, the churches, the far-famed sandlots of Denis Kearney, 
the Golden Gate Park, covering 1,013 acres, and extending to the 
ocean, and the wharves with their immense ships are other feat- 
ures of the metropolis of the Pacific. The second city is Los 
Angeles, and is noted as a sanitarium. It has beautiful gardens, 




VIEW OF SACRAMENTO. 



and hotels, and villas. The population in 1890 was 50,394. 
Sacramento, the capital (population in 1890, 26,272), has large 
railroad shops and factories. Oakland is third in population, 
having 48,540 inhabitants. The Governor of California is H. H. 
Markhara (Repuljlican), whose term expires Jan. 4, 1895. The 
State is Republican. 

Campaign Expenses. (See National Committee.) 
Campaign of Education. (See Slang of Politics.) 
Campaign Songs. (See Torchliglit Processions.) — The 
campaign songs of the great ])<)litical parties, in almost every 
instance, have reflected the political conditions of the times. It 
would not be difficult to trace the course of political events of the 
past fifty years solely by means of these songs, which have been 
marked not only by witty thrusts at the political foibles of the 
opposing candidates, but have expressed very intelligently the 



CAMPAIGN SONGS. 



65 



issues upon which campaigns have been waged. For instance, 
the popular idea of the miUtary glory of Andrew Jackson 
?an easily be imagined from the following verse of a song which 
was sung in the campaign of 
1828, en'titled "The Hunters 
ji Kentucky " : 



s pose, 



rou've heard 
Orleans 
If s famed for youth and beauty, 
rhere're girls of every hue, it 
seems 




MONT G O 1\I E R Y 

STREET, SAN 

FRANCISCO. 



From snowy white to sooty. 
Now Packenham had made his brags, 

If he that day was Im^ky, 
He'd liave those girls and cotton bags. 

In spite of Old Kentucky. 



66 CAMPAIGX SONGS. 

But Jackson, lie was wide awake, 

And was iK^t scared at tritlcs. 
Fur well he knew Kentucky's buys. 

With their death-dealing rilles. 
He led thcni down to cyi)ress swamp, ,^ 

The ground was low and mucky. 
There stood John Bull in martial pomp, 

And here stood old Kentucky. 
Chorus. — " Oh! Kentucky, the hunters of Kentucky!" 

The historians tell us that the " Hunters of Kentucky " were 
so overpowered with the greatness-of their feHow-citizen, that 
when he was inaugtirated they came to Wasliington, many of 
them in native costume, togetlier with Kentucky backwoodsmen 
and Indian iighters, and invaded the President's reception-room, 
where they were most effusive in their demonstrations over " Okl 
Hickory."" 

The Whig campaign of 1840 was as remarkable for the unusual 
variety and spirit of its songs as for its log cabins, bear skins, 
hard cider, and other fi'ontier institutions dear to the honest 
yeoman's heart. Songs in ]uaise of Tippecanoe were marked 
by a fervor like those of the clans of Scotland sung in glorifi- 
cation of their chiefs. They were marked also by a playful 
familiarity, there being in them many allusions to " Old Tip's " 
agricultural and^ military career, his achievements in either field 
of effort finding a sympathetic spot in all good Whig hearts. 
Here is the first verse of a song Avhich is full of the " Log 
Cabin and Hard Cider " spirit. 

THE HURRAH SONG. 

Old Tip's the boy to swing the flail. 

Hurrah! Hurrah! Hurrah! 
And make the locos all turn pale, 

Hiurah ! hurrah! hurrah! 
He'll give them all a tarnal switching. 
When he begins to " Clare de Kitchen," 

Hurrah, hurrah, hurrah, hurrah, hurrah, hurrah! 

Yankee Doodle Harrison, 

It rather seems that humbug schemes. 

Can never more cajole us ; 
There's such a run for Harrison, 

That nothing can control us. 
The western world the flag's unfurled, 

No faction can divide her; 
And all the rest will sign the Test, 

" Ijug Cabin and Hard Cider." 

The Martial Spirit Avas manifested in the song "The Hero 
of the Thames," sung to the air, " ' Tis my delight," of which 
two verses are given : 



CAMPAIGN SONTGS. 67 

Let Loco focos rail and rant, 

At currency and banks ; 
We're sick of all their empty cant, 

We spurn tiieni fioni our ranks. 
We do nitt mind tlieir silly talk. 

Nor lieed tiieir idle claims, 
We'll make the whole banditti walk, 

With our Hero of the Thames. 

The Hero of the Tliames, my boys, 
The Hero of the Thames. 

When Hritish foes assailed our land, 

Ami hovered on our coast. 
Pray where did little Mattie stand ? 

Why, sniii; behind — a post. 
A post and place were all his thought 

(At tlie spoils alone he aims), 
While Harrison our battles fought. 

And concpiered on the Thames I 

The Hero of the Thames, my boys, 
The Hero of the Thames! 

President Martin Van Buren's adoption of Andrew Jackson's 
political creed, and his aristocratic tendencies were ridiculed in 
the " Song of the Working Man," to the air of "Yankee 
Doodle," thus : — 

That Matty loves the workingman, 

Xo workingman can doubt, sirs; 
For well doth he pursue tlie plan 

That Turns the workers Out, sirs. 

He turns them out of Whig employ, 

He turns them out of bread, sirs, 
And Middle men doth he annoy, 

By striking business dead, sirs. 

For Matty is a Democrat, 

Sing, Yankee Doodle dandy. 
With spoons of gold, and English coach, " 

And servants always handy. 

This is a verse from a stirring campaign song whicli was sung 
in New England, entitled " All For Harrison," to the tune, "All's 
Well " : — 

From stern Xew England's granite hills, 
A cheering shout the welkin lills; 
Valley and glen prolong the eiy — 
And hark to echo's deep rejily, — 

" For Harrison!" 

"For Harrison!" 

'' For Harrison ! " 
" For Brave Old Harrison." 

They come — the hardy sons of toil — 
They leave the wox-kshoj) and the soil; — 



68 CAMPAIGN SONGS. 

From ancient fort and battle plain, 
Thej' shout his name again. 

" What goes there, stranger ? 
Quickly tell — the word." 
" OLD TIP !" 
"Hurrah !" 
All's well — all's well, 
" The North," 
" The East." 
AH— Airs Well. 

The songs of tlic Fremont (Republican) campaign of 1856 
exemplified the popular admiration of the "Pathfinder's" 
achievements in the far West. One of them was in retort to what 
Webster had said of the North, owing to her api)arent backwai'd- 
ness on the slavery issue. Half in sorrow^, half in contem])t, "• the 
great expounder " had exclaimed, " The North ! I have heard 
about it. But where /is' the North '^ " This called forth a song 
to the tune of the " Star Spangled Banner," the first verse of 
which ran thus : — 

She is found. A " Pathfinder" discovered the Xorth, 
Nigh frozen to death on the bleak Kocky Mountains. 
Her guardians to perish had driven her forth. 

But Fremont conveyed her to Oregon's fountains; 
In his breast she was warmed, 
And he bore her luiharmcd. 
Back again to the home wliich her absence alarmed. 
She's of age, and her guardians can no more enslave 
The free North, protected by Fremont the brave! 

Another song of the Fremont campaign sung to the tune of the 
Marseillaise, had the following ringing i-ouplct at the end of each 
verse : — 

Free Speech, Free Press, Free Soil, J'rce Man, 
Fre-inont and Victory! 

Millard Fillmore, the Know-Xothing candidate, suffered 
many hard kimcks at the hands of the Freuumt song writers 
because as President (having succeeded Zai-hary Taylor, who 
died in office), he had signed the Fugitive Slave Law. Fillmoi-e 
was thus satirized in a song entitlecl '' Grim Truth in Mas- 
querade." 

There lives a man in BulYalo. 

His name is Millard Fillmore, 
"Wiio thinks the I'nion's fallen so low 

It ought to take one iiill more 
To purge awnv the "])rc.judice " 

"Which tine men have for Freedom — 
A canting, pompous wretch he is, 

AVho'U cheat you if you heed him. 



CAMPAIGN SONGS. 



69 




^'^^^'IK^ilfeUjJ 



70 CAMPAIGN SONGS. 

Oh, Mill Fillmore, not another pill more! 
lu our mouth, 
The quacking South, 
Ne'er shall put a pill more. 

It was only natui'al tliat the influence upon the Republicans of 
the prospective successful termination of tlie Civil War should be 
reflected in the songs of the second Lincoln Campaign, in 1864. 
A noticeable difference between these songs and those of the 
Fremont campaign is found, the 1864 songs breathing forth in 
every line the spirit of Freedom all but attained. The songs 
have less of humor and more of a whole-souled outpouring of 
the national pati-iotisni. " Freedom," " Victory," " The Foe," 
etc., are words which it is not difficult to see furnished inspiration 
to tlie song- writers, as symbolizing what was nearest to the heart 
of the people. The songs were as a rule eulogistic of Lincoln, 
but here is a verse which reflects the exultation of the North at 
the subjugation of the Confederacy : 

Lincoln came to AVashington 

To view tiie situation. 
And found the world all upside down, 

A rumpus in the nation. 
He heard .Secossia laugh in scorn, 
And call him but a noodle; 
" Laugh on !" he cried, " as sure's you're born, 
I still am Yankee Doodle." 

Chorus. — " Yankee Doodle." 

The war at an eiul, the campaign song-writers told its story in 
verse, and the Grant Campaign of 1868 was remarkable for the 
variety of its stirring, rallying songs in which in nearly every 
instance Grant's praises wei-e extravagantly sung. There were 
songs of thanksgiving, songs of derision, songs of rejoicing, 
besides a number of effective recitations. This song was sung 
to the tune " Bruce's Address " : 

]N[en who toiled, ami fought, and bled. 
When the land with strife was red, 
By that blood for freedom shed. 
Come and \()te for txrant. 

Rouse ye, freemen of the land, 
Swell tlie shout from strand to strand. 
He who led shall lead our baud. 
Come and vote for Grant. 

Woman paling in the strife — 
Mother — daughter — sister — wife. — 
Prayed unto the (xod of Life 
For the hero Grant. 



CAMPAIGN SONGS. 71 

Blessings on him who liatli won 
Name and fame, like Washington, 
Liboi'ty's beloved son 

Is the liero Grant. 

Tliis was the first verse of a song w'hicli was suiiu- to the tum- 
of "• Aiihl l.aiig- Syne " : — 

Should brave Ulysses bo forgot, 

Who worked so long and well, 
On fields where llres of death were h(»t, 

And brave men fought and fell ? 
He bore our country's banner on. 

Through scenes of direful strife, 
And helped to strike the blows tliat saved 

Our nation's precious life. 

The popular dislike of Andrew Johnson did not fail of ex- 
pression. " Just Before Election " was tlie title of a song, 
to (he tune " Just Before the Battle," the first two verses of 
which were as follows.: — 

Just before election, Andy, 

We are thinking most of you; 
While v.e get our b;dtots ready 

But be sure tliey're not for you. 
No, dear Andy, you'll not get them, 

But you'll get wiiat you deserve, 
Oh, yes, you'll get leave of absence 

As you " swing around the curve." 

Chorus. — You have swung around the circle, 

That you ought to Swing is True, 
And, oh, you tried to veto Congress 
But I guess we'll veto you. 

We liave often heard the story 

Of the rogues of long ago, 
Of the miller and the weaver 

And tlie jolly tailor, too. 
Wiiile the miller watched the ho])per. 

And the weaver stole the yarn. 
The little tailor took the broadcloth. 

To keep the three rogues wnrm. 
Chorus. 

Grant's w'eakness for cigars was worked into a song, wliicli ran 
thus : — 

At Donelson the rebel horde 

Had gathered in their might, 
Determined there with tire and sword. 

To make a dreadful light; 
But gallant Foote, witli his connnand, 

Went " in " by water route, 
While Grant besieged upon the land. 

And smoked tlie rebels "out." 



72 CANALS. 

Chorus. — Where volleyed thunder loudest pealed, 
Along the front of war, 
The Gen'ral calmly viewed the field 
A-smoking liis cigar. 

In the New York Tribuneiov October 22,1868, Miles O'Reilly, 
the poet, had a song entitled " The Presidency," as follows : — 

So, boys! a final bumper. 

While we all in chorus chant, 
" For next President we nominate 

Oar own Ulysses Grant! " 
And if asked what State he hails from 

This our sole reply shall be, — 
" From near Aijpomattox Coui't House, 

With its famous apple tree!" 
For 'twas there to our Ulysses 

That Lee gave up the fight — 
Now, boys, " To Grant for President, 

xVnd God defend the right !" 

In recent years, campaign songs seem to have lost their 
attractiveness for the voters. Songs are written and are sung at 
the large rallies, but do not become popular. Two causes are 
accountable for this, the making of issues which do not evoke 
popular enthusiasm or touch the voter's patriotism, and again, 
the funny man of the metropolitan newspaper. The newspaper 
wit furnishes every morning a quantity of clever hits, puns, 
verses, jingles, etc., which are palatable enough to satiate the 
popular liking for campaign humor. 

Canals, Inter-Oceanic, The Nicaragua and the Panama. — 

Various projects have been elaborated from time to time for the 
building of a canal connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. 
The Lake Nicaragua scheme originated in 1550 with Antonio 
Galvano, but nothing in the way of progi*ess was accomplished 
until the present century. In 1872-3, 1876-7, and 1885 expedi- 
tions for the exploration and location of routes Avere dispatched 
to Nicaragua by the United States Government. Some of these 
surveys occupied a period of many years, and up to 1872-3 
eight different routes were examined. The deliberate and final 
determination of the government in favor of the Nicaragua route 
dates from 1876. Private individuals, incorporated as companies, 
secured concessions from the Nicaragua government, and this 
government negotiated a treaty with Nicaragua for the construc- 
tion of the canal, but in neither case was anything accomplished. 
In 1889, a company of New York capitalists, known as the 
Maritime Canal Company, was incorporated by Congress. Their 
force of engineers and laborers has been at work over two years, 
and is making good progress. 



CANALS. 



73 



The Route of the Canal is one limidred and sixty-nine miles 
long, but the canal proper is only twenty-nine miles long. It 
begins at Greytown, on the eastern side, follows the course of the 
San Juan River above Ochoa through Lake Nicaragua, a distance 
of one hundred and twenty-nine miles, and thence to the harbor of 
Brito, the Pacific terminus. The surface of the lake, one hundred 
and ten feet above the sea, is the summit level. At the eastern 
end of the lake the San Juan River will be backed up and kept at 
the lake level by a dam for a distance of sixty-four miles, thus 
forming an extension of the lake which will have a width of one 




DREDGING AT PANAMA. 



thousand feet and a depth of from twenty- eight to one hundred 
and thirty feet. The estimated cost of the canal is 164,000,000 ; 
the canal, it is expected, will l)e ready for business in 1902. 

Panama Canal.- — The Panama Canal project is in a distress- 
ing financial condition at the present time. The company was 
organized in March, 1880, having obtained from the Columbian 
government a concession which provided for the construction and 
opening of the canal by March 8, 1892. After the company had 
sunk $266,000,000, it went into bankruptcy. The length of the 
projected canal is forty-five and a half miles, and the amount of 
work accom})lished was from one fifth to one third of the Avholo. 
The Columbian government would have taken possession of thc^ 
enterprise under the terms of the concession in March 1892, but 
an extension of the concession for fen yeai's was granted, provid- 



74 CESSIONS OF TERPaXORY BY CONQUEST OR PURCHASE. 

ing a new company shall have been organized by February 28, 
1893, with sufficient means to pursue the work in a " serious and 
regular manner." The original plans for a tide-level canal have 
been altered so as to provide locks and cheapen the construction. 
The estimates of the cost of completion range between $100,000,- 
000 and 1200,000,000. The propei-ty is kept in order by a per- 
manent staff at an expense of •ii;GO,000 a month. 

Capital of the United States, The.— New York was the 
first national ca})ital. When a change was talked of, the South- 
erners objected to Philadelphia because it was an abolition cen- 
tre. It was agreed to make Philadelphia the capital for ten 
years, and then a district ceded by Maryland to the Federal gov- 
ernment. This district, since called the District of Columbia, 
consists of ten square miles lying on both sides of the Potomac, 
with Washington as the principal city. In 1800, the capital was 
removed from Philadelphia to Washington. (For Federal Build- 
ings see District of Columbia.) 

Carpet Badgers. (See Political Parties.) 

Cattle Raising. (See Stock Raising.) 

Centennial Exposition. (See World's Fairs, under World's 
Columl)ian Exposition.) 

Centre of Population. (See Population and Area.) 
Cessions of Territory by Conquest or Purchase. — The 

first acquisition of territory was that won by the conquest of 
Great Britain in the Revolutionary War, and ceded to the col- 
onies, by the Treaty of Paris, in 1782, viz., the territory east of 
the Mississippi, with the right of free navigation of the great 
lakes and the Mississippi, and with practically equal rights on the 
Newfoundland fishing grounds. Tlie area of the territory ceded 
was 827,844 square miles. 

On payment to France of 115,000,000, the Province of 
Louisiana was purchased in 1803, according to the terms of a 
convention signed at Paris, James Monroe, and Robert R. Liv- 
ingston, our minister, both acting for this government. The pur- 
chased territory extended from the gulf as far north as the 
Canadian line, and northwest as far as the present States 
Montana, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington, one half of Wyoming 
and Colorado, a total area of 1,171,931 square miles. By this 
acquisition the area of the United States was more than doubled, 
and there was great rejoicing. 

On February 22, 1819, Spain ceded Florida to the United 
States for |6,'500,000. This purchase included 59,268 square 
miles. Texas having declared her independence of Mexico, 



CIPHER DESPATCHES. 75 

this government, ;is early as 1S27, tried to obtain the country by 
purchase, Calhoun and Clay, as Secretaries of State, offering 
11,000,000 and 85,000,000. " It was not until 1845 that Texas 
(375,289 square miles) was received into the Union, the pur- 
chase money being paid in bonds for $10,000,000, Avhich were 
used in hquidation of her debt, as indemnity for relinquishing her 
chaini to New Mexico. 

The sum of fi>l 5,000,000 and the assumption of $3,250,000 of 
debts due from Mexico to United States citizens was the price 
paid to Mexico in 1848 for 545,783 square miles of territory 
known as New Mexico and Upper California. The title 
to certain portions of Arizona and New JMexico being still in 
doubt, this government acquired them bypurchase from Mexico 
in 1853 ; the price paid was $10,000,000. The area acquired was 
45,535 square miles. By a treaty of March 30, 1867, ratified by 
the Senate, June 20, of the same j^ear, Russia ceded to the 
United States what is now the Territory of Alaska. The 
price paid was $7,200,000, and the area of the country was 577,390 
square miles. 

Cereals, Production of. (See Agriculture.) 

Cheap Coats Make Cheap Men. (See Sayings of Famous 
Americans.) 

Chet. (See Presidents of the United States.) 
Cigars, Production of. (See Li<piorsand Tobacco.) 
Cigarettes, Production of. (See Liquors and Tobacco.) 

Cincinnatus of the West. (See Presidents of the United 

States.) 

Cipher Despatclies. — After the decision of the Electoral 
Commission was matle known in 1877, it was discovered tliat cipher 
despatches, supposed to have been sent by parties in clese relations 
with Samuel J. Tilden, the defeated candidate, to members of the 
Board of Canvassers of Florida, Avhich was one of the doubtful 
States, regarding a-bargain for the purchase of the electoral vote 
of that State. In this election, the change of one electoral vote 
would have changed the result. A committee of Congress inves- 
tigated the charges of attempted corruption, and exonerated 
Tilden, but intimated that at least one member of the Canvassing 
Board was purchasable. The minority members of the committee, 
all of them Republicans, expressed their belief in Tilden's guilt, 
as borne out by the evidence. Tilden replied in a public letter 
denying emphatically any connection or knowledge of the alleged 
attempted corruption. 

Cities, Growl li of Population of. (See Population and 



76 CIVIL SKRVICK REFORM. 

Area.) Grovernilieiit of. (See States, Cities, etc.. Government 
of.) 

Civil llighis Bill. — This bill involved the status of the negro 
as a citizen. It came before Congress in 18(36, In effect it 
declared that all persons born in the Llniteil States were citizens, 
and should enjoy the rights of the citizen. It excepted Indians. 
The withliolding of such rights was made by the bill a misde- 
meanor, for the Federal courts to punish. In the event of failure 
to obey the law, the President was eni])Owered to cause it to be 
obeyed, if necessary, using the army or the navy in enforcing the 
act. President Johnson vetoed the act, iNIarch "27 th, and early in 
April it was passed oyer the veto. Senator Sumner's amend- 
ment to prevent discriniin.'ition against negroes by common car- 
riers, inn-keepers, theatre-managers, etc., was proposed as an 
amendment to the Amnesty Act of 187'2, but it was voted down 
by the Democrats. After two more attempts at passage, in IMarch, 
1875, the bill became a law. In October, 188:i, the Supreme 
Court declared as nuich of the act of 1875 as related to its 
operation in the States to be unconstitutional, leaving its opera- 
tion unliampered in the District of Columbia and the Territories. 

Civil Service Reform. — The officials and clerks — over 
120,000 in all — by whom the administration of government is 
carried on, constitute the Civil Service. About 5,000 of these 
are appointed by the President alone or with the consent of the 
Senate; about 15,000 under what are known as the "Civil 
Service Kules,'"' but the great body of officeholders are appointed 
by lieads of departments. Those employed in the civil service 
have always been theoretically entitled to serve "during good 
behavior," but practically, until within a few years, their positions 
have depended upon the theory that " to the victors belong the 
spoils." 

Jackson was the first I'resiih'nt to jtut the tlieory into practice, 
and to inaugurate the system of Removals and Appointments 
for political reasons. Jackson maintained that every citizen liad 
an e(pial right to public office ; he advocated " rotation in office," 
which involved frequent changes; and his removals numbered 
far more than those of all previous Presidents together. These 
doctrines have been defended on the ground that a long tenure 
of ot!ice creates a bureaucracy of officeholders, who forget that 
they are servants of tlu> ]>ublic, and who are apt to acquire a habit 
of (hnng business in an old-fashioned Avay. 

In 1883 Congress passed a law for the improvement of the 
civil service of the United States. This act provides for the ap- 
pointment by the President of three commissioners to have general 



CIVIL SERVICE REFORM. 77 

chai'ge of filling the vacancies in tlie civil service department, and 
stipulates that tiie litness of all applicants for all subordinate 
positions in the departments at Washington, and in all custom 
houses and post-othces having as many as tifty officeholders, shall 
be tested by examinations, and the positions assigned with ref- 
erence to the capacity, education, health, and character of the 
applicants, regardless of political preferences. According to this, 
no absolute appointment to office can be made until the applicant 
has proven his or her ability to till the position satisfactoi'il}'^ 
by six months' service ; no person habitually using intoxicating 
beverages to excess shall be appointed to, or letained in, any 
office; no recommendation which may be given by any senator 
or member of the House of Representatives, except as to charac- 
ter and residence, shall be considered by the examiners; men and 
women shall receive the same pa}' for the same work. 

The general competitive examinations for Admission to 
the Service are limited to the following snl)jects : 1. Orthog- 
raphy, penmanship, and copying. 2. Arithmetic • — fundamental 
rules, fractions, and percentage. 3. Interest, discount, and the 
elements of book-keeping and of accounts. 4. Elements of the 
English language, letter writing, and the proper construction of 
sentences. 5. Elements of the geography, history, and govern- 
ment of the United States. A standing of sixty-five per cent, in 
the first three branches is necessary to qualify. There is a board of 
examiners in each of the principal cities of the country, and ex- 
aminations are held at regular intervals. Following are a few 
questions chosen at random fiom the civil service Examination 
Papers : 

Write without alibreviation the names of fifteen seaports of 
the Union. 

Name four of the principal tributaries of the Mississippi River. 

Which States are peninsular, and upon what waters are they 
situated l* 

Name seven of the leading agricultural ])roducts of the United 
States, and state in M'hat section of the country each is most ex- 
tensively cultivated. 

Correct any errors you find in the following sentences . — 

The boy done it, and he is as restless here as he will be if he 
was with you. 

He had did it and spoke of doing it before we come liere. 

Write a letter to Senator Jackson answering in full his letter 
of September 7 to the Secretary of the Treasury in w^hich he 
asks : " How must my nephew ])roceed to obtain a clerkship in 
the Treasury De])artment, under tlie civil-service law, and what 
are the requisite qualifications of a good clerk?" 



78 COINAGE. 

The government sold an old vessel for $160,000, payable two 
fifths in eight months and the residue in seventeen months from 
the sale. What was the present cash value of tlie vessel, the 
current rate of interest on money being five per cent.? 

A merchant imported from Bremen 32 pieces of linen of 3'2 
yards each, on which he paid for the duties, at 24 per cent., 
$122.38, and other charges to the amount of $40.96. What was 
the invoice value per yard, and the cost pei- yard after duties and 
charges were paid ? 

A owned | of a ship and sold ^ of his share to B, who sold | 
of what he bought to C, who sold f of what he bought to D. 
What part of tlie Avhole vessel did 1) buy ? 

The government sold 3,000 old muskets at 22^ per cent, of 
their cost. The ])urchaser becoming insolvent paid only 13 per 
cent, of the price he agreed to pay ; that is, he paid $900. What 
did each musket cost the government ? 

Add 7^, j? of 65, 8^, 6.V divided by 8', and reduce to lowest 
terms. 

Civil War Statistics. (See Wars of tlie United States.) 

Clean Sweep. (See Slang of Politics.) 

Coal, Production of. (See Mining.) 

Coins of the Colonial Period. (See Coinage, Free Coinage, 
etc.) 

Coins of the United States. (See Coinage, Free Coinage, 
etc.) 

Coinage, Free Coinage. 

Coinage Acts. Coins of the U= S. 

Trade Dollars. Mints. 

Free Coinage. Colonial Coinage. 

In God We Trust. Currency. 

Money Slang. Bimetallism. 

Dollar Sign. 

The controversy of the present day regarding the free coinage 
of silver has an intimate connection with the first legislation 
passed by Congress, affecting the coinage of silver. In the Act 
of April 2, 1792, an act "establishing a mint and regulating the 
coins of the United States," there was a clause which established 
the Silver Dollar as the standard as follows : — 

"Dollars or units — each to be of the value of a Spanish milled 
dollar as the same is now current, and to contain three hundred 
and seventy-one grains and four sixteenth parts of a grain of puie 
or four hundred and sixteen grains of standard silver." The act 
also provided for half dollars, quarter dollars, dnnes, and half 



COINAGE. 



79 



dimes, each to contain, respectively, one half, one fourth, one 
tenth, and one twentieth of the piire silver contained in the 
dollar. • The coinage of cents and half cents of copper was also 
provided for. 

In this first coinage act the words " dollar or unit " are applied 
equally to dollars of gold and the dollar of silver — that is, 
" dollar " is the name of the unit of money, and the gold eagle 
was to be of the 
value of ten dol- 
lars, or units. 
The coin which 
repj-esented ex- 
actly the unit 
was the silver 
dollar, and the 
act provided that 
it should he of 
the value of the 
Spanish 'milled 
dollar, as that 
piece was then 
current. The 
assay of a num- 
ber of Spanish 
dollars, then in 

common use, showed them to contain 37 1|^ grains of pure silver, 
or 416 grains of standard silver. The same act fixed the relative 
or proportional value of Gold, to Silver as 15 to 1. This 
ratio was not exactly in accordanc^e with the ratio which then 
prevailed in European countries. Silver was slightly over-valued 
and gold a little under-valued. The result was that the metallic 
money of the United States, dui'ing this period, consisted mostly 
of silrer coins and largely of foreign coins. But $11,908,890 of 
gold altogether was coined from 1793 to 1834, and this was 
generally soon exported. The production of gold for the same 
period in the United States is given at $14,000,000. 

The Act of June 28, 1834, changed weight and fineness of the 
gold dollar, making it 258 grains of .899225 of fineness, or 232 
grains of pure gold. The Act of January 18, 1837, estahlished 
.900 as the standard fineness of Loth gold and silver. It left the 
weight of the gold dollar unaltereil (thus slightly inei'easnig its 
value) and redu(;ed the weight of tlie silver dollar to 412.^ grains, 
leaving its value unchanged. The Ratio of Gold to Silver 
thus became as 15.98 to 1. The ratio in Europe was 15.5 to 1. 
The effect of this change in ratio was the Depletion of the 




UNITED STATES MINT, PHILADELPHIA. 



80 COINAGE. 

Country of its silver curreiic}^, for the reason that full-weight 
silver coins were worth for export a little more than three per 
cent, more than gold coins ; and as the subsidiary coins contained 
proportionally the same weight of pure silver contained in the 
dollar ])iece, it was as profitable to export these coins as the 
dollar piece. Congress put a check to the exportation of frac- 
tional silver by Act of February 21, 1853, which reduced the 
weight of the half dollar from 20(3f grains to 192 grains of stan- 
dard silver dollar, and the smaller silver coins in proportion. At 
the International Alonetary Conference held at Paris in 1867, 
Samuel B. liuggles represented the United States, and favored a 
" common unit of money," which should be gold. As cliairman 
of the Senate Finance Committee, in 1868, Senator Sherman intro- 
duced a l)ill for the establishment of an exclusively gold standard, 
but the bill was not passed. 

By the Act of 1873, the coinage of Silver Trade Dollars of 
420 grains Avas authorized. These coins were not intended for 
circulation as dollars, but for convenience in tiansportation ; 
nevertheless they did circulate, and Avhen silver declined the 
coinage of bullion into trade dollars was carried on at great profit 
to the owners of the bullion. The coinage of trade dollars of 
420 grains was suspended by the Bland- Allison Act of 1878, 
which provided for the coinage of silver dollars of the weight of 
412^ grains of standard dollar, at the rate of at least two millions, 
and not exceeding four millions a month. President Hayes 
vetoed this bill, but it Avas passed over the veto and became a 
law. 

The advocates of the fi'ce coinage of silver have made power- 
ful efforts to secure the passage of a bill removing the restrictions 
imposed upon the Secretary of the Treasury by the Act of 
1878, in the aniount of bullion he may accept for coinage into 
silver dollars. In the Fifty-First Congress, there was a pro- 
tracted struggle over the free coinage question. The House 
passed a bill authorizing the purchase of bullion amounting to 
14,500,000 a month ; this bill went to the Senate, where it was 
amended, and Avas then reported back to the House, where it 
failed to pass. Finally, another bill, authorizing the purchase 
monthly of 4,500,000 odnces of Bullion, at the market 
price thereof, not exceeding one dollar for 371^ grains of pure 
silver, to be paid for in treasury notes, was passed. The bill 
repealed the section of the Bland- Allison Act, which authorized 
coinage of bullion purchased into trade dollars of not less than 
$2,000,000, and not exceeding 14,000,000 a month. 

Free Coinage. — Free coinage is the acceptance by the 
Secretary of the Treasury of all bullion offered to him for coinage 



COINAGE. 



81 



into money, gold oi- silver. At the present time there is free 
coinage of gold. The advocates of the free coinage of silver are 
j)rinc'ipally from the West, where the production of silver is a great 
industry. By the Act of 1890, the Secretary of the Treasury is 
empowered to buy only 4,500,000 ounces of silver bullion a month ; 




THE MINT AT NEW ORLEANS. 



the efforts of the free coinage men are to secure a law which 
allows the unlimited coinage of all silver bullion offered at the 
mints. 

The Opponents of Free Coinage insist that such a law 
Avould leail to the coinage of more money than the lousiness of the 
country requires, which would result either in the depreciation of - 
the value of silver dollars at home, or their export to foreign 
countries. The latter-result is more to be feared, because of the 
reduced bullion value of silver, which is worth less now than at 
any time in the history of coinage. In 1878, the bullion value of 
a silver dollar was *1.004 ; in" 18S3, it was $0,858; in 1890, it 



82 



COINS. 



was 




),809, and in 1892, about the same value. The danger of 
unlhuited coinage of silver dollars is the 
accumulation of a large amount of money 
in the Ti-easury, which would return there 
because the history of silver money in dol- 
lars shows that the people do not like them, 
and that they would find their way out of 
the channels of trade into the coffers of the 
United States Treasur3\ It might result 
that the government would be compelled 
to redeem national banknotes and legal 
tender notes in the depreciated silver dollars 
in the treasury, which would cause serious 
lost to all branches of trade, and might 
bring about many business failures. Were 
tlie bullion value of silver dollars equal to 
their face value, there A\'ould be no objec- 
tion to the free coinage of silver bullion. 
The ratio of gold to silver is now about 20 
to 21 to 1. 

The total Value of the Gold Coined 
in the United States from 1793 to June 30, 
1891, was $1,460,486,253.47; of the silver 
coined in the same period, $602,574,324.80. 
Total, $2,003,000,578.27. On July 1, 1891, 
the gold bullion in the treasury amounted 
to 161,442,802 ; the silver bullion to |38,- 
769,772 ; the gold coin in the treasury, in 
the banks, and in general circulation 
amounted to $585,140,050 ; of silver dol- 
lars, to $405,659,268 ; of subsidiary or frac- 
tional coin, $77,848,700. Total,' $1,168,- 
860,592. 

Coins of the United States. — The 
gold coins at present consist of the double 
eagle, (twenty dollars), the eagle (ten dol- 
lars), the half eagle (five dollars), the 
quarter eagle (two and one half dollars), 
and the one-dollar piece. The coinage Of 
the three-dollar piece was discontinued by 
'act of the Fifty- First Congress. The silver 
coins are the standard dollar, the half 
dollar, the quarter dollar, and the dime. 
The base metal coins are five, three, two, 
GOLD COINS. EETERSE. ^ud ouc ccut picccs. Thc gold coins and 





COINS. 



83 



the standard silver dollar are legal tender to an 
unlimited amount; the half dollars, quarter dol- 
lars, and dimes to the maximum amount of ten 
dollars, and the base metal coins to the maximum 
amount of twenty-five cents in anyone payment. 

Mints. — Congress established mints at Phil- 
adelphia in 1791, at Charlotte, N. C, Dahlonega, 
N. C., and New Orleans, La., in 1881. The 
first two were suspended in 1861. The Char- 
lotte Mint was made an assay office in 1873. 
The New Orleans mint was suspended from 
1861 to 1879, when it was reopened. A 
mint was established at Carson City, Nev., in 
1865, but coinage was suspended, and it be- 
came an assay office in 1885. There is a mint 
also at San Francisco, and an assay office 
at Denver. A Bureau of the Mint was 
established in 1873, having control of all 
the mints and assay offices which had 
previously been in charge of the mint at 
Philadelphia. Assay offices are in oper- 
ation, also, at Boise City, Helena, New 
York, and St. Louis. 

Currency. — Currency is any form of 
mon'ey, whetlier it is coin or papei-. The 
term is, however, more often aj)])lied to 
paper money. Paper currency consists 
of legal tender notes, national banknotes, 
gold certificates, and silver certificates. 
P^or the redemption of legal tender notes, 
the Secretary of the Treasury is required 
to keep in the treasury |ilU0,O(M),()O0 as 
a reserve. There were outstanding on 
July 1, 1891, 1346,681,016 of the old 
issue of these notes, and 150,228,417 of 
the notes of the Act of July 14, 1890. 
Of gold certificates there were outstand- 
ing on the same date, |!l52, 486,429 ; of 
silver certificates, 1314,715,185; of na- 
tional banknotes, $107,927,974 ; of cur- 
rency certificates, $23,780,000. Total, 
$1,055,819,021. 

The Legal Tender Notes are in de- 
nominations of one, two, five, ten, twenty, 






'^ -nwl"" 






S1L\1 11 < 01\-, 



84 



COINS. 






fifty, one hundred, five hundred, one thousand, five thousand, and 
Len thousand dollars. The national banknotes are issued by na- 
tional banks, and are guaranteed by the govern- 
ment, the banks being required to deposit United 
States bonds to secure their payment. The Gold, 
and Silver Certificates are issued against the 
dej)osits of gold and silver coin, and may be ex- 
changed for coin. These certificates are conven- 
ient for use in businessi, and are preferable to coin 
because of its great bulk. 

Fiat Money. — The theory of fiat money is 
that the governnuMit stamp fixes a value upon a 
coin, with the " dollar," for instance, as the ideal 
unit. In other words, the theory is that the gov- 
ernment may make a dollar simply by stamping it 
with the inscription : " This is one dollar by act of 
Congress." 

Coins of The Colonial Period. — The colo- 
nists resorted to all sorts of expedients for securing 
a medium of exchange. Wampum, which was the 
Indian name for the shells used in various shapes 
as money by the aborigines, Avas strung together 
like beads. For a time Cotton Cloth was a me- 
diuTU for trade with the Indians, and later Animal 
Pelts. Corn and bullets of a certain size passed 
for money in New England, and it was not until 
1652 that the coinage of metals into money was 
begun. This was at Boston, where a mint was es- 
tablished and turned out coins of the value of 12, 
6, and 3 pence. They were rude affairs, having on 
one side the letters N. E., and on the other the 
value stamped XII., VI., III., as the case might 
be. 

The first was known as the " New England 
Shilling," and was followed by the " Pine Tree," 
the ''Willow Tree," and the* "Oak Tree." In 
1645, Virginia passed an act for coinage, but it 
knever went into effect. Maryland was more enter- 
f prising, and in 1659 })laced in circulation small 
coins which Avere coined in England. John Higley, 
of Connecticut, made some copper coins in 1737, 
for private circulation, which bore the encourag- 
ing legend, " I am Good Copper." Connecti- 
cut, in 1785, authorized the coinage of £10,000 
of copper cents, which were known as the Connecticut Cents^ 






SILVER AND 

NICKEL COINS. 

REVERSE. 



COINS. 



85 






In 1722, Great Britain issued for circulation in the colonies 
metal coins valued at tw'o pence, one pence, and a halfpence. 
The first authorized copjier coinage was that of Vermont, which 
State gave to Reuben flarmon the right to coin 
copper money for two years. His mint was at 
Rupert, and he coined the Vermont cent of 1785. 
The next year, 1786, Massachusetts established a 
mint for the coinage of gold, silver, and copper, and 
authorized the coinage into cents and half cents of 
$60,000. The mint was in charge of Captain Joshua 
Wetherbee. The Cent was known as the Massa- 
chusetts cent of 1787. This coin had on one side the 
figure of an Indian, ])Ow and arrow in hand, and the 
words Common Wealth, and one star; on the other 
an eagle, rising out of a shield, marked " cent," the 
year of issue, and the word Massachusetts surround 
ing the eagle. New Jersey coined money from 
June 1, 1786, and her coins were the first to bear 
the legend " E Pluribus ITnum." (See Seal of the 
United States.) 

Early United States Coinage. — Robert 
Morris, to whom the Continental Congress of 1781 
intrusted the matter of coinage, proposed a copper 
coin of five units, and another copper coin of 
eight units, the unit to equal ^ grain of silver, an 
equivalent of j^^jy of a Spanish (silver) dollar. 
Nothing came of Morris' efforts, l)ut in 1784 
Jefferson made a report in favor of the Spanish 
Dollar the unit, and on July 6, 1785, Congress 
resolved : — 

" That the money unit of the United States of 
America be one dollar ; that the smallest coin be 
of copper, of which two hundred shall pass for 
one dollar; that the several pieces shall increase 
in a decimal ratio." Congress, August 8, 1786, 
provided for the issue of four coins, viz.: a gold 
piece of |10 value, a silver dollar, a dime or 
tenth of a dollar silver, and a hundredth of a 
dollar in copper. An ordinance for the estab- 
lishment of the Mint of the United States of 
America was passed Oct. 16, 1786. 

The United States Mint was not established 
and in operation until 1792, when, with David Rittenhouse as 
director, the government coinage began. The mint was at Phila- 






NICKEL AND COPPER 
COINS. KEVERSE. 



86 COINS. 

delphia and is there to-day. The first coinage was in October of 
that year, and was of silver half dimes. 

Dollar Sign, The. — This originated probably from the 
character |, wliich Avas written as a sign for eight reals, or a piece 
of eight reals, which was equivalent to a Spanish dollar. 

Weight of a MiUion Dollars in Coin. — The weight of a 
million gold dollars is 1.9 tons; of a million silver dollars (stand- 
ard) 293. tons; of a million dollars in 10 cent pieces, 29^ tons; of 
a million dollars in five-cent nickel ])ieces, 110 J tons ; of a million 
dollars in ordinary bronze cents, 342f- tons ; of a million dollars in 
old copper cents, 1,.'^85| tons. These weights in each instance in 
short tons (2,000 pounds). 

In God We Trust. — This was used first on the two-cent cop- 





THE 1804 DOLLAR. 



per of 1864. It was used also on the $20, $10, and |5 gold pieces 
of 1806, and on the silver dollar, half dollar, and five-cent nickel 
of the same issue. It was invented by Director of the Mint 
James Pollock. 

Bland Dollar Profile. — It was for some time unknown, and 
by many it is not knoAvn now who is the lady whose profile is 
stamped on the Bland silver dollar. Her name was Miss Anna 
W. Williams, of Philadelphia, whom the designer of the dollar 
chose as having a model female head. On many of the early 
coins of the United States, the head of Martha Washington was 
stamped, but General Washington expressed his disapproval, and 
the portrait was altered. 

Money Slang. — Characteristic of the country is the slang the 
peoi)le have invented to designate the "coin of the realm:" 
Almighty dollars, American balm, ante's, balsam, banknotes, 
bills, bits, bluebacks, blunt, bobs, boodle, brads, brass, cans, car- 
fares, cart-wheels, cash, cases, cents, century's ($100 bills), cer- 
tificates, change, checks, chicken-feed (small change), chink, 



COINS. 87 

clTips, circlets, circulating incdiuin, coach-wheels, coin, collateral, 
coppers, countex'-ringers, currency, daces, daddy-dollars, darby, 
dibs, dimes, dollars, doots, dooteramus, dots, dough, ducats, dust, 
eagle-bird, essential (of the), fat, fat plunks, filtli}^ lucre, financial 
circles (dollars), fips, fivers, flipper-ups, funds, gelter, gold, greed, 
greenbacks, halves, hard cash, hardscales, hardstuff, hoggs, honey, 
jacks, jinglers, legal-tender, leveys, levels, loaves and fishes, 
lowre, lucre, mint relics, money, mopus, mopusses, moss, muck, 
necessary (of the), Neds, needful, new-lights, nickels, notes, ochre, 
ones's, open sesame, paper dollars, pennies, pewter, picayunes, 
pile, plasters, plates, plungers, plunkers, plunks, pocket-weights, 
poney, posh, postals, purse-convicts, quarters, quids, rags, ready, 
ready-come-down- John, redge, reds, ringers, rocks, round dollars 
(silver), round moons (dollars), salt, sand, scrip, sharp-shins, 
shekels, shiners, shines, shinplasters, shot, sicers, silver, sinews-of- 
war, sinkers, slats, slugs, soap, sparklers, specie, spelter, spondu- 
lix, spoons, sprats, stamps, stulf, sugar, swag, sweeteners, sye- 
bucks, tenners, tens, tbreswins, thrums, tin, two-bits. Uncle Sam's 
I. O. U.'s, Vs, ways and means, wealth, wheels, wherewithal, 
wind, X's, yellows. 

E Pluribus Unum. — "Many in one." This phrase was 
brought into public use for the first time in the report to Congress 
by P^ranklin, Adams, and Jefferson, regarding the " Great Seal 
of the United States." (which see.) 

Bi-metallism. — The intent of bi-metallism is to bring 
about an agreement between the values of gold and silver at a 
ratio of 15|- to 1, in order that the fluctuations in their relative 
A alue may cease, and both metals may be always available as 
money to the full amount in circulation. If different countries 
adopt a double standard, with different ratios, the gold or the 
silver of every country will leave it to go to a country in which 
either is more valuable, and thus the two metals Avill be separated. 
If one country alone ado[)t a double standard, its gold or silver 
will be exported according as the market value of silver is lower 
or higher than the value fixed by the government ratio. This 
country is monometallic, notwithstanding the fact that there is 
silver in circulation. 

Colonization. (See Slang of I'olitics.) 

Colorado. — The State was settled at Conejos, in 1840, by Mexi- 
cans. It was admitted to the Union in 1876. Lieutenant Pikei 
U. S. A., was the first American who entered Colorado, and Pike's 
Peak perpetuates his memory. The State is celebrated for its 
high mountains. Gray's Peak is 13,341 feet high. Long's Peak 
is 14,271 feet high, and Pike's Peak is 14,147 feet high. There 



COLORADO. 




GREAT SK.VI, OV COLOKADO. 



a miticyatiiijx intluence. 



are more than twenty other mountain peaks exceeding 13,000 

feet. There are many beautiful 
parks AvaUed in by lofty mountain 
ranges ; picturesque lakes, and wild 
river canons, Avith flashing cascades 
and otiier natural beauties. The 
mountain scenery is most impressive. 
There is a diversity in the climate. 
The region on the Atlantic slope of 
the Rockies has cool nights, without 
dew, even Avhen the temperature is 
ninety degrees during the day. The 
foot-hills have hot summers Avith cool 
niglits. Changes in temiterature ai"e 
sudden, but tlie dryness of the air has 
Artilicial irrigation has been introduced, 
and there are now over 3,000,000 acres under profitable cultiva- 
tion. For irrigation i>urposes over #10,000,000 has been spent. 

The Farm Products include 2,800,000 bushels of Avheat, 
2,000,000 of oats, 2,.">00,000 of corn, 3,000,000 of potatoes, 350,000 
tons of hay. Tiie leading farm product is a clover called alfalfa, 
whii'h is fed to the live-stock, and makes the best of beef-pro- 
ducing foods. The crop in I'^SO Avas 3,000,000 tons. Colorado 
has the finest grazing lands outside of Texas. The number of 
cattle exceeds 6,000,000. 'J'he sheep in 1890 numbered over 
1,800,000. Sheep- raising and cattle-raising utilize a large 
capital. Colorado is the Second Silver-Producing State,and 
yields four times as much silver as gold. Leadville produces 
over #1 -2,000,000 a year, chiefly in silver. The total bullion 
productioji of Colorado has exceeded $300,000,000 ; of lead, the 
product has been nearly $50,000,000; of copper, $6,000,000. 
There arc 40,000 square miles of coal flelds, and fifty mines em- 
ploying 5,400 men. Tiie present output is 2,300,000 tons. There 
are twenty-five petroleum avcUs, producing 140,000 barrels of 
illuminating oil, and 100,000 barrels of lubricating oil. 

The population in 1870 was 39,864 ; in 1880, 194,327 ; in 
1890, 410,975. The value of real and personal propertv in 1888 
Avas 1130,000,000. The maimfactures in 1880 yielded $14,260,159. 
The acreage of farm lands, in 1880, was 126,585, valued at $25,- 
109,223. '"The school and college attendance Avas 85,824. There 
Avere 4,176 miles of railroad in 1>*90, and in 1892 there Avere 
276 neAVs]>apers. The educational institutions are the University 
of Colorado at Boulder, the State School of Mines at Golden, the 
Agricultural College at Fort Collins, and the Normal School at 
Greeley, besides \A'hich there are several sectarian institutions. 



f'OtORADO. 89 

The chief city is Denver, whose population in 1890 was 
106,670. It has a nuniher of expensive buildings, among 
which are the State Capitol, the High School, 0])era House, and 
several hotels. I'ueblo, the second city, has a population of 
28,128. It is a busy manufacturing city, with steel-works, nail 
factories, rolling mills, and foundries. Leadville, the third city, 
with a population of 11,159, is in the heart of the mining camps, 
and is situated over 10,000 feet above the sea. John L. Routt 




FIRiST AXD LAST STATE CAl'lTOLH, DENVER, COLORADO. 



(Rc]).), is Governor of Colorado. His terni expires Jan. 10, 
1898. The State is Repu1)lican. 

Colossus of Independence. (See Presidents of the United 

States.) 

Columbian Party. (See Political Parties.) 

Columbus Celebrations. (See World's Columbian Expo- 
sition.) 

Connecticut. — Connecticut was one of the thirteen original 
States of the Union ; it was settled at Windsor, in 1638, by 
Massachusetts men. There were two capitals, Hartford and New 
Haven, up to 1873, and then Hartford was made the capital. 



90 



coxxKOTirrT. 




GREAT -SKAL, >.>l' t U.NMH TICfT. 



The populati(ni in ISSO was G'i'iJOO; in 1890 it was 740,258. 

Tlie State has real proporty valued 
at ^244,000,000; porsonarjiropi-rty 
valued at ,i;l 05,000,000. It is a 
Great Manufacturing Slate, the 
inanut'aetures, wliieh emjiloy 100,- 
00(1,(100 persons, ago-regating ^180,- 
000,000. The savings bank deposits 
in 1890 aggregated ^112,000,000. 
There are three colleges in the 
State, 1,050 public sehools, 135,000 
school children, and 207 newspapers. 
The largest city is New Haven, 
having 80,045 inhabitants. It is the 
seat of Yale University, and the 
leading jnanufactures are arms, clocks, 
machinery, etc. The city has many 
venerable elms, hence is known as the 
" City of Elms." Hartford, the capital, has a population of 53,230 ; 
the State Capitol, which is one of the handsomest in the country, 
has a beautiful situation near the railroad. Hartford is the centre 
of the Life and Fire Insurance business of the country, and of 
its size is the wealthiest city in the country. The insunince risks 
aggregate a billion of dollars. Bridgeport, popnlation 48,850, is a 
thriving, growing city, whii'h is celebrated for its diversity of 
manufactures, and for having been the site of the whiter quarters 
of Barnuin's circus. P. T. Barnum was mayor of the city, and 
its benefactor. Its chief manufactures are cartridges, sewing- 
machines, machinery, ami carpets. AVaterbmy, population 28,- 
040, is the centre of the brass industry, and is known therefore as 
the Brass City. Meriden, Ansonia, Williniantic are other busy 
manufacturing cities of this pi-os]HM-ous little State. The national 
institutions are Forts Hale and Wooster, nngarrisoned, near New 
Haven ; Fort Trumbull, connnanding New J.itndon harbor and th(> 
Navy Yard at New Lcmdon, on the Thames, a beautiful river 
which flows into Long Island Sound. Connecticut has out? 
thousand miles of railroads. Morgan G. Bulkeley (Hep.) is 
Governor of Connecticut. His term expires ,Lm. 5, 1803. 
The State is doubtful in national elections, though it now has a 
Republican governor. Cleveland carried the State both in 1884 
and 1888. 

roiiiiiirtnders of United States Army. (See Army, 

United States.) 

CoiumeiTe of the Oreat Lakes. (See Ship-Building.) 



CONTRA J{ A XD OF WAR. 



91 




STATi; CAPITOL AT IIAUTIUIID. 



Condition, A, Not Jl Theory. (Sec Sayings of Famotis 
Americans.) 

Congress. (See Federal (loverniiionl.) 

Constructionists, Strict and Loose. — The dominant parties 

of tlie couiitiy liave lield very generally throiiglioiit their history 
opposite views regarding tlie constrnction whieh niay be put npon 
the Constitution. Tlie view of 
the Federals, tlie National ]|e- 
])ul)licans, The Whigs, and the 
J {''publicans has been along tlie 
line of a liberal construction of 
the document, while the Anti- 
l'\Mlei'alists, the DL'mo(;rati('-l Re- 
publicans, and the Democrats 
have adhered in their j»rinciples 
to the strict letter of the Consti- 
tution. The one party has thus 
been styk'd Loose construction- 
ists, tlie other Strict <-onstruc- 
tionists. 'J'his division, winch is 
the very essence of the dil'fer- 
ences between the two great political ])arties (see Republican and 
Democratic parties), had its origin in what lias been called the 
" Elastic Clause " of the Constitution, Article I., Section VIII., 
Clause 18, which empowers Congress to make all laws necessary 
fm' executing the various powers defim^d, an<l for executing all 
other ))owers of government, etc. Under this clause Alexander 
Hamilton assumed the right to put through his favoi-it(! measures, 
while Jefferson oppos(Ml him. The strict constructionists have at 
\arious times fought against all legislation founded ni)on a loose 
construction of the Constitution, such as the tax on spirits, the 
United States Bank, the navy, internal improvements, the pro- 
tective tariff, and Federal interference with slavery outside the 
Slates, an<l in later times, emancipation and reconstruction. It 
has always been a debatable cpiestion whetlier loose construction 
has not after all been justitied by the (!ours(> of public events, 
yet on the other hand, there inevitabl}' arises the question whether 
loose construction does not ini])ly a dangerous assumption of 
] tower, w]ii<'li may eventually be prostituted to the jtolitical ad- 
vancement of one man oi" set of men. 

('ontnibiind of War. — 'J'his is the name ap|»lied to all arti- 
cles (tarried by neutrals for the assistan(;e of an enemy in carrying 
on war. Such artich;s are liable to seizure and to conh'scation. 
In 18G1, Gen. Benjamin F. Butler ap])lied the term to negro 



i)2 CONVIfiTS AND PAUPKRS. 

slaves who entered the Union lands. These slaves were fugi- 
tives from their owners, wlio made demands on General Butler 
for their recovery, but he refused to give them up on the ground 
that they were contraband of war. What to do with the negro 
was a delicate problem with the Union leaders, and General But- 
ler's ingenious solution has been credited with clearing the wa}' 
for the Emancipation Proclamation. 

Convicts and Panpers. — By the bulletin of the United 
States Census of 189U, it appeared that the number of Convicts 
in the penitentiaries of the United States was 45,233, of whom 
30,546 were white and 14,687 colored; of the total number 
23,094 were native-born and 7,267 foreign-born. The number of 
Prisoners in the county jails was 19,538, of whom 13,916 were 
white, and 5,557 were colored ; of the total number 9,684 were 
native-born and 3,765 foreign-born. The total number of in- 
mates of Juvenile Reformatories was 14,846, of whom 1,943 
were colored; of the total number 11,078 were native and 1,405 
foreign-born. The nund)er of Paupers in the alms-houses of 
the United States, in 1890, was 73,045, of whom 6,467 were 
colored ; of the total 36,656 were native-born, and 27,648 were 
foreign-born. The number of paupers in the United States was 
small compared with the number estimated to be in the alms- 
houses of foreign countries. In 1890 it a])peared that there Avere 
in England and Wales 787,545 paupers; in Ireland, 107,774; 
in Russia, 350,000 ; in Germany, 320,000 ; in France and Austria, 
290,000 each ; in Italy, 270,000. 

Cooley. — This word was applied to Chinese laborers of the 
poorer class, and in some parts of the far West it is still widely 
used. It obtained a wide circulation during the discussion of the 
Chinese Exclusion Bill. 

Copyright, International. — The International Copyright 
Act, which was passed by the Fifty-First (Vingress and approved 
by President Harrison, applies to books, etc., jjublished after 
.July 1, 1891. To acquire the benefit of international copyright, 
English authors will have to publish simultaneously — that is, on 
the same day — on both sides of the Atlantic. They will have to 
publish here to secure American copyright and in England to 
secure English copyright. 

The book must be printed from type set up in this country or 
plates made from such type, and it must be bound here. In the 
case of a book, map, dramatic or musical composition, photograph, 
chromo, or lithograph, the two copies required to be deposited in 
the library of Congress shall be printed from type set within the 
United States or from plates made therefrom, and from engrav- 



COURTS. 



93 



ings, cuts, negatives, an<i drawings on stone executed within the 
United States. 

The importation of copyrighted books etc., printed abroad, is 
prohibited, except in the case of persons purchasing for use and 
not for sale, who import, subject to the duty thereon, not more 
than two copies of a book at one time, and except in the case of 
newspapers and magazines not containing in whole or in part 
matter copyrighted under the j^rovisions of the act unauthor- 
ized by the author. 
In case of books in 
foreign languages, 
of which only trans- 
lations in English 
are copyrighted, the 
prohibition of im- 
portation applies 
only to the transla- 
tion, and the impor- 
tation of books in 
the original lan- 
guage is permitted. 

Corn, Produc- 
tion of. (See Ag- 
riculture.) 

Cotton, Produc- 
tion of. (See Ag- 
1 iculture.) 

Counties, Gov- 
ernment of. (See 
States, Cities, etc., 
Government 

of.) 

Con nty 
D e ni c - 
racy. 

(See Politi- 
cal Parties.) 

C u rts. 

(For United 
States Supreme, Circuit, and other Courts, see Federal Govern- 
ment. For State Courts, see States, Cities, etc., Government of.) 

Covenant with Deatli, and an Agreement witli Hell. 

(See Sayings of Famous Americans.) 




THK SHIELD OF LIBERTY. 



94 CREDIT MOlilLIER. 

Crackers. — Tlio " poor white trash " of the South. Tliey are 
sometimes so called, from the usual article of food among these 
people, Indian-corn cracked or ground into a coarse meal. They 
are also called '^ nu'an whites." 

Cnullc of Liberty. — A name for Faneuil Hall, in Boston, 
where many meetings in behalf of the l{evoluti(>narv cause were 
held. 

Credit Mobilier. — The most famous scandal of a financial 
character this countiy has known is designated by this name. 
Oakes Ames, member of Congress from Massachusetts, and 
Oliver Ames, his brother, were incorporators of the Credit 
Mobilier of America, whicli, through the Ameses, contracted to 
bnild, in 18(»7, (VM miles of road for the Union I'acitic Kailroad 
for |47,()(H>,()()0. At the time Credit Mobilier shares were 
quoted at '2(H) ; in Febi-uary, 1868, they were (pioted at oOO or 
400. Oakes Ames placed some of the stock with Congressmen, 
"where," as he said, "it will do most good for us." An investi- 
gation, ordered on motion of Speaker I>laine, was instituted in 
187;}, the result of which was the recommendation by the investi- 
gation conunittee of the cx]mlsion of Congressman Ames for 
attempt to brilie members of the House by sales of stock below its 
value, and of James lirooks, of New Vork, for liaving received 
such stock, knowing that it Avas intended to inHuencc liis vote in 
legislation alfetting the Union Pacific Kailroad, of which he was 
a government director. The exposure created a profound sen- 
sation. James A. Cartield, it was shown, l»ad received some of 
the stock, tlie dividends on which amounted to $o29. In the 
Presidential campaign of 1880, when he was the Republican 
candithite, " 829 " was a campaign cry used against liim by liis 
opponents. l)oth Ames and Brooks died within three mouths 
after the exposure. 

Currency. (See Coinage, Free Coinage, etc.) 

Custom Houses. (See Tariffs of the United States.) 

Czjir. (St'c Xicknames of Famous Americans.) 

Dairy Products. (See Agriculture.) 

Dark ILorse. (See Slang of Politics.) 

Daugliters of the Revolution. (See Sons of the Revoln- 

tioji.) 

Dead Head in tlw> Enterprise. (See Sayings of Famous 
Americans.) 

Dead-Letter Otiice. (See Post-Office System.) 
Debt, NationaL (See Finances, Government.) 



DKLAWARE. 



95 




GKKAT .SLAL OF I)1;LAWAKE. 



Defender of the Constitution. (See Nicknames of P^imous 

Americans.) 

Delaware. — This Avas one of the thirteen original States of 
the Union ; it was settled at Wil- 
mington in 1G38, by Swedes, sent 
out by Queen Cliristina to found 
a country in which " every man 
should be free to Avorship God as he 
cliose." The ))o{)ulation in 1880 was 
14(),608; in 1890,167,871. The cap- 
ital is Wihnington, wliicli has 67,471 
popuhition. Tlie )nanufactures in 
18'.)0 agoregate<l -f50,()()(),(M)0, the 
most notable being Sleam -Ships 
which are built for some of the lead- 
ing coast lines. Several war-ships 
have also been built in Delaware, 
and others are in course of construction. There are 560 public 
school buildings, with an average attendance of 22,000, -'522 
miles of railroad, and 39 newsi)apers. 

Wilmington, the, chief city, had a population in 1890 of 
61,437. It has a fine park overlooking the Brandywine River, on 
whose banks the city stands, a high school with a manual training 
depai'tment, and an excellent harbor. One of the features of the 
city is the old Swedes' Church, founded in 1698, by the oi-iginal 
settlers. Dover, the capital, had a ]j(>i)ulation in 1890 of 4,000. 
It is an old town, with an ancient look. Fruit canning is the 
]trominent industry. The noteworthy national institutions of 
Delaware is the famous Delaware Breakwater, which was 
completed in 1828. Its surf-breaker is 2,748 feet long, and fur- 
nishes needed protection to thousands of vessels on this rough 
coast. Jefferson called Delaware the " diamond in the corona- 
tion of the States," hence it is called the Diamond State. The 
(Governor of Delaware is Robert J. Reynolds (Democrat), whose 
term expires Jan. 18, 1895. The State is Democratic. 

Delegates to National Conventions. (See How the Presi- 

'lent is Elected.) 

Deliverer of America. (See Presidents of the irnite<l 

States.) 

Democratic National (Committee. (See National Com- 
mittee.) 

Democratic Parly. (Sc^e Political Parties.) 
Democratic Rooster. (See Slang of I'ohtics.) 



96 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

Department of Justice. (See Federal Government.) 

Direct Tax Refund.— This bill, enacted by the Fifty-First 
Congress, provided that the Secretary of the Treasury shall re- 
imburse the States to the amount of their payments to the United 
States of the " direct taxes " levied by the government in support 
of the War of the Rebellion in 1861. Payment is also to be 
made to the owner of lands in St. Helena and St. Luke's parishes 
in South Carolina that were sold under the o^ieration of the direct 
tax act. 

District of Columbia. (See Capital of the United States.) — 
The District of Columbia was ceded to the Federal government 
jointly by Maryland and \"irginia in 1790. The capitol at that 
time was at Philadelphia, but was removed to Washington in 
1800. The District covers an area of 70 square miles. Besides 
Washington, the only place of importance is Mount Pleasant, 
having a population of 8,000. The manufactures of the District 
are worth over 115,000,000 yearly. There are 18,000 acres of 
farm lands valued at 13,600,000. The population of Washington 
in 1890 was 229,796. It lies on the Potomac River, 106 miles 
from Chesapeake Bay. The city was beautifully planned by the 
French engineer, TEnfant, aided by Jefferson, the aim being to 
combine the pi-actical straight lines of Babylon and Philadelphia 
with the artistic beauty and grace of Versailles, and to furnish 

noble and commanding 

sites for the pnblic build- 

^^<^t^J ,^'Sri^-n ino-s. More than half the 



^"-''■\'n'i W^^^'^ " ^/" '^■^^^^ ^'^ "^ streets and 
^yi'j^HijT-j^Pi.J^^L, Parks, the former of 
P<'i-%''!'m^ s ^Ml]lll%?£ which are the widest in 

S^f^t^^^^T-^^-'.--^:^}^'^^ Ji""g ^y "lynads of fine 

^ ;^ ^fU^" '" »• , . ' shade-trees, and partly 

-^'» . , ,-A^' ftv.'rff-.v — given up to narrow parks. 

=iuI,aL service HEADV.L--IRTLKS. " rpj^^ leadiucT eduCa- 

tional institutions are the Columbian University, Georgetown 
University, and Howard University. The magnificent structures 
used for the executive and legislative departments of the Federal 
government cost to build upwards of 1100,000,000. 

Of these the Capitol is the most imposing. The old north 
wing was founded by Washington in 1793, aiul the old south 
wing dates from 1811. Destroyed by the British in 1814, the 
edifice was rebuilt in 1817-27. In 1851 the architect commenced 
the new extensions, the house occupying the present hall in 1857, 
and the Senate in 1859. The great iron dome arose in 1856-65. 



DISTRK'T OF COLUMBIA. 



97 



The cost of the Capitol and its furnishings has exceeded $oU,UOO,- 
000. The first troops arriving in Washington early in the Seces- 
sion War converted the building into a fortress, and during the 
war was steadily carried forward on the Capitol. Tt stands on 
Capitol Hill, and covers three and one half acres. There is a 
middle structure, containing the Rotunda and Library, the Senate 
and House of Representatives, being in the north and south 
wings respectively. The dome is 307^ feet high and ISS^^- feet 
in diameter. 

The features of the Cajutol are the grand porticoes, with their 
statuary and Corinthian columns ; the bronze doors, covered with 



m |«§lfiii 




;.^^rt)ff^ 






ii^^m^'! 






■^^^^B %v^- -^v. 



We^ 



THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, WASHINGTON, D. 0. 



statuettes and reliefs representing the discovery of America, the 
life of Columbus, the Revolutionary battles, the inauguration of 
Washington ; the Library of Congress, the largest in America, 
containing 640,000 books, and abounding in rare literary 
treasures; the beautiful Supreme Court Room, the seat of the 
highest legal tribunal in America ; the sumptuous reception and 
committee rooms and corridors; the President's Room, the 
most richly decorated in America ; the Marble lioom, of Italian 
and Tennessee marble, called the finest apartment of the kind in 
the world ; the wonderful marble staircases of the legislative 
wings, with their great paintings of Chapultepec, the Battle of 
Lake Erie, and Westward the Star of P^mpire takes its way ; the 
huge Doric columns of the crypt; and the National Statuary 
Hall, adorned by each State with statues of two of its most 
illustrious sons. 

The State, War, and Navy Departments occupy an 
enormous quadrangular struc-turc, built ot" huge granite blocks, 
erected in 1871-88, at a cost of '§10,500,000, and the largest 



08 nisiuh r of ooLrMiuA. 

LiTanitc l)uil(]iiiu' in iho worM. It oovits four ;uu1 ;i lialt' acros, 
and has twenty aori's of lU>(>r-si>a«.o. 

Tho huiltliuii- ocon|>ioil by tho Ti"o;isnry Deparlniont 
cost !t5S,000,0(H), ami i-ovors an aiva r>8-Jx;UH) foot. O\or -2,000 
on\|>loyoos aro in tho (ioi»artniont ]n"0[>or. Tho War Do|>art- 
inont ooonpios two \vinu;s of tho Stato l^oi>artniont hnihiinu;, 
and onijdovs l,f)0(> oKm-Us. TIu» Army Headquarters aro also 

hlMO. 

Tho Patent Ottice ooou[nos spaoions rooms in a niassixo 
strnotnro w liioh is also sliarod hy tho Intorior Dopartniont. Tho 
bnihling oost ^li,T00,0lH>, and has ll>l roon\s. (.>pposito tho 
Tatont Ollioo is tho Posl-Oirice Dev^artnient Avith six hu>i- 
drod olorks. Tho Department of Agriculture has a tino 
luiildinii' in tho Konaissanoo stylo, and onijiloys horo fonr hnndrod 
porsons. 

Tho othor important Fodoral bnildings aro tho White House, 
oooupiod by tho Trosidont and family, boautifully sitnatod noar 
tho Totomao, with niany lino old troos and spaoious lawns, tho 
Unitod Statos Coast Survoy, the Huroaii of Printing; and En- 
graving, onijdoying l,'JOO persons, tho Ciovornmont Printing 
(."Jflioo and IVuulory, tho National JNlusonm, containing oxtonsivo 
oolKn'tions of a misoollanoous oharaotor, all of Amorioan origin, 
tho Army Modioal Mnsoum, tho Smithsonian Institution, os- 
tablishod l>y ondowmont of .lamos Smithson, an F.nglish soiontist, 
ami dovotod to soiontilio rosoaroh and tho ditYnsion of knowl- 
odgo, tho Pension Ollice, tho Naval (.Observatory at (ieorge- 
town Heights, the Congressional Library (iti eourso of eonstrm^tion 
at a oost of ^0,r>00,O0tM, the CovornnuMit Hotanioal C^ardon, the 
Corcoran Art Gallery, founded by \N'. AV. Corcoran, and 
containing America's most j»erfeet oollootion of paintings; besides 
those, othor government possessions at Washington are tJie 
Navy Yard, with its fiMmdry for making armament, tho CiMigj'es- 
sii>nal Cemetery, the Tnilod Statos Arsenal, the Maiino Barraoks, 
the Washington Monument, eosting ^l, "200,000, a white shaft 
ft.'>;'> foot liigh and ol>'J foot at tho base, tho National Soldiers' 
Hon\o and tho National Cemetery. 

The Monuments and Statues in the city besides those in 
the Capitv>l arc n\any in number, the more notable bouig nuMin- 
ments to Lafayette, Ciartield, and to tho sailors killed in naval 
vservice, and a large group entitled Kmaneipation, whieh ro[>re- 
sents Lincoln holding tho Emancipation Proclatnation over a negro 
whose shackles are broken. There are statues of Lincoln, Uon- 
eral Jackson, Washington ^^two'), tionoral MoPherson, Cenoral 
Thomas, Chief Justice ^larshall. Admiral nnpout. Admiral 



KPircATiox. 99 

Farragut, Boiijaiiiin l-'ranklin, ( icncial K;i\\ liiis, lM;irtin Liillirr, 

and I'rofossoi- 1 Iimiiv. 

Dixio. (Si'c SoMo-s of tlu' Nation.) 

Dollar Si^'II, TIlC. (Si-r C'oinaoc, (."oins, rlv.) 

Doii'l lire 'lill Voii See llio Wliilcs ol TIumi- Kyes. 

(Seo Sayi'igs ol" I'^amous Anicricaiis.) 

Don't (live up MiO Ship. (^^h- Savings ol' l-'anioiis Arncii- 
<'ans.) 

Doilifli Faces. (Se(> rolitii-al Tai-lii's.) 

Drcd Sj'otf. Csisr. Tliis was ihc case (>t' Died Scott, a negro, 
\\lio in 1 SIS, l)i-oiiM|it, suit lo test i\\v (|nostion of l»is friH'doni. 
Ill' got. a vorclii't in liis fa\ or, but. tlu* Su|ir('nu' Court, of Missouri 
revorsod it on tiu' a|ii>ral. On being sold lo a resident of New 
York, Scott sued hisouner ina Tnited States C\)ur(. Tlu' ease 
reached the ll^nitetl States Su|irenie {\)nit, where in I ST)?, Cliief 
.Justice Taney ga VI' llu' (K'cision, w hicli was against t lie negro. 
The Court lieUl tliat the Constitution did not regard tlie negro 
slave as a eifi/.en, but as a thing, and furtherniort", tliat for over 
a century, the negro possessed no "rights which tlu' white man 
was bound to respect." The Court also lield that Congress liad 
no more j)ower to proiiibit the carrying of slaxes into any State 
or 'I'erritory than it had to prohibit tlu' carrying of horses or 
other property. This (h'cisiou, especially its severe i^hraseology, 
created great excitement, and was for a time sn]ipressed on 
account of the public agitation of the sla\ cry (piestion on the eve 
of the presick^ntial election. 

Drys. (See Slang of Pt)litics.) 

DihIos :in<i IMiariscos. (See Slang of I'olitics.) 

J)lllMh Tropliol. (Si'c I'rcsidcnts of the United States.) 

K IMurihns riiuill. (See Seals of the United Stat.es.) 

Ediu'iliioii. 

Public Schools. Colleges. 

Private Schools. Manual Training. 

Indian Schools. 
The rnritan settlers of ]Massachus(>tls, as well as the Dutch 
colonists of New York, had free schools for the education of the 
young. The record of the (Jeneral Court of INfassachusetts con- 
tains the ordinance of Kill, as follows: "Now, th.it learning 
may mit be buried in the graves of our lathers, every townshi]) in 
this jinisdiction, after the Lord hatli inci-eased them to T)!) house- 
hohh'rs, shall then ioi-thwith appoint one w itliin their town to 
teach all sueli children as shall resort to liiui to write and read." 

Lore. 



100 



EDUCATION". 



From that day to this, the Free-School System has been 
cherished as one of the bulwarks of the national welfare. The 
theory of the government is that, since the ])eoj)le are the rulers, 
every young person ought at least to be well enough educated to 
make an intelligent citizen, that is, to be able to know what he 
votes for. He ought at least to be able to read, or lie might not 
be sure that he used the ballot which he intended. To this end 
were the public schools established, attendance at which or at 
other schools is, in most of the States, compulsor}^ One of the 
first principles of the common school system is that they shall be 
Non-Sectarian (although under the early theocratic govern- 
ment in New England, the c>mnion schools were under the super- 
vision of the church), and that teachers shall be |)rohibited from 
urging religious opinions upon the scholars. 

On the other hand, many Private Schools are maintained by 




QUADKAKGLE AT HAKVAKD COLLEGE. 

the various religious denominations, both for younger and more 
advanced scholars, besides colleges for the education of young 
men as ministers to preach the different ere eds. AH the towns and 
cities of the country maintain connnon schools, whose expenses are 
met by direct taxation, -while most of the cities and many of the 
States support institutions in the interest of higher education, in 
Avhich the tuition is free. The United States Government has never 
interfered with the States in their scheme of education, nor has 
the United States Government ever established a national institu- 
tion of learning, although a project for the establishment of such 
an institution has within a few years been put forward. 

A National Bureau of Education, however, has been 
established, but its duties are chiefly in the line of the collection 



EDUCATION. 



101 



of statistical information regarding the seliools and colleges of the 
country. By the returns of the Bureau for 1890, it appeared that 
the number of pupils enrolled in the common schools of the 
United States was 12,097, 190, and that thci-e was an average 
daily attendance of 8,144,938. The average length of a school 
terra was 134j-'g da^^s. To maintain this syt^tem of common 
schools the sum of $140,277,484 was expended, of which $91,- 
683,838 was for the school superintendents and teachers. The 
average expense per capita of population was $2.24. The per 
capita expense was smallest in South Carolina, v.here it was 
$0.41 ; it was largest in California, where it Avas $4.29. 

The Largest Percentage Enrolled of population was in 




UNIVERSITV OF MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MICH. 

Kansas, where it M'as 27.98. The smallest percentage of popula- 
tion enrolled was in Wyoming, Avhere it was 11.02. The average 
population enrolled was 20.27. IMie number of colleges of 
liberal ai'ts and universities in 1890 was 415, and the number of 
students in the several departments of these institutions was 
118,581. The number of professors and instructors was 7,918. 
The permanent productive funds of these institutions was $74,- 
070,415, the value of their grounds and ])uil<lings was $64,259,- 
344, the value of their scicntilic. ap{»aratus Avas $8,<>35,385. There 
was paid by the students for instruction $3,764,984, an average 
of $31.75. The total income, including that from tuition. State 
or municipal aid, and from ])rodiu-tive funds, was $10,801,918 ; 
the total benefactions was $6,UU6,474. 

Manual Training. -- The introduction of manual training 
into the scheme of education in the United States, marks a long- 
step forward. The idea of a high school of manual training 



(I'i 



IOI>|ltA'n<tN. 



<irii;iii:ili'(| in Ivisloii in IS77. It. \v:is llic (■oiiccidion of rrof. 
Jdiiii D. Iviiiiklc, llicii |ir('si(l('iil of l,lu* Massucliusclls liisliliiti* of 
'^l'l•llll()|o^^'. I'rof. Iviiiildc^ ciiiis^lif tlu* idc'i of ;i. ni;iiiii;il tr.'iiiiin^- 
sclii. (I of ;i lii<j,lM'i- i'lMilc from frrlaiii scliool cvirilnls iii;m1o l»y 
soini' i>f the Miii-o|i<';iii ii.ilions in (Jic ('cnUMinial M\liiliilioM in 
riiil:iil<'l|)lii:i in I STt), wliicli L;rc;i(ly iiilfi'(;stcil liini ;i! 1 lie lime. 
'I'wo ycMfs l:i(cr, vi/.., in ISV'J, llu- Si. liouis Mi:inii:il (,r:uniiiu; 
s ihodl conni'cti'-l will) llif W'lisliiiiyloii I'liiviTsil y of tluil cily 
W.H t'-ihildislKMl. Sini'c t,li;il. lime scliooU of :i liko cliaiMcli'i- li:ivi> 
lii'cM cslnlilislicd in Halliniorc, riiii;uli'l|>liia, ( 'lev flanil, 'I'olcdo, 
anil othcf citifs, wliilc lln' |miI)Iii' lii>;ll schools of many oIIut 
[(laci's (Ix'lwi'fn folly ainl lifly in all) lia\(^ taken on mannal 
trainini;" as a new luandi of si inly. Mcanwliili', cnilowril or 
|>ri\at(' si'liools, planned on the Si. Louis niiiilcl, lia\ c heeii multi- 
plicl, llie most eoiis|)ienons example Iteini;' I lu' Cliieano mannal 
training- school. 

The Plan of I l»t» Si'hools is to devote t wo lifths of the limo 
of the students to shop woi'k, (o drawini;- one tiflli, and I he other 
(wo lifths to appropriate studies. I'raclical instrnclion in wood- 
W'orkin<4, wood-tninin<;\ Itlacksinilhini;-, iroii-w orkinjj;, the nse t)f 
tools, n\echanical di-awin>;', elc, is >;iven to hoys of from tliir- 
Iceii to fitdilcen years. The schools are snpplicil with (he 
laiest machim-i-y and are ollieered hy compelent inst i iiclors. Thi' 
inann il liainini;' idea, is grow in>4, suid in a few years all the laru'e 
(Mtii's and towns will have adopted it, for llie reason that i( fur- 
nishc-; what ihe pidilie school does nol, pradical ediicalion. 

Indian Si'hools. -Tiio policy of the ^overnnn-nt in tryinu; 
to arcomplidi tlu' eivili/atioii oi lh>' iicxi ^'encratioii of Indians, 
an «>l>ject in j^ainino- which tlu-y are assisted hy many religious 
l»odies, is apparent froni the increase hoth in the niunher i>f tin* 
seliools untl of the si ndenl > in altendance. All the o-overnnient 
r(>S(>rvalions have Indian schools. ( lo v tMMinuMlt ScluH»ls ari' 
sitnated al ( 'ai lisle, I'a., Chemawa, Ore., I'"l. Stvvi'nson, N. I )., 
(^hiloeeo, Ind. T., (Jenoa, Nel>., Lawrence, Kans., Alhnipier(|ne, 
N. M., (o-and .liinetion, ("ol., Santa l''e, N. i\L, Carson, Nev., 
IMcii-c, S. I)., and l'\>rt IMohavc, \\\/.. Tlu> I'nroUment in ISDl 
\aried fron\ TTS at (^vvlisle, I'a., to SI at Tierre, S. D. The 
total enrollnnMit in IS1»1 was 1 1,1 ID ; in 1SS7 it was l),lHi-J. The 
!iverai;o attendance was S,:51)5> ; in IS87, it w:is 7,I7l'. In the 
niani(i'naiici> of tht'si> sidiools the eov I'rnnuMit spends aimually 
npwards of |10(>,()()0. Many Indian schools are conducti'd also 
under lht>anspices of tlu> rn>sl>yleriaiis, lloniaii Catholics, C\>ni>;r»'- 
<;ationalists, episcopalians, l^'riemls, J\rennonites, Unilarians, Luth- 
I'rans, and Mellu>dists, lu>sidt>s iithcrs at IMartinsbur;;', l*a., Alaska, 
Middh'town, Cal.. Hampton, \'a., and Lincoln, Ni'h. Far all of 



104 ELECTORAL COMMISSION". 

these tlie government makes appropriations, agoregating in 1892 
$604,240. Tliis is the only instance where a Sectarian Insti- 
tution receives government support. While this course is con- 
trary to the letter and s])irit of the Constitution, it is held that 
the churches are accomplishing Avith the Indian what the gov- 
ernment would not he able to accomplish so well, and for this 
reason, they should be allowed to continue their good work. How- 
ever, there are many who believe the government should assume 
absolutely tlie education of the Indians, and should train them in 
government schools Avith the specific end of fitting them for citi- 
zenshij). 

Eggs, Production of. (See Agriculture.) 

Elastic Clause in Constitution. — This is the eighteenth 

clause in Article I., Section y, which in outlining the ])owers 
granted to Congress concludes as folloAvs : " To make all laws 
which shall be necessary and proper for carrjdng into execiition 
the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Consti- 
tution in the government of the United States, or in any depart- 
ment or officer thereof." It was in the interpretation of this 
clause that the differences between the Federalists and the Anti- 
Federalists liad their origin, and ill general it may be said that 
the application of this clause marl<js the dividing line between the 
ojiposing ])i'inci))les of the Republican and Democratic j^ai'ties. 
(See Constructionist, Strict and Loose.) 
Electoral College. (See IIow the President Is Elected.) 
Electoral Commission, The. (See Republican Party.) — 
In 18 rO, there being a disi)ute over the presidential election, the 
Electoral Commission was created by Congress to ])ass upon the 
returns. The dispute arose over the electoral votes of Florida, 
Louisiana, Oregon, and South Carolina. The members of the 
Commission were (Democrats in Italic^ Republicans in Roman) : 
Senators — George F. Edmunds, Vermimt ; Oliver P. Morton, 
Indiana ; Frederick T. Frelinghuysen, New Jersey ; Thomas F. 
J)a)/ard, Delaware ; Allen G. Thurman, Ohio (the latter having 
become ill, Francis Iihrnan^ New York, was substituted). Rep- 
resentatives — Henry. B. Payne^ Ohio ; Eppa Ilnnton, Virginia ; 
Josiah G. Abbott, Massachusetts ; James A. Garfield, Ohio ; 
George F. Hoar, Massachusetts; Supreme Court — JVat/uin 
Clifford, President of the Commission ; William Strong, Samuel 
F. Miller, /Stephen J. Field. 

All of these members were designated by Congress. The fifth 
Supreme Court judge was Joseph P. Bradley, a Republican, who 
was selected by the commission. There Avere eight Republicans 
and seven Democrats on the Commission, and the vote on all the 



EMANTCIPATKiX PKOCLAMATIOX. 105 

disputed questions w;is a. strictly P'li'ty one, and was decided in 
every case in favor of the llepublicans. 

The Argument of tlic Republican counsel was in effect that 
the Commission did not liave power to go behind returns Avhicli 
appeared to have been made in due form, and that it was em- 
powered to canvass only electoral votes, not popular votes. The 
House refused to accept the report of the Commission, on a party 
vote, and the Senate accepted it, also on a party vote. On a 
concurrent vote, Hayes was declared elected, and was duly in- 
stalled in office. The Forty-Ninth Congress, in Cleveland's 
administration, passed the Electoral Count Act, which permits 
Congress to go behind the returns only when a State cannot settle 
its own disputes over elections. 

Electoral Count Act. (See Electoral Commission.) 

Emancipation Proclamation. — President Lincoln issued a 
proclamation to the States in rebellion on Sept. 22, 1862, declar- 
ing that he would free their slaves unless they returned to their 
allegiance by Jan. 1, 18(38. True to his word, on Jan. 1, 1863, 
he issued the Emancipation Proclamation ; it offered to receive 
the freedmen into the Federal service, and warned them to abstain 
from violence and disorder. Lincoln said in the Proclamation 
that his act was prompted by " military necessity." 

The full text of the Proclamation is as follows : — 

THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION. 

BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNPCED STATES OF AMERICA. 
A PMOCLAMATION. 

Whereas, on the twenty-second day of Septeml)er, in the year of our 
Lord one thousand eif^ht hundred and sixty-two, a prochimation was 
issued by the President of the United States, containing, among other 
things, the following, to wit: — 

"That on the first day of January, in lh(^ year of our Lord one thou- 
sand eight hundred and sixty- three, all persons hekl as slaves within any 
State or designated part of a State, the jieople whereof shall then be in 
rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thencefoi-ward, and 
forever free ; and the Executive Crovernment of the United States, includ- 
ing the military and naval authority thereof, will recognize and maintain 
the freedom of such persons, and will do no act or acts to repress such 
persons, or any of them, in any efforts they may make for their actual 
freedom. 

" That the Executive will, on the first day of January aforesaid, by 
proclamation, designate the States and parts of States, if any, in which 
tlie people thereof, respectively, shall tlien be in rebellion against the 
United States; and the fact that any State, or the people thereof, shall 
on that day be in good faith, represented in the Congress of the United 
States, by members chosen thereto at elections wherein a majority of the 
qualified voters of such State sliall have participated, shall, in the 
absence of strong countervailing testimony, be deenied conclusive evi- 



106 EMBARGO ACT. 

dence that such State, and the people thereof, aue not then in rebellion 
against the United States." 

Now, therefore, I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, 
by virtue of the power in me vested as Commander-in-Chief of the Army 
and Navy of the United States in time of actual armed rebellion against 
theauthority andgov^ernment of the United States, and as a lit and neces- 
sary war mcasurefor suppressing said rebellion, do, on this tirst day of 
January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty- 
three, and in accordance with my pur])ose so to do, publicly proclaimed 
for tlu! full period of one hundred days from the day of first above-men- 
tioned, order and designate, as the States and parts of States wherein 
the people thereof, respectively, are this day in rebellion against the 
United States, the following, to wit: Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana (except 
the parishes of St. Bernard, Plac(iucmines, Jefferson, St. John, St- 
Charles, St. James, Ascension, Assumption, Terre Bonne, Lafourche, 
Stc. Marie, St. Martin and Orleans, including the city of New Orleans), 
Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, 
and Virginia (except the fortyeiglit counties designated as "West Vir- 
ginia, aiid also the counties of Berkley, Accomac, Northampton, Eliza- 
beth City, York, Princess Anne, and Norfolk, including the cities of 
Norfolk and Portsmouth), and which excepted parts are, for the present, 
left precisely as if this proclamation were not issued. 

And by virtue of the power and for the purpose aforesaid, I do order 
and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated States 
and parts of States are, and henceforward sliall be free; and that the 
Executive Government of the United States, including the military and 
naval authorities^ thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of 
said ]>ersous. 

Ami I hereby enjoin upon the people so declared to be free, to abstain 
from all violence, unless in necessary self-defence; and 1 recommend to 
them that, in all cases when allowed, they labor faithfully for reason- 
able wages. 

And 1 further declare and make known that such persons, of suitable 
condition, will be received into the armed service of the United States, 
to garrison forts, positions, stations, and other i)laces, and to man ves- 
sels of all sorts in said service. 

And upon this act, sincerely believed to be an act of justice, warranted 
by the Constitution, upon military necessity, I invoke the considerate 
judgment of mankind and the gracious favor of Almighty God. 

In witness whereof I have hereunto set my name and caused the seal 
of the United States to be affixed. 

Done at the City of Washington, this lirst day of January, in 

~^— the year of our Lord one tliousand eight hundred and sixty- 
] L.s. three, and of the Independence of the United States of America 
' — /— ^ the eighty-seventh. 

By the President: Aukauam Lincoln. 

William H. Sewakd, Secretary of State. 

The total number of slaves thus emancipated was 3,895,172. 

Embargo Act. — An embargo is the detention of the vessels 
of a nation in port, and is promulgated by the government as a 
measure of precaution and protection, as well as of retaliation. In 
June, 1807, the British frigate Leopard took four seamen from 
the United States frigate Chesapeake. The orders in council of the 



EXPORTS AND IMPORTS. 107 

British government to tlie English navy had been to search all 
neutral vessels for French goods. Tlie United States at the time 
was a neutial country. President Jefferson, by proclamation, 
warned all IJritish armed vessels not to enter American ports. 
When Congress met in October, the President advised a bill 
Avhii'h was jtassed, prohibiting all American vessels from all 
foreign trade, and foreign vessels fiom carrying cargoes from the 
United States. 

This was called the Emb^argo Bill, and operated disastrously 
to the commerce of the country. The F'ederalists opposed it on 
the ground that it would injure this country rather than England, 
ana would enhance the commercial disaster which England's 
attacks on iVmerican commerce had already begun. Intense op- 
position to the Embargo was manifested in New England, where 
the foreign tra<le was extensive. On account of it, John Quincy 
Adams resigned as Senator from Massachusetts. Jefferson was 
then informed that New England Avould no longer enforce the 
Embargo Act, and that there was talk in that section of with- 
drawing from the Union. Accordingly, Jefferson secured the 
passage of the Non-Intercourse Act (which see\ by which the 
Eml)arg() was repealed. The new act related only to commei-ce 
with England and France, and was not so broad in its construction 
as the Embargo Act, yet it retained the essence of it, so far as 
the measure related to England. 

Enemies in War, in Peace Friends. (See Sayings of 
Famous Americans.) 

England a Den of Pirates, France a Den of Thieves. 

(See Sayings of Famous Americans.) 

Entangling Alliances. (See Sayings of Famous Ameri- 
cans.) 

Equal Rights Party. (See Political Parties.) 
Era of Good Feeling. — Used to mark the period from 1817 
to iH'i;!, when pai'ty feeling was at a low el)b. The Federals 
were inactive, many of them openly sympathizing with the ad- 
ministration. So a])athetic wei'c the Federals that Monroe, in the 
election of 1821, received all the electoral votes but one. 
Executive Department. (See Federal Government.) 
Executive Session. (See Federal Government.) 

Expenses of the White House. (See Presidents of the 
United States.) 

Exports and Imports. — The extraordinary transportation 
facilities of this country, more than any other one thing, have 
built up the export trade. The wheat and corn and wheat flour, 



108 



EXPORTS AND IMPORTS. 



the beef and hog products of tlie great Northwest and West 
reach the exporting point by way of the Great Lakes, the Erie 
Canal, and the Hudson Kiver, Avhich form a continuous water-way 
from the producing centre to the metropolis. A large part of the 
cotton and tobacco of the South is exported by way of the Southern 
ports, but for all other staples, New York is the place of export. 

The Chief Exports, and the value thereof, including gold and 
silver, for the year ending June 80, 1891, were: — 



Ag:ricnltural Imiilements '..... 

Animals 

Books, Maps, Engravings, and other Printed Matter 

Breadstuffs : Corn busli. 

„ Wheat bush. 

„ Wheat Flour hbls. 

„ All other 

Carriages, Horses, and Railroad Cars 

Chemicals, I"»nigs, Dyes, and Medicines : 

( 'locks and Watches 

Coal : Anthracite tons 

„ Bituminous tons 

Copper Ore tons 

„ ^lanufactures of 

Cotton, Unmanufactured lbs. 

,, lAhmufactures of 

Fancv Articles 

Fish r 



Flax, Hemp, and Jute, Manufactures of 

Fruits, Apples, Green or Ripe bbls. 

Fruits a nd Nuts 

Furs and Fur Skins 

Hops lbs. 

Instruments lor Sric iititic purposes 

Iron ami Stt'cl, Manutactwvcs of 

Leather, and M ami fact uies of 

Musical Instruments 

Naval Stores bbls. 

Oil Cake, Oil Cake Meal Ihs. 

Oils: Animal galls. 

„ Mineral. Crude.. galls. 

Mineral. Retined or Manufactured, galls. 

Oils. Veiictablc : 

Paper, ,iiid Manufactures of 

Parartine, rarafhnc Wax lbs. 

Provisions, Heel Products lbs. 

Hon Products lbs. 

,, Oleoma isarine lbs, 

,, Other .Meat Products 

,, Dairv Products 

Seeds : Clover . . .' lbs. 

„ All other 

Spirits proof galls. 

,, Turpentine galls. 

Sugar, Molasses, Svrup galls 

„ Refined lbs 

Tobacco, T'nmanufactured lbs, 

,, Manufactures of 

Vegetables 

AVood, and INIantifacturcs of 

All Other Articles 

Total Exports, Domestic JNIerchandise 



Specie: Gold 

,, Silver 

Total Domestic Exports. 



iJ(i,Tii8,213 
55,131,948 
11,344,;W4 



924,312 

1,474,727 

38,,')62 

2,907,3.'i8,79.5 



136,207 
8,736,080 



1,816,057 

633,344,851 

3,072,022 

91,415.095 

618,404,454 



66,366,003 

507,229,4.'S 

1,179,.'565,831 

82,217,778 



20,773,884 

1,904,972 
12,243,621 

4,495,475 
108,228,620 
249,232,605 



$872,270,283 



$84,939,551 

98,073.265 

,$1,056 183,099 



The total exports of agiicultural, mining, forest products, and 
manufactures, were as follows: — Agriculture, •1?G42,800,70o ; 



EXPORTS AXD IMPORTS. 



109 



raining, $22,058,664; forest, 128,715,713; manufactures, U(3^,- 
781,255. 

The ox}»orts of Domestic Merchandise alone were in 18!)(), 
1845,293,828; in 1880, *730,282,609 ; in 1888, 1683,862,104 ; in 
1887,^703,022,923. In 1875, tlie aggregate was 1499,284,100. 
Great Britain and Ireland took in 1891, 1441,599,807 of our ex- 
ports; Germany, 191,684,981 ; France, $59,820,739. The other 
foreisrn countries took our merchandise as follows: — 



Haiti 

Hong Kong 4 

Italy 15 

Japan 4 

Mexico 14. 

Netherlands 2ti, 

Peru 1, 

Portugal 4 

Russia and Possessions 7 

Spain 14, 

Sweden and Norway 4, 

TTruguay 1 , 

Venezuela 4 



,589,178 
,743,498 
927,274 
,800,050 
,199,080 
810,814 
390,207 
,980,909 
,925,092 
007,893 
,939,572 
032,937 
,71{;,047 



Argentiiie Republic $2,718,075 

Australasia, British 12,891,679 

Belgium 26,694,150 

Brazil 14,049,273 

British East Indies 4,399,544 

British West Indies 9,546,058 

Canada, Dominion of 36,052,613 

Central American States 0,579,916 

Chile 3,1:53,991 

China 8,700,308 

Colombia 3,108,989 

Cuba Il,ii29,005 

Denmark 3,300,357 

Hawaiian Islands 4,935,91 1 

Now that the restrictions against American Hogs in Ger- 
many and France have been removetl, the export business in hog 
products will be increased largely. The export trade with South 
American countries is increasing in volume, thanks to favorable 
reciprocity treaties recently negotiated. (See Reciprocity.) 

The Import Trade of the United States for the year ending 
June 30, 1891, including merchandise and Specie iin[)orte<l, aggre- 
gated $899,408,210. The imports an^l the value thereof were as 
follows : — 



Animals 

Art Works 

Books, Maps, etc 

Bristles lbs 

BreadstufYs 

Chemicals, Drugs, Dyes, and Medicines 

Clocks and Watches 

Coal, Bituminous tons 

Colfee lbs, 

Cotton, Maimfactures of 

Eartlienware and China 

Fancy Articles 

Fi ,h 



Flax, Hemp, Jute, etc., and Manufactures of. 

Fruits and Nuts 

Furs and Manufactures of 

(ilass and (Jla-sware 

Hats and Bo incts 

Hides and Skins 

He 



0))S 



.IDs. 



India Rubber and Manufactures of 

Iron and Steel and MaTiufactures of 

Jewelry, and Maiuifactiirfs of Hold and Silver 

Lead and Maim lac tares of 

Leather and Maimfactures of 

Liquors, Sidrituous and Malt 

Molasses galls, 

Musical Instruments 

Paints and Colors 

Paper and Manufactures 



1,055, 
519,528, 



4,01',l,(;03 



20,G04,4t;;; 



|;4,945,305 
2,410,36^ 
4,227,4o;< 
l,357,!i.3» 
4,4S4,44!' 

47,317,031 
2,284,900 
3,588,273 

90,123,777 

29,712,024 
8,;jHi,;',.s8 

7, .32."., 473 

5,044 628 

.30,005,100 

25,983,130 

9,.S28,849 

8,.364,312 

2.222,600 

27,930,759 

1,797,406 

18,375.449 

.V>,974,r>31 

1,363,8:12 

2,.500,886 

12,68;!.303 

3.975,438 

2.0.=i9.l72 

1,444,7.'.5 

l,43il.lJ7 

3,031, 4.")4 



110 



FEDERAL GOVERNMENT. 



Paper Stock 

Precious Stones, and Iniitations of, not set, including 

Diamonds, Rongli or Uncut 

Salt \h». 

Seeds 

Silli, Manufactures of 

,, Unmanufactured 

Sugai: lbs. 

Tea lbs. 

Tin lbs. 

Tobacco and Manufactures of 

Wines 

Wood and Manufactures of 

Wool and Manufactures of 

AH otlier Articles 



511,586,163 



3,483,477,222 
83,453,339 
3'J,787,622 



Total Merchandise. 



Specie: Oold.. 
Silver. 



Total Imports 



$5,018,248 

13,271,602 

928,88'J 

3,266,230 

37,880,143 

19,077,366 

105,728,216 

13,828,993 

7,977, ."VIS 

16,703,141 

10,007,060 

19,888,180 

59,291, 4.'')2 

105,145,273 

$844,916,196 

$18,232,567 
36,259,447 

4!899,408,210 

The imports of domestic meiohiuulise alone were in 1890 
1789,310,409; in 1889,1745,131,652; in 1888, 1723,957,114 ; in 
1887, 1092,319,708 ; in 1875, the aggregate was 1533,005,430. 

Exterritoriality. — This is a privilege accorded to diplomatic 
agents under the law of nations, by which they are allowed to 
live under the laws of their own country while accredited to 
a foreign nation. Their persons, families, estates, and servants 
are inviolable except in an extreme case, such as a heinous crime. 
In the case of ordinary crimes, the expectation is that the liomc 
government will at <ince recall the offender, and punish him. 

F. F. V.'s. — An abbreviation of "First FamiUes of Virginia," 
used as referring to the Southern aristocrats, and sometimes, 
improperly, to those of the North. 

Fiiriii Animals in the United States. (See Agriculture.) 
Farmers' Alliance. (See Political Parties.) 
Farmer's Dick. (See Nicknames of Famous Americans.) 
Father Abraham. (See Presidents of the United States.) 
Father of His Country. (See Presidents of the United 
States.) 

Father of the Constitution. (See Presidents of the United 
States.) 

Federal Government, The, Its Officers and Departments. 

The President, Navy Department. 

The Cabinet, Presidential Succession. 

State Department, Senate. 

Treasury Department, House of Representatives. 



War Department, 

Justice, 

Post-Office Department, 



Speaker. 
Judiciary. 
Supreme Court, 



Circuit Courts, etc. 



FEDERAL GOVERXMENT. Ill 

By the Constitution, the a'lministration of government in tlie 
United States is vested in tliree departments, the Executive, the 
Legishitive, and the Judicial. 

Executive, The. — The Executive Department is charged 
with tlie execution of the laws, and the President is at its head. 
The President must be a natural born citizen, or a citizen at the 
adoption of the Constitution, He must be at least thirty-five 
years of age, and fourteen years a resident of the country. He 
is Commander-in-Chief of the army and navy, and of the 
militia when in actual service ; he has power of reprieve and of 
pardon for offences against the United States ; to make treaties, 
to ap[)oint ambassadors, ministers, consuls, etc., and judges of the 
Supreme Court, and all other United States officers, but always 
with the consent and ajiproval of the Senate. He must give to 
Congress from time to time information of the state of the Union, 
and recommend such measures as he deems best ; he may convene 
both Houses on extraordinary occasions, and may adjourn them 
at such times. He must see that the laws are faithfully executed. 
His ajifpointments are subject to Senate approval l)y a majority 
vote ; his treaty-making l)y a majority vote. The salary of the 
President is now Jj^r)0,000 a year. 

In theevent of tlie President's Inability, by death or other- 
wise, to perform his duties, the office devolves upon the Vice- 
President. In case of inability on the part of both President and 
Vice-President, by Act of Congress of January 19, 1886, the 
Executive office falls to the Cabinet officers in the following 
order, provided the officer on whom it devolves has been con- 
firjned by the Senate, and is by birth and otherwise qualified to 
hold the office : The Secretaries of State, of the Treasury, of 
War, the Attorney-General, the Postmaster-General, the Secre- 
taries of the Navy, of the Interior. The officer thus selected 
serves out the unexpired term. 

The President, Vice-President, and the Cabinet are as 
follows : — 

Benjamin Harrison, of Indiana, President; salary, 
150,000. 

Levi P. Morton, of New York, Vice-President; sal- 
ary, ^8,000. 

The Cabinet. — James G. Blaine, of Maine, Secretary of 
State ; Charles Foster, of Ohio, Secretary of the Treasury ; 
Stephen B. Elkins, of West Virginia, Secretary of War : Jolm 
Wanamaker, of Pennsylvania, l^ostmaster- General ; AVilliam H. 
H. Miller, of Indiana, Attorney- General ; Benjamin F. Tracy, of 
New York, Secretary of the Nfivy ; John W. Noble, of Missouri, 
Secretary of the Interior; Jeremiah M. Rusk, of Wisconsin, 
Secretary of Agriculture ; salary, $8,000 each. 



112 



FEDERAL GOVERNMENT. 



State Department. — This department was created by Act 
of Congress July 27, 1789. Its principal officer is the Secretary 
of State, who is a Cabinet officer. His business has to do with 
the correspondence, commissions or instructions to or with public 
ministers and consuls of the United States, or to negotiations 
with public ministers from foreign states, or ])rinces, or to memo- 
rials, or other applications from foreign public ministers or other 
foreigners, to such other matters respecting foreign affairs as the 
President should assign to the department, the business thereof 
to be conducted in such manner as the President should from 
time to time order ; the receipt and publication of the laws passed 
by Congress, and to affix the seal of the United States to civil 
communications. He is the custodian of the Seal of the United 
States. He is the custodian of the treaties made with foreign 
states and of the laws of the United States ; grants and issues 
passports ; publishes the laws and resolutions of Congress, amend- 
ments to the Constitution, and proclamations declaring the admis- 
sion of new States into the Union. The Subordinate Depart- 
ments under his supervision are the Diplomatic Bureau, the 

Consular Biu-eau, 
the Indexes and 
Archives, and the 
Bureau of Ac- 
counts. There are 
three Assistant 
S e c r e t a r ies of 
State, as follows : 
Assistant /Secre- 
tary , W. F. 
Wharton, Massa- 
chusetts, $4,500 ; 
Second Assistatit 
Secretary^ A. A. 
Adee, District of 
Columbia, |3,500 ; 
Third Assistant 
Secretary, William 
M. Grin'nell, New 
York, $3,500. 

Treasury De- 
partment. (See 
Coinage, National Banks, Tariffs, Government Finances, etc.) — 
This was one of the three original executive departments of the gov- 
ernment, having been established on September 2, 1789. Its head 
is the Secretary of the Treasury, who is a member of the Cabinet, 




TREASURY DEPARTMEMT. 



FEDERAL GOVERNMENT. 



113 




114 FEPKRAL GOVKRNMKXT. 

This ortioial has (.-liarge of the tiscal system of tlie government, of 
the national banks, of tlie currency and coinage, of customs and 
internal revenues, of the light-house and life-saving systems, of 
the merchant marine, the coast and inland surveys, the marine 
hospitals, and the inspection of steam vessels. Tlio principal 
officers of the department are as foUoMS : — 

Assistant /Secretari/, A. B. Nettleton, $(4,500 ; Assistant /Sec- 
rctari/^ Oliver L. Spaulding, ^4,500 ; Assistant Secrttari/^ L. 
Crounse, Nebraska, $4,500; Jh'nctor of Jlinf, Edwnrd O. Leecli, 
District of Columbia, 84,500; /Superintendent of Xije-^avin(/ 
Service, S. I. Kimball, §!4,000 ; C/iairnian of Zi(//it/ioi(se HoariK 
Connnissioner J. A. (^reer, ^5,000 ; Snjwrrisor Sur(/eo)i- General, 
Walter AVynian, ^Missouri, 84,000; C/iair)nan of Bureem of 
A'/)(/rari/);/, i\l. W. ^leredith, Illinois, ^4,500 ; /Si/jMrrisinif Ar- 
c/titect^ W. J. Edbrooke, 8t,5(t0 ; Si/jHri»te/i(7ent of ignited /States 
Coast iSurvei/, T. C. JMendenhall, $0,000 ; Convnissioner of 
JVari(/ation, William W. Bates, $3,000 ; Urst Comptroller, A. 
C. JMatthews, Illinois, $5,000 ; /Second Comptroller, B. F. Gilke- 
son, Pennsvlvania, $5,000; Comptroller of CustomSy Samuel 
V. Itolliday, rennsylvania, $4,000; rirst Auditor, Geo. P. 
Fisher, Delaware, $:>,000 ; S<cond Auditor, J. N. Patterson. 
New llampshire, $:"!,0(»0 ; Thirel Auditor, Vs" .W. Ilart, Indiana, 
i^i,iS\){); Fourth Auditor, ,}o\\w W. Lynch, ^Mississippi, $3,G00 ; 
Fifth Auditor, L. W. llabercomb. District of Columbia, $3,000: 
iSi\x'th Auditor, T\\o». B. Coulter, Ohio, $3,000; Treasurer of 
United States, E. II. Nebeker, Indiana, $0,000 ; Assistant Treas- 
urer, J. W. Whelpley, New York, $3,000 ; Jiee/ister of Treasun/, 
\y. S. Rosccrans, California, $4,000 ; Comj>troller of Currenci/, 
Ed. S. Lacey, Afichigan, $5,000 ; Commissioner of Internal 
Beveiiue, John W. ^lason, $0,000; /Solicitor of Internal J\e refine, 
Alphonso Hart, $4,500 ; Solicitor of Tre((sur>/, W. P. Hepburn, 
Ii>wa, $4,500; C/iief of Secret Service, A. L. Drunnnond, 
$3,500. 

War Department. (See Army, The United States.) — This 
department was created by Act of Congress, August 7, 1789. 
The principal otticer is the Secretary of War, who is a Cabinet 
officer. To him are intrusted all at^airs relating to the military 
commissions ; the land forces of the United States ; the stores 
for the maintenance of the army both in peace and war. He is 
required to provide for the maintenance and course of study at 
the West Point ^lilitary Academy; to supervise the National 
Cemeteries, etc. The othces and administration of the Adjutant- 
General, the Inspector-General, the Quartermaster-tieneral, tlie 
Commissary-tTcneral, the Paymaster-Cxeneral, the Surgeon-Gen- 
eral, the Cliii'f of Engineers of the Army, the Chief of Ordnance, 



PKDEKAL GOVERNMENT. 115 

the Bureau of Military Justice, ai-e under liis supervision. Tlie 
princii)al officers and their (U'j.artments are as follows: — 

A.^sistaut jSecret(fri/, Lewis A. (iraut, Minnesota, !};4,r)00 • Ad- 
Jutani- General, John C. Kelton, JV'unsvlvania ; Inspector- General 
Josei)h C. Breckinridge, Kentucky; Quartermaster- Generai, 
Kichard N. Batchelder, New Hampshire; Commissary- General, 
Beeknian Du Barry, New Jersey; Surgeon- General, Charles 
Sutherland, Pennsylvania; Paymaster- General, William Smith 
Vermont; Chief of Enejineers, Tlu.mas J.. Casey, l{h„<le Island; 
Uuef of Ordnance, Daniel W. Flagler, rennsyhania; Actinq 
Judge- Advocate- General, Guido N. Lieber, New York; Chief 
Signal Officer, Adolphus W. Greely, Louisiana; Architect of the 
Capitol Kihvavil Clark, JVnnsylvania, |4,r,00 ; Superintendent of 
Census, Jlobert P. I'orter, New York, *G,000. 

Justice.— This dei)artment was established by Act of Con- 
gress, June 22, LS20. Its principal officer is the Attorney- 
General, wlio is a Cabinet officer. lie is required to give advice 
and opmions upon questions of law, when required by the Presi- 
dent, and also when required by the head of an'y executive 
department as to the questions of "law arising upon the adminis- 
tration of his department; to conduct and argue suits and writs 
of error and appeals in the Supreme Court, and suits in the Court 
of Clanns ni which the United States (Government is interested 
and also m any of the Lnited States Courts when deemed 
necessary. His subordinate ofhcers are as follows: Solicitor- 
General, William Howard Taft, Ohio, |7,000 ; Assistant 
Attornegs- General, John B. Cotton, Maine, William A Maurv 
District of (\)lum1)ia, *5,00() each. 

Post-OfFice Department.— This department of the o-overn- 
ment was established on May 8, 1 79 k (See Post-Ottice System, 
Ihe.) It IS 111 charge of the Postmaster-General, who is a 
Cabinet officer. He superintends the transmission of the mails; 
the manufacture of postage stamps and postal cards; the appoint- 
ment of postmasters whose salaries are *1, 000 and under; tlu' 
establishment of post-offices; the issue of money orders' and 
postal notes, etc. The subordinate officers are as follows : — 

First Assistant Postmaster- Gener<d., Smith A. Whitlield, Ohio, 
14,000; Second Assistant Postm<(ster-(;ener<d, J. Lowrie Bell' 
Pennsylvania, -* ^,000 ; Third Assistant Postmaster- (General, 
Abraham D. Hazen, Pennsylvania, |4,000 ; Ponrfh Assistant 
Postmaster- General, E. G. Bathbone, Ohio, *4,0(»0; Assista?U 
Attorneg- General, James N. 'J\'ner, rndiana, #4,000 ; Superin- 
tendent of Foreign Mails, N. M. JJrooks, Virginia, *;],000 ; 
Superintendent of Moneg Order System, Charles F. ]\racdonald' 
Massachusetts, $3,500; General Superintendent of Uailwag Mail 



116 



FEDERAL GOVERNMENT. 



Service, James E. White, Illinois, |3,500 ; Superintendent of 
Dead Letter Office, David P. Leibhardt, Indiana, |2,250 ; Chief 
Dost- Office Inspector, M. D. Wheeler, New York, |3,000. 

Navy Department. (See Navy, The United States.) ^ — 
Until April, 1798, the duties of this department were fulfilled by 
the War Department. Its principal officer is the Secretary of 
the Navy, who is a Cabinet officer. lie has charge of the equij*- 
ment and construction of naval vessels; their manning and arma- 
ment, both in times of peace and war ; of the contracts for naval 
stores and supplies; of the navy yards and docks; of the ordnance 
department ; of the construction and repairs depai'tment; of the 
observance of the navigation laws, and of the disbursement of 
the appropriations for rivers and harbors. The subordinate offi- 
cers are as follows : — 

Assistant Secretary, James Russell Soley, Massachusetts, 
%\,bOy)\ Jjureau of Yards and Docks, Norman II. Fai-quhar, 
Pennsylvania, ^5,000 ; Bureau of Navigation, Francis ]M. Ram- 
say, District of Columbia, fSjOOO ; Bureau of Ordnance, William 
M. Folger, Ohio, $5,000 ; Bureau of Provisions and Clothing, 
Edwin Stewart, New York, $r),000 ; Bureau of Medicine and 
Surgery, J. Mills Browne, New Hampshire, 15,000 j Bureau of 
Construction and Mepair, Theodore D. Wilson, New York, 
$5,000 ; Bureau of Equipment and Recruiting, George Dewey, 
Vermont, 15,000 ; Bureau of Steam Engineering, George W. 
Melville, New York, |5,000*; Judge- Advocate- General, Wm. B. 
Remey, United States Marine Corps, Iowa, 1:4,000 ; Dresident 
Naval lietiring Board, Com. U. P. McCann, $5,000. 

Interior. (See Public Lands, Pension Office, Patent Office, 
etc.) ■ — -This department was created by Act of Congress, March 
3, 1849. Its principal officer is the Secretary of the Interior, who 
is a Cabinet officer. To him is intrusted the su[)ervision of 
public business relating to the public lands, including mines, the 
Indians, pension and bounty lands, patents for inventions, 
custody and distri- 
bution of public 
documents, educa- 
tion, railroads, the 
public surveys, the 
census, when di- 
rected by law. Gov- 
ernment H«)spital 
for the Insane, Co- 
lumbia Asylum for 

, T-. I- T INTERIOK DEPARTMENT. PATENT OFFICE. 

the Deal and 

Dumb, and certain powers and duties in relation to the Territories 




FEDERAL GOVERNMENT. 117 

of the United States ; exclusive control of Yellowstone Park. 
The General Land Office, the Patent Office, the Pension Office, 
the Census Office, the Bureau of Education, Office of Commis- 
sioner of Railroads, the Geological Survey, the Auditor of Rail- 
road Accounts, the Inter-State Commerce Commission, the 
Bureau of- Lahor, the Architect of the Capitol, and the officers of 
the District of Columbia are under his charge. The principal 
subordinate officers are : — 

First Assistant Secretary, George Chandler, Kansas, 14,500 ; 
Assistant Secretartj, Cyrus Bussey, New York, |4,000 ; Com- 
missioner of Land Office, T. H. Carter, Montana, |4,000 ; Com- 
missioner of Pensions, Green B. Raum, Illinois, $5,000 ; Com- 
missioner of Indian Affairs, T. J. Morgan, Rhode Island, 14,000 ; 
Commissioner of Patents, William E. Simonds, Connecticut, 
$5,000 ; Commissioner of Education^ . T. Harris, Massachusetts, 
$3,000 ; Commissioner of Railroads, H. A. Taylor, Wisconsin, 
$4,500 ; Co7nmissioner of Labor, C. D. Wright, Massachusetts, 
$5,000 ; Superintendent of Census, Robert P. Porter, New York, 
$6,000 ; Director of Geological Survey, John W. Powell, Illinois, 
$6,000. 

Agriculture. (See Signal Service.) — This Department was 
established by Act of Congress, February 11, 1889. Its princi- 
pal officer is the Secretary of Agriculture. His duties include 
the collection and diffusion of useful information on subjects 
connected with agriculture by books and correspondence, or by 
practical and scientific experiments, the collection of statistics, 
new and valuable seeds and plants, the cultivation and propa- 
gation of the same, and their distribution among agriculturists. 
The subordinate offices and bureaus are the Statistician, the Bot- 
anist, the Chemist, the Microscopist, the Propagating and Seed 
Division, the Bureau of Animal Industry, the Forestry and Orni- 
thological Division, and the Office of Experiment. 

These officers are as follows . Assistant Secretary, Edwin 
Willets, Michigan, $4,500 ; Chief of Weather Bureau, M. W. 
Harrington, Michigan ; Statistician, J. R. Dodge, Ohio, $2,500 ; 
Chief of Forestry, B. E. Fernow, New York, $2,000 ; ^';;?;o;;io/o- 
.7A5#,'C.'V. Riley, Missouri, $2,500; Chemist, Harvey W.Wiley, 
Indiana, $2,500 ; Ornithologist, C. H. Merriam, New York, $2,- 
500 ; Jiotanist, George Vasey, Illinois, $2,500 ; Pomologist, H. E. 
Van Deman, Kansas, $2,500 ; Microscopist, Thomas Taylor, Massa- 
chusetts, $2,500, In July, 1891, the Signal Service was trans- 
ferred from the War Department to the Department of Agriculture. 

Legislative, The. — By the Constitution the legislative power 
shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall 
consist of a Senate and H»use of Representatives. The Senate 



118 FEDERAL GOVEKNMENT. 

consists of two members from each State, irrespective of the 
population. They are elected for six years, and the salary is 
$0,000 a year, with mileaue, and $125 for stationery and news- 
papers. The candidate must be at least thirty years of age, nine 
years a citizen, and an iuliabitant of the State he desires to rep- 
resent. The Senate contii ins the appointments by the President, 
ratifies all treaties, tries all iin[>eaoliments, and passes or rejects 
such legislation as may come up from the lower House. The 
Vice-President is the Presiding OfTicer. The Senate does not 
resolve itself into a committee of the whole, as does the House, 
but the practice is to move that a subject be considered " as in a 
committee of the -whole.'' The Senate frequently sits in Execu- 
tive Session, that is, in secret session, when the confirma- 
tion of the President's nominations, or the ratification of treaties 
is discussed. It often happens that full reports of the proceed- 
ings of the Senate in executive session are published in the news- 
papers. The punishment for revealing the proceedings is 
ex})ulsion, but the rule is practically a dead letter. It is commonly 
understood that the newspaper correspondents receive their re-, 
ports of the debates from those members of the Senate who are 
opposed to secret sessions. The lower house of Congress is the 
House of Representatives, which consists of Representatives 
or Congressmen from all the States, their number being depen- 
dent ujH)n the ]»o{)ulation. The Constitution |)rovidcs that the 
number of ' Congressmen shall not exceed one to each thirty 
thousand inhabitants, but that each State shall have at least one 
Congressman. In the Fifty-First Congress, an act was passed for 
the re-apportionnuMit of the Congressional districts, by which the 
House of Kepresentatives, after March o, 1893, will consist of 
three hundred and fifty-six members. The act also provided for 
a redistricting of the States, so that the several districts 
may be composed of contiguous territory, and contain as nearly 
as possible an equal number of inhabitants. JNIembers of tlie 
House are elected for two years; the salary is $5,000 a year, 
besides mileage at the rate of twenty cents a mile, and $1*25 a 
year for stationery and newspapers. A. member must be at least 
twenty-five years of age, and seven years a citizen ; he must, 
moreover, at the time of his election be an inhabitant of the State 
from wliich he is chosen. Tlie House of Representatives chooses 
its Speaker aiul other officers. The power of tlie Si>eaker is 
enormous. He appoints all committees, and the method of the 
Ilouse in transacting its business renders it more or less sub- 
servient to l\im. In the Fifty-First Congress, the Speaker, 
Thomas K. Reed, of Maine, instituted a method of conducting the 
business which was beyond all preced«it, and which precipitated 



I-'EDKKAL (iOV^KKNMENT. 219 

a bitter strife between iiim and the Democratic ininoritv 
1 reviously a quorum had been recognized as consistin-- of ^i 
n.ajonty ot the members. Members of a n.inority facti/m who 
des ,ed to obstrm-t legislation with whieli ihey .lid not sympathize 
j-mdd do so l,y not answering to their munej when the'vole wa^ 
■ikui. 1 lie .Speaker, professedly m order to facilitate the public 
bsmess ruled that the actual presence of a member required 
that he sho.dd vote, an.i he ordered the votes of all members who 
^v^■c present but w l.o <leclined to vote, to be counted in the 
attii .native. J he ruling was pronounced by the minority to be 
revolutionary, and Keed was called a - usurper," a " Czar " etc 
Reed"'"'" "' ^''''^^'■''' ^'^ '^^' f^tnuliarly spoken of as - Czar ''' 

A distinctive Feature of the House is that all bills for the 
raismgot revenue must originate with it; but the Nenate may pro- 
pose or concur with amendments as on other bills. The Senate 
and the House concurrently have power to lay and collect taxes, 
duties, imposts, and excises ; to pay the debts and provide for the 
common defence and general welfare of the country; to borrow 
money on the nation's credit; to regulate commeice among (he 
States and with other nations ; to coin money and hx (he standard 
of. weights and measures; to declare war; to provide and main- 
tain an arn.y and a navy; to make laws affecting naturalization 
and bankruptc-y; to establish post-ofHces; to encourage scie'e 
and the arts by favorable laws; to dcHne and punish piracies ami 
telomeson the high seas; to constitute tribunals inferior to the Su- 
[.reme ^onrt, and to provide for various other legislation. Everv 
pubhc bill and a 1 measures relating to religion, tnide, revenue, o'r 

the^^'who i'"i f '' '"7 •^' "'"''•'^' considered in Committee of 
the Whole before being considere<l by the House. This prac- 
tice is resorted to in order to insure freedom of debate in ini- 
l)ortant measures. 

Judiciary, The.-J}y the Constitution, the judicial power of 
he United,States shall l>e vested in one Supreme Court, a.ul in 
such interior courts as may be designated by Congress. Inhere are 
now eighteen Cuyuit Courts and seventy-live Dfstrict Courts be- 
sides the Court of Claims. The Supreme Court judgn-s im in 
. unber, are appointed for life. The Judicial piwer extends 

L. ofT' Tr 7iT ^*l"'^y';^'-i'^i".^' "■''•1^'»- tlie Constitution, (he 
l.iws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be 
.na^e under then; authority; to all cases affecting ambassado :, • 

t?(i, '•'";•";•''''■' '""^ """''"^^^ to all cases of" admiralty and 

a t nie jurisdiction ; to controversies to which the United States 

snail be a party; to controversies between two or more States- 

between a State and citizens of another State; between citizens 



120 FEI>ERAL GOVERNMENT. 

of (lifferent States ; botwooii citizens of tlie same State claiming 
lands under grants of different States, and between a State, or 
the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens, or subjects. In 
all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, 
and those in which a State is a jxirty, the Su})reme Court has 
original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, 
the Supreme Court has appellate j\irisdiction, both as to law and 
fact, with such excejUions and under such regulations as Congress 
may make. The Trial of All Crimes, except in cases of im- 
peachmcjit, is by jury ; and such trial nuist be lield in the State 
where the said crimes have been committed ; but when not com- 
mitted within any State, the trial is at such place or places as 
the Congress may by law have directed. 

The limits of tlie juri'^dictions of the Circuit and District Courts, 
and the appellate jurisdiction of the latter over the former, are 
provided by law. Tlie Circuit Court has jurisdiction of patent 
suits, and the District Court i>f ailuiiralty cases. The Court 
of Clninis has jurisdiction of ilaims against the United States. 
Tiie Justices of tlie SupriMuc Court, besides sitting in that Court, 
are each assigned to one of the circuits, being then known as 
Circuit Justices. There is also a separate Circuit Judge for 
each circuit, and a District Judge for each district. Circuit Courts 
may be held by the Cirt'uit Justice, by the Circuit Judge, or by 
the District .ludgc sitting alone, or by any two of these sitting to- 
gether. The Supreme Court is made up as follows: C/iief tTus- 
<!/(.•(', Melville W. Fuller, Illinois, ajipointed in ISSS; Af^sociate 
Justices: Stephen .1. Pleld, California (186;>), * Joseph P. Bradley, 
New Jersey (1870); John M. Harlan, Kentucky (1877); Horace 
Gray, Massachusetts (1881); Samuel Blatch'ford, New York 
(188-2); Lucius Q. C. Lamar, iMississippi (1888); David J. 
Brewer, Kansas (1880); Henry B. Brown, Michigan (1891). 
Ki'tircd Jifstice, William Strong, Pennsylvania, §10,01H^ a year. 
Salary of the Chief- Justice, $10,oOO ; of each Justice, $U\(HH1. 

The Circuit Judges are: Le Baron B. Colt, Rhode Island ; 
William J. Wallace, New York; E. Henry Lacombc, New York; 
Marcus W. .Vchcson, Pennsylvania; Hugh L. Bond, ^Maryland ; 
Don A. Pardee, Louisiana; Howell E. Jackson, Tennessee; 
Walter Q. Gresham, Indiana; Henry C. Cahlwell, Arkansas. 
Salary, ^t>,000. What is known as' the Supreme Court Relief 
Bill (which see), provided for the appointment by the President 
in each circuit of one new judge, each one of whom, with the 
present judge of the circuit to which the new judge is ap- 
pointed and a justice of the Supreme Court, will constitute 
a Circuit Court of Appeals for certain cases. The ap- 

• Died Jan. 22, 1892. 



FINANCES OF TIIK GOVERNMENT. 121 

pointiiionts wore : First Circuit, William L. Putiiain, Maine ; 

Secoiul, Nathaniel Sliipman, Connecticut ; Third, Geor<>e M. 

Dallas, Pennsylvania ; Fourth, Nathan Goff, Jr., West Virajinia ; 

Sixtli, William II. Taft, Ohio ; Seventh, William A. Woods, 

Indiana. The salaries are |G,000 each. 

The United States Court of Claims consists of (Jhief 

Justice^ William A. Kichardson, Massachusetts ; Associate 

JiH7(/es, Chas. C. Nott, New York; Lawrence Weldon, Illinois; 

John Davis, District of C()luml)ia. Salary $4,r)00. 
Federal Party. (See Political Parties.) 
Fiat Money. (See Coinao-e, Free Coinage, etc.) 

Fifty-Foiir-Forty-or-Fiii:lit. — The campaign cry in 1844, 
when the location of the Northwestern boundary was in dispute. 
By a treaty with IJussia, the boundary, it was claimed, should 
extend to 54° 40'; but a compromise resulted in the extension of 
the boujidary on the 49th parallel to I*uget Sound. The phrase 
was sometimes written l*hi})hty-phour-ph()rty-or-phight. 
Fightilic; Joe. (See Nicknames of Famous Americans.) 
Filibusters. — The word is of Spanish origin, and in that 
language meant " pirates. " Popularly, filibustering is the 
obstruction of legislative action by the minority. Originally the 
filibusters were adventurous spirits who organized expeditions m 
this country' for conquest of West Indian and Central American 
peoples. Several of these expeditions were started but none 
accomplished anything. 

Finances, Oovernnient. 

National Debt. Surplus. 

Government Bonds. Money in Circulation. 

Receipts and Expenses. 

The iinaiicii'r of the United States Government is the 
Secretary of the Treasury. (See Federal GovernnuMit.) This 
othcial is chosen from among the most expei't financiers in the 
country, and it is a tribute to the public honor that although the 
Treasury DepartJiient since its establishment has disbursed over 
j3!7,000,0()0,000, there has been no defalcation of any consequence. 
The iinances of the Treasur^^ have to do with the manipulation of 
the national debt, the care of the sur^dus, and of the receipts and 
cx])enditures, besides the coinage of moneys. The national debt 
derived its existence from the War of the Revolution, at the end 
of which the debt was 457r),4G;.),47<i.r)2. Alexander Hamilton 
then made his famous report on the jiayment of the national debt, 
recommending, tirst, that the foi-cigji debt should be paid in full ; 
second, that the domestic debt should be paid at par ; third, that 



122 



PTNANOKS OF THE GOVKKNMKNT. 



tho State debts aeiiuire.l by reason of the Avar shouUl be pai.l bv 
the Federal govermnent. This report preeii>itated a bitter 
contest between the Federals and the Anti-Federals, but by supe- 
rior political uianao;ement, Uaniilton seenred the adoj^tion 
by Congress of his report. ^Phe Debt of the Government 
from time to time consists chietiy of bonds and gold or silver cer- 
tiHeates redeemable in coin, the bonded debt has paid interest 
varying from eioht per cent, in 1799 to 1811, six per cent, in ISU 
to IS-Jji, live per cent, in 1S28 to ISof), six per cent, m 18:>5 to 
1855, live per cent, in 1855 to 1870, four per cent, m 187G to 
1888' and since then it has been as low as three and one halt, 
three, and two and one half per cent. Whenever the Surplus is 
hir^re'enough to warrant the Secretary of the Treasury ni pur- 
chasing' bonus, thereby to reduce the debt, he is empowered 
to do so. Between 1852 and 1857, over $50,000,000 of the debt 
was pnrcdiased in this wav in the open market, the bonds being 
worth at the time about' !5?125, so that a i.remium aggregating 
upwards of *8,000,000 was paid. Owing to the enormous 
expenses of the o-overnment in the War of the Rebellion, the 
national debt in 1860 ran up to !:^2,77;s28i'.,17:5, the highest point 
in its liistory. However, the immense internal revenue of ^the 
.Tovcrnment' at that time, amounting in 1800 to ^309,220,813.42 
Tmore than twice as laroe as that in 1891), aided m paying ott the 
debt- a laroe amount of bonds, at six per cent., maturing in htteen 
voars were"^ also issued. Since then, the surplus has been largo 
enough to permit of a gradual reduction year by year of the war 
debt,'^so that it was wiped out long ago. 

The following table shows the amount of .the National Debt 
in each year since 1805. 



1SC5... 
186l> . . . 
18(17 . . . 
18G8 . . . 
1869 . . . 
1870 . . . 
1871 . . . 
1872... 
1873... 



.S2,C80,r.47,8»)i>.74 
. 2,773.23(>,173.lH) 
. 2,l>78.12»i,103.87 
. 2,011.1'S".*'''>1.1'-^ 
. •_>.r)88,4."i2.213.!H 
. 2 480,(!72,427.S1 
. 2.;«!.2U.3;v_'.32 
. 2,25;?,251.328.78 
2.234,482,;>!t:;.20 



1874 
1875 
1876. 
1877. 
1878. 
1879. 
1880 . 
1S81 , 
1882 . 



.S2,251,6;>0,468.43 

. 2,232,284.531 .'."S 

. 2,180,3!»5,IX!7.15 

. 2,205,301,3!12.10 

. 2,25C..205,892..'i3 

. 2, 349. 567 .232 04 

. 2,128,7'.ll,a">4.63 

. 2,077,.'?89,253.58 

. 1,926.688,678.03 



188.-? . 
1884. 
188,-> 
i886 
1887. 
1888 
1889 , 
IS'.tO 
1891 . 



.§1,892,547.412.07 

.. l,8;{8,iHH.607.57 

. . 1,872,340,5,57.14 

. . 1,783.438,697.78 

.. 1,664,4(!1,5;?6.38 

. . l,t«<0,917,706.23 

. . 1.617.372,419.5;5 

. l,.'')4it,2!H'.,126.48 

. . l,54*;,iHU,695.61 



Government Bonds sometimes are issued subject to the 
redemption bv the government at its i)leasure. But generally 
bonds are not redeemable until a certain time hxed t.u- their 
maturity. 'VW'x are sold in large amount to banking institutions, 
while thousand's of private indivitbials are more content in hold- 
iiu>- oovernment securities than anv others. It sometimes happens 
tlnt'lhe o-overnment does not tind itself able to redeem bonds at 
their maUiritv. ' In case Congress fails to i-rovide f.u- this emer- 
o-encv, the Secretary is force.l to make the best possible terms 



PINANCES OV THK GOVKR.VMENT. 



123 




WAsIIINf.TOV SCTMs IN 1H( t 

:. Pennsjhaiud, Avenue, lookuifr toward the Capitol. 2 

3. Navy iJepartment. 



War iJeji.utiiieiit 



124 nXANCES OF THK OOVKIJXMKXT. 

■with tlio boiulholders. This Secretary Windoiu had. to do in 
1S81, Avhen over §650,000,000 in five and six per cents matured. 
There not being money enough at his command to meet this 
enormous obligation, the Secretary olYered to extend the bonds of 
sucli as might desire it, at tluve and one half per cent., redeem- 
able at the pleasure of the government. This he did in a genor;il 
circular to the bondlutlders. Over §400,000,000 of these bonds ■'.vero 
thus redeemed. In 1891, Secretary Foster Mas forced to make a 
somewhat similar offer to holders of government bonds, which 
was accepted. The outstanding Interest Bearing Debt on 
Dec. 1, 1801, was as follows : Funded loan of 1891, §-2o,o04,500 ; 
funded loan of 1907, $5o9,573,GoO ; refunding certificates, §88,- 
720 ; total, §o85,026,870. These, together with a non-interest 
bearing debt of §;)87,4o3,340.3o, the debt on which interest has 
ceased since maturity, §.'), 279, 770.20, and the outstanding Treasury 
notes secured by cash in the Treasury, §r>()9.221,709, made an 
aggregate debt of §1,540,901,695.01. 'The cash was §139,126,- 
917.96. The debt per capita of population in 1867 was §69.26 ; 
in 1880, it was §38.27 ; in 1891, it was §12.30. 

The Surplus nowadays averages over §125,000,000. In 
Cleveland's administration, an Act of Congre^s was passed giving 
the Secretary of the Treasury permanent authority to purchase 
bonds whenever the surplus is large enough to warrant it. The 
withdrawal of so considerable an amount of money from the 
channels of business would be a severe hardship were it not that 
under the natit>nal banking laws government funds may be depos- 
ited in national banks, and thus be utilized in trade, if secured by 
deposits in the United States Treasury of government bonds. 
The amoimt of such government moneys in national banks was 
in September, 1886, §52,199,000 ; in julv, 1891, it was §107,- 
056,532. 

Money in Circulation. — The money of the United States, 
in the Treasury, and in circulation, was, on July 1, 1860, §435,407- 
252, circulation per capita (31,443,321 population) §13.85. In 
1870, the amount in circulation was §675,212,794, circulation per 
capita (population 39,555,0(10), §18.10 ; in 1891, the amount in 
circulation was §1,500,067,555, circulation per capita (population 
63,975,000), §23.45. The interest per capita on the interest- 
beai'ing debt was forty-four cents. 

The Receipts of the United States Government in 
tlu^ fiscal year 1891 were §392,612,447, of which §219,522,205 
was from customs ; §145,686,249 from internal revenue ; §4,029- 
535 from sales of public lands, and §23,374,457 from other 
sources. 

The Expenses of the United States Government for 



FIRST THINGS. 1*25 

the fiscal year 1891, were |;J6o,73S,905, of which * 10,401, '22 1 
was for i>remiums on loans and purchases of bonds ; ^48,720,005 
for tlie War Department ; 120,113,896 for the Navy Department; 
§8,527,469 for Indians' maintenance ; 1124,415,951 for pensions; 
for interest on public debt, §87, 547, 135. Excess of receipts over 
expenditures, $20,638,542. 

Fire Ahu'lll Foraker. (See Nicknames of Famous Ameri- 
cans.) 

Fire Eater. (See Slang of Politics.) 

Fire Losses, Causes of Fires, etc. (See Great Fires.) 

Fires, Forest. (See P'orestry.) 

Fires, Great. (See Great Fires.) 

First Gentleman of tlie Land. (See Presidents of the 
United States.) 

First in AVar, First in Peace, First in the Hearts of His 
Countrymen. (See Sayings of Famous Americans.) 

First Things in America. — The following is a catalogue 
of the first use, make, existence, etc., of various articles, or insti- 
tutions, or products, etc., in the United States : — 

Sleejnng-car used ixpon the Cumberland Valley Railroad of 
Pennsylvania from 1836 to 1848 ; Benjamin Franklin used lightning 
rods, 1752; insurance office in Boston, 1724; American library, 
founded at Harvard College, Cambridge, 1638 ; cotton raised in 
Virginia, in 1621 ; Atlantic cable operated, 1858; steamer crossed 
the Atlantic, 1819; sugar-cane cultivated near New Orleans, 
1751; sugar-mill, 1758; telegraph in operation between Wash- 
ington and Baltimore, May 27, 1844 ; college [Harvard] estab- 
lished in 1638; introduction of homceopathy, 1825; permanent 
P]nglish settlement, at.Iamestown, Va., 1607 ; newspaper at Boston, 
1690; National bank established in 1816; Pennsjdvania estab- 
lished a hos|)ital in 1751 ; discovery of gold in California 
in 1848; illumination with gas at Boston, 1822; theatre 
at Williamsburg, Va., 1752; theological seminary established 
at Greenville, Pa., Nov. 1, 1805; public schools established 
in the New P]r)gland States about 1642; slavery at Jamestown, 
\'a., iu 1620; postage stamps in the United States in 1847 ; sub- 
scri|»tion lil)rary at Philadelphia, 1731 ; life insurance at Phila- 
delphia, 1812; discovery of United States land, April 2, 1512, by 
De Leon, who discovered Florida; agricultural exhibition in 1810, 
at Georgetown, D. C. ; axes and edged tools in 1826, first manu- 
factured at Hartford, Conn.; bank established at Philadelphia, 
Dec. 31, 1781, incorporated by Congress as "the President, 
Directors, and Company of the Bank of North America " ; savings 



126 FLAGS OF THE UNITED STATES, 

bank, " the Savings Fund Society of Philadelphia," opened 
Dec. 2, 1816; ["the Bank for Savings" in New York was 
founded Nov. 25, 1816, hut did not go into business until July 3, 
1819 ;] book j^iinted in 1640, the Ba}^ Psalms Book at Cambridge, 
Mass.; spelling book in 1783, the American Spelling Book, by 
Noah Webster; geography in 1780, published by Jedediali 
Morse; book written in America in 1607, "Relation of such 
occurrences as miglit have happened in Virginia," etc., composed 
in 1607, by Capt. John I. True, })ublished in London, 1608 ; 
child born Aug. 18, 1587, at Roanoke Island, the granddaughter 
of White, the govei-nor, and baptized on the following Sabbath 
by the name of Virginia (Dare) ; first church, erected in 1632, in 
Boston, Mass.; steamboat on the Hudson in 1807; sawmakers' 
anvil in America, 1819; percussion arms used in the United 
States Army in 1830 ; glass factory in the United States in 1780 ; 
complete sewing-maclune patented by Elias Howe, Jr., in 1846; 
temperance society organized in Saratoga County, N. Y., in 
March, 1808. 

For the first manufacture in America of vessels, bricks, saw- 
mills, glass, tinwai-e, cotton-mill, carding machine, cotton yarn, sew- 
ing thread, finished elotli, nails, tacks, hats, boots, and shoes, combs, 
iron works, cannon balls, cordage, wall-paper, ploughs, beer, wine, 
brandy, linen cloth, woollen cloth, paper, salt, see Manufactures. 

Flags of the United States. 

Stars on the Flag, Presidential Flag, 

Garrison Flag, Revenue Flag, 

Union Jack, First American Flag. 

The star-spangled l)anner dates from June 14, 1775, when by 
resolution of Congress the flag of the United States was offi- 
cially described as containing "thirteen 
!!!!!!!* stripes, alternate red and whi'te ; that the 
******* Union be thirteen stars, white, in a blue 

******* field, representing a new constellation." 
******* Tavo more stripes were added, one each 
*.-******* j^^, Vermont and Kentucky, but on April 
4, 1818, the number of stripes was fixed at thirteen. It was en- 
acted that one star should be added for each new State admitted. 
From 1876, when Colorado was admitted, to 1889, when the new 
Northwestern States were admitted to the Union, the flag had 
thirty-eight stars. The admission of these States added four more 
stars, making forty-two in all. Idaho and Wyoming have since 
been admitted, making forty-four States, and requiring forty-four 
stars in the flag. This number has been in the flag since July 4, 
1891, The Revised ^Statutes provide the addition of a star to 



FLORIDA. 



127 



the flag shall take effect on the fourth day of July succeeding the 
admission of a JState. 

The Garrison Flag of the army is thirty-six by twenty feet, 
having thirteen red and white stripes equal in breadth. The 
Union is one third the length of the flag, and extends to the 
lower edge of the fourth red stripe counting from the top. There 
are also a storm flag, twenty by ten, and a recruiting flag, nine 
feet nine inches by four feet four inches. Tlie Revenue Flag 
originally consisted of sixteen perpendicular stripes, red and 
white, the Union of the ensign bearing the arms of the United 
States in dark blue on a white field. The sixteen stripes repre- 
sented the number of States in the Union at the time, and no 
change has since been made. In 1871, thirteen blue stars in a 
white field were substituted for the eagle in the Union of the 
pennant. Tlie pennant has a Union containing thirteen white 
stars, on a blue field, one quarter the length, the remaining three 
fourths having a red and Avhite stripe. By the " Union Jack " 
is meant the Union of the American flag. 

The Presidential Flag, the idea of which originated with 
President Arthur, consists of a blue ground with the arins of the 
United States -in the centre. It was used for the first time in 
1883 by President Arthur. The first strictly American flag was 
hoisted over the Capitol at Washington, February 24, 1866, all 
flags previously having been manufactured from English bunting. 
The flag was twenty-one feet by twelve feet, and was the gift of 
Gen. Benj. F. Butler. 

Florida. — Florida was the first region in North America 

colonized by Europeans. It Avas dis- 
covered and explored in 1513 by 
Ponce de Leon, Avho made a settle- 
ment at St. Augustine in 1565. In 
1861, Florida promptly joined the 
Secession States and seized such 
national ])roperty as was improtected. 
'I'he coast of Florida has hundreds of 
i dands, among them the famous 
Florida Keys, where grow mangrove, 
palmetto, pine, sweet-bay, and other 
trees, and where cocoanuts, hemp, 
and ]>ini'apples are raised in large 
(piantities, with but little cultivation. 
There have been plantccl on or near the Keys since 1S80, 6(H),- 
000 cocoanut trees, the culttu'e of cocoanuts and pineappk's, dates, 
lemons, etc., here and at other points on the coast being a jjrofit- 




CREAT SV.\U OI- I'LOKIDA. 



128 FLORIDA. 

able industry. The sponge fishery of Florida employs four hun- 
dred vessels and sailboats, one thousand fishermen, and yields 
$1,000,000 worth of sponges every year. Mullet, redsnapper, 
porapano, kingfish, sheephead, green turtles, SjJanish mackerel, 
and many other kinds of fish are caught in large quantities, and 
shipped to the North. At Key West are upwards of one hun- 
dred and twenty-five factories, which make over 125,000,000 
cigars yearly. 

Florida is noted for its Rivers and Lakes. The St. John's 
River is nearly four hundred miles long ; the Indian River is a 
salt water lagoon 165 miles long and from one to six miles wide, 
and is famous for its oi-anges and pineapples. Other rivers are 
the St. Mark's, the Apalachicola, the Suwanee, and the Withla- 
coochee. 

The Everglades, which is a vast, luxuriant SAvamp covering 
7,500 square miles, abounds in fish, and has many islands with 
hundreds of acres of cypresses and pines, palmettoes and magno- 
lias. The lakes of Florida, of Avhich there are twelve hundred, are 
remarkable for the clearness of their water. The Lumber In- 
dustry is a most important one, the woods jiroduced in the State 
finding a ready market. There are over 20,000,000 acres covered 
with Avoods, among which are pitch-pine in great abundance, 
pine, oak, sweet-gum, royal i)alni, bay-laurel, magnolia, cedar, 
beech, mahogany, satin-Avood, lignum-vitre, green ebony, man- 
grove, cork-tree, and olive — in all tAvo hundred species of trees. 
Live-oak, for shipbuilding, is a large product of the northeast ; and 
AA^estern Florida finds profit in tar, resin, and pitch, and distilling 
turpentine. Lumbering yields 120,000,000 a year. The Cotton 
crop is valued at 14,000,000; that of tobacco at nearly 1700,000 ; 
that of oranges at 12,000,000 (2,250,000 boxes). On account of 
its equable climate Florida has long been a favorite resort for 
invalids, especially for those suffering from lung and throat 
trouble!?, overwork, nervous prostration, and dyspepsia. The 
population in 1880 was 269,493 ; in 1890, 390,435. The value of 
assessed property Avas |;77,000,000. There were 3,300,000 acres 
of farm lands, valued at $20,000,000. In 1890 there were 2,470 
miles of railroad, and 122 neAvspapers. 

Jacksonville is noted as a Avinter resort and as a centre of a 
large fruit-packing business, and some manufacturing. It is 
situated fifteen miles from the ocean on the St. John's River. 
The population in 1890 Avas 17,160. It has an extensive ship- 
ping trade. Key West is sixty miles from the mainland. It Avas 
settled in 1818 by Connecticut fishermen. It has a fine harbor, 
Avell fortified, a naval station, and steamship lines to New York, 
Galveston, New Orleans, and Havana. It is the ninth port of 



FORESTRY. 129 

entiy in the United States. Many of its inhabitants are Spaniards 
and the buildings have a foreign look. 

Fensacola is an old Spanish colony, with a population of 11,- 
751. It has a large export trade in lumber and fish, and has a 
harbor of two hundred square miles. The capital is Tallahassee, 
which is an old-fashioned city, famous for its flowers. Fernan- 
dina, a seaport, and an exporting centre, and Palatka, ninety-six 
miles up the St. John's River, are other of the more populous 
. cities. Frank F. P'leming (Democrat) is Governor of Florida. 
His term expires Jan. 3, 1893. The State is Democratic. 

Force Bill. — The term Democrats in the Fifty-First Congress 
used with reference to the Elections Bill, which proposed to give 
the United States Government control over the national elections. 
The suggestion of " force " arose from the probability that armed 
government soldiers would be present at the polls in Southern 
States, to guarantee to the negroes their right to vote. The 
name " P^'orce Bill " was first applied to a bill i^assed by Congress 
to compel South Carolina to yield to the collection of the duties, 
under the Tariff Acts of 1828 and 1832, which the Calhoun 
Nullifiers had pronounced null and void. (See Tariffs of the 
United States.) 

Foreign Mail Service. (See Post-Office System.) 

Foresters, Ancient Q^der of. (See Secret Societies.) 

Forestry. 

Forest Area. Lumber Industry. 

Forest Fires. Forestry Commissions. 

Tree Planting. Arbor Day. 

The forest area of the United States, now estimated at 
480,000,000 acres, was originally evenly distributed through- 
out the country. The foi'est area included in farms is about 
185,000,000 acres. The northern part of the countr}^, years 
ago, Avas well wooded, the most valuable lumber tree, the white 
pine, being especially luxuriant.' The i)rocess of destruction 
however, which has for many years been carried on, has practi- 
cally strij^ped this section of its valuable forest growths. Lum. 
baring is still carried on, but the yield is not nearly as large. 
Large sections of the South are still heavily timbered, but it is 
only a question of time before it, too, M^ill be denuded, so fast 
has the cutting been done. The West is remarkable for a scarcity 
of forests, although there has been extensive Planting of 
Trees in late years in many of the States this side of the Rock- 
ies. In the Pacific coast division, the mountains are covered with 
rich growths of fine trees, but here, too, the woodman's axe has 
been diligently at work, until even in this primeval region, the 



130 FORESTRY. 

trees will soon be gone. The Paget Sound region is now the 
centre of a vast lumbering interest. In California, the pine and 
red-wood are in great demand for export. Parts of Ainzona and 
New Mexico have virgin growths of hue trees which have not yet 
been attacked, chiefly because of their inaccessibility. Generally 
speaking, the forests of New England, New York, Pennsylvania^ 
Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin are practically destroyed, 
those of the Northwest will be gone ere long, so that the South- 
ern States in the next twenty yeais will be called upon to supply 
the larger part of the lumber used in manufacturing, domestic 
life, and railroading. 

The present annual Consumption of Lumber is approxi- 
mately 20,000,000,000 cubic feet, over 2,500,000,000 cubic feet of 
which is required in manufacturing. A very large part is used 
for fuel and other domestic purposes. Railroads use over |10,- 
000,000 worth of lumber for railroad tics, and over $5,000,000 
worth for fuel. For fuel purposes the steaml^oats of the country 
use about 12,000,000 worth. Baskets, Avood-pulp, handles, fence- 
posts, etc., are some of the minor forms in which lumber is used 
in large amount. The total value of tlie forest crop of the coun- 
try is something over $600,000,000, of which $49,181,238 were 
exported in 1890, chiefly unmanufactured. 

A serious cause of the destruction of forests is Forest Fires, 
which, by the census of 1880, destroyed $25,462,250 of forest 
lands, burning 10,274,089 acres. In Pennsylvania, Tennessee, 
and Wyoming alone, $12,000,000 of forest lands were destroyed. 
Another cause of loss is the habit nianj^ farmers have of turning 
cattle, sheep, and horses into the woods. They devour seedling 
trees, bark their trunks, and otherwise destroy their vigor. 

The lumber interests are centred in Maine, northern New York, 
Michigan, Illinois, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Indiana, Pennsylvania, 
North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Washington, 
southern Alaljama, southern Mississippi, southeastern Texas, 
northern California, Avestern Or^on, and the proliflc Paget Sound 
region. Michigan is the first State in production, the Puget 
Sound region being second. Over $250,000,000 capital is invested 
in lumbei-ing, employing 200,000 hands. The number of lumber- 
ing establishments is over 30,000. 

The attention of the government Avas several years ago called 
to the Denudation of the Forests. Congress made an inves- 
tigation, forestry associations sprang into existence, and a concerted 
attemj^t was made to save some of the forest lands. Yellowstone 
Park was set aside as a National Park, and in New York the 
Adirondack Park Association strives to secure for the State of 
New York a compact State Park in the Adirondacks. 



FORESTRY. 



131 



For the preservation of the forests, the State of New York 
instituted a Forest Commission, in 1885, with extensive powers. 
The State of California lias also created a Forest Commission, 




COURT HOUSE AT ATLANTA, GA. 

and Colorado, North Dakota, and New Hampshire have Forest 
Commissions. Ohio has a Forestry Bureau. 

A national organization known as the American Forestry 
Association, composed of delegates from all the States, meets 
annually. To encourage forest-planting on the prairies, the 
United States Government has made tree-planting, under certain 



132 FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW. 

regulations, the consideration for the acquisition of public lands. 
(See Public Lands.) 

The individual States have striven to encourage tree-planting 
by appointing a certain day in the year, to be known as Arbor 
Day, for the voluntary planting of trees by the people, 
and latterly the interest has been widened by inducing the 
pupils of the public schools to take part in the observance. 
The following States and Territories have since then, by legis- 
lative enactment or otherwise, established an annual Arbor Day: 
Alabama, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, 
Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Mary- 
land, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Missouri, 
Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, 
New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode 
Island, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, West 
Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming — 37 in all. (See Legal Holi- 
days.) 

Free Coinage. (See Coinage, Free Coinage.) 
Free Masonry. (See Secret Societies.) 

Free Soil, Free Speecli, Free Men, and Fremont. — A 

campaign cry of the Fremont Republicans in 1856, (See Cam- 
paign Songs.) 

Free Soilers. (See Political Parties.) 

French Spoliation Claims. — During the war between 
France and England in 1794, the French seized many cargoes of 
American vessels trading with England. The owners of the 
property seized demanded damages. This government asked 
France to pa}^, but she replied that our treaty of 1778 with her 
had been broken by us, maintaining that the United States should 
have assisted her in her war against England instead of remaining 
neutral. For this reason she refused to pay the damages asked, 
unless this government should compensate her for loss occasioned 
by our alleged violation of the treaty of 1778. The property 
owners now turned to the United States Government, and de- 
manded the damages from it, taking the ground that the govern- 
ment could not cancel a public debt at the expense of a number 
of private citizens. Since 1800, one bill after another, providing 
for the payment of these claims, amounting Avith interest to 
11,304,095.37 has been introduced in Congress. Twice an ap- 
propriation passed, but in each case the bill was vetoed. The 
Fifty-First Congress passed the bill, and President Harrison 
signed it. 

Fugitive Slave Law, The. — This was part of Henry Clay's 



GEORGIA. 133 

Omnibus Bill (which see), in which it was inserted as a means of 
placating the Sontherners in the matter of the admission of Cali- 
fornia as a free State in 1850. The law encouraged the surrender 
of fugitive slaves, and commanded the people to aid in their 
arrest. Those who obstructed an arrest, or who aided slaves to 
escape from custody, were liable to line and imprisonment. 
United States marshals refusing to execute writs were punishable 
by a fine, and the fee of a commissioner capturing a slave was 
ten dollars if the prisoner was shown to be a slave, but only five 
dollars if he was shown to be free. Inhumanities were practised 
upon the blacks, and there were regularly organized parties of 
whites engaged in kidnapping them. The public indignation 
became so strong that some of the Northern legislatures passed 
Personal Liberty laws, for the j^rotection of free negroes. 
Both Democratic and Whig platforms of 1852 endorsed the law, 
but it remained in effect, with its undiminished cruelties, until 
repealed by the Republican Congress in 1863. 

Fuss and Feathers. (See Nicknames of Famous Americans.) 

0. 0. P. (See Slang of Politics.) 

Garrisonians. (See Political Parties.) 

Geneva Award. — Five arbitrators, Charles Francis Adams, 
representing the United States, Lord Chief-Justice Cockburn, 
representing Great Britain ; Count Sclopis, representing Italy ; 
Jacques Staempfli, representing the Swiss Confederation ; and 
Baron Itajuba, representing Brazil, met at Geneva, Switzerland, 
on December 15, 1871, as a tribunal to settle by arbitration the 
dispute between this government and Great Britain, growing out of 
the Alabama claims. J. C. Bancroft Davis and Lord Tenterden 
were agents for the United States and Great Britain, respectively. 
William M. Evarts and Caleb Cushing were present to deliver 
the arguments in behalf of this government. The tribunal 
awarded $15,500,000 in gold as indemnity to the United 
States, only one dissenting vote, that of the English represen- 
tative, being cast. (See Alabama Claims.) 

Georgia. — Georgia was settled at Savannah by the English 
in 1733, as a i>lace where insolvent debtors and others who had 
been unfortunate might find a refuge. It was one of the thirteen 
original States. The State joined the Confederacy, although 
there was a widespread sentiment against it. Since the war a 
steady development has been made. The staple crop is Cotton, 
in the production of which Georgia ranks third among the States; 
its crop of cotton has reached nearly 1,000,000 bales in a year. 
Corn, wheat, oats, tobacco, sorghum, clover, peanuts, and sweet 



134 



GERRYMANDER. 




GREAT SEAL £>F GEORGIA. 



potatoes are grown in large qiiantitics. There is a large business 
in fruit and in truck farming. 

One of the leading industries is Lumbering, over 200,000,000 
feet of lumber and timber, valued at 
$7,000,000, being shipped annually. 
More than 13,000,000 worth of tar, 
pitch, turpentine, and resin have been 
shipped in a single year. Coal-min- 
ing, marble-quarrying, and gold-min- 
ing are carried on, with a large 
invested capital. The State has one 
million cattle, worth $12,500,000; 
400,000 sheep, worth $800,000 ; 144,- 
000 mules, worth over $13,000,000, 
and 106,000 horses, worth $8,736,000. 
There are thirty-two woollen mills, 
several flour mills, and cotton mills in 
seven cities. The production of cotton goods aggregates $25,- 
000,000 yearly. The total manufactures aggregate $37,000,000. 
The farm products are worth $112,000,000 yearly. 

The Population of Georgia in 1880 was 1,542,180; in 1890, 
it was 1,833,353 ; the real property was valued at $192,000,000 ; 
the personal property at $165,000,000. The school attendance 
was 226,000, and there were 8,000 school buildings. There were 
4,532 miles of railroad, and, in 1892, 291 newspapers. 

Savannah, on the Savannah River, is a beautiful old city whose 
streets are lined with camellias and oleanders, which grow as 
t!-ees, and whose sidewalks are overhung with orange and banana 
ti'ees, myrtles and magnolias. It is a great shipping centre for 
the contiguous States ; steamship lines run to Florida, Baltimore, 
Philadelphia, New York, and Boston. The exports exceed $70- 
000,000 a year. The population in 1890 was 43,189. 

Atlanta, which is 1,067 feet above the sea, is a beautiful 
modern city and a great railway centre. The population in 1890 
was 65,533. Augusta, which is the third cit}^ has a population 
of 33,300. It has eight cotton mills, running 200,000 spindles, 
which are operated by water poAver canals, which cost $3,000,000. 
The Governor of Georgia is W. J. Northern (Democrat), whose 
term expires Nov. 2, 1892. The State is Democratic. 

Gerrymander. — Gerrymandering is the studied arrangement of 
electoral districts by which one party may have advantage over 
another. It has been practiced in nearly all of the important 
States, by both Democrats and Republicans. There is in Iowa a 
" Monkey Wrench " district, in Pennsylvania a " Dumb-bell " 



" GIVE 'em JESSIE." 



135 



district, in New York a " Horse-shoe " district, and in Mississippi 
a <' Shoe-string " district, the appelLations referring to the shape of 
the districts as seen on the map. Gerrymandering takes its name 
from Elbridge Gerry, Governor of Massachusetts in 1814, and 
from " Salamander." Governor Gerry signed a bill readjusting 
certain districts, one of which was so odd in shape as to suggest 
its likeness to a salamander. The editor of the Boston CenUnel^ 
Benjamin Russell, is credited with having given birth to the 
word. 

*' Give 'em Jessie." — This was a campaign cry in the 
Presidential canvass 
of 1856. Jessie, the 
daughter of Thomas 
H. Benton, of Mis- 
souri, had run away 
with and married 
General Fremont, 
the Kepublican can- 
didate, in their youth, 
and when Fremont 
was nominated, the 
mfemory of the ro- 
mantic event caught 
the jDopular sym- 
jjathy, which . is 
always eager at elec- 
tion time to seize upon some personal allusion or attribute of a 
candidate and use it in a political connection. 

Give Me Liberty, or Give Me Death. (See Sayings of 

Famous Americans.) 

Gladstone of tlie West. (See Nicknames of Famous 
Amei'icans.) 

God ill the Constitution. (See Religious Denominations.) 

God Reigns, and the Government at Washington Still 

LiA'es. (See Sayings of Famous Americans.) 
Gold, Production of. (See Mining.) 
Good Enough Morgan. (See Morgan.) 

Good Temidars, Independent Order of. (See Secret 

Societies.) 

Good War and a Bad Peace. (See Sayings of Famous 
Americans.) 

Goose and Gridiron. — Nicknames for the American Eagle 
and the United States I'laa:. 




STATE CAPITOL AT ATLANTA. 



136 GUN-BOAT SYSTEM. 

Grandfather's Hat. (See Presidents of the United States.) 

Grangers. (See Political Parties.) 

Great Fires. — The most destructive fire on this continent 
was tliat which broke out in Chicago on October 8, 1871, and 
burned for two days. It burned over 2,000 acres, and consumed 
property valued at $195,000,000. 

In New York, in 1835, over five hundred buildings and $20,- 
000,000 worth of property were destroyed ; in the same city on 
September 6, 1839, $10,000,000 worth of property was des- 
troyed. In Pittsburg, April 10, 1845, one thousand buildings 
were burned; loss, $0,000,000. In St. Louis, May 4, 1851, a large 
portion of the city was burned; loss, $11,000,000. In Portland, 
Me., July 4,1866, the city Avas almost entirely destroyed; loss, 
115,000,000. On July 14, 1874, another great fire in Chicago 
destroj'ed 14,000,000 worth of property. In Boston, Mass., No- 
vember 9, 1872, nearly four hundred and fifty buildings were des- 
troyed; loss, over 173,000,000. On Thanksgi^ ing Day, 1889, a fire 
in the business part of Boston destroyed nearly $5,000,000 worth 
of i)roperty. 

Fire Loss Since 1875.— The agsregate property loss by fire 
in 1891 was $131,260,400 ; in 1890, $108,993,792 ; in 1889, $123,- 
046,833. The aggrescate insurance loss in the same years was 
$77,140,200, $65,015,165, $73,679,465, respectively. The total 
loss since 1875, inclusive, has been $1,615,818,739 ; total insurance 
loss, $911,070,548. 

Causes of Fires. — The principal reported causes of firesi 
and the number of fires from each cause in 1890, Avereas follows- 
— Incendiarism, 2,106 ; defective flues, 1,239; sparks (not loco- 
motive), 203 ;' matches, 691 ; explosions of lamps and lanterns, 
697 ; stoves, 525 ; lightning, 625 ; spontaneous combustion, 286 ; 
forest and prairie fires, 89 ; lamp and lantern accidents, 248 ; 
locomotive sparks, 203; cigar stubs and tobacco pipes, 228; fric- 
tion in machinery, 112; gas-jets, 269; engines and boilers, 
stationary, 124; furnaces, 134; firecrackers, 77; ashes and hot 
coals, 128. There Avere 9,494 fires classified as " not reported," 
and 2,602 as unknoAvn. 

Lives Lost by Fire. — In the six years ending 1888, the 
number of human lives lost in fires in this country Avas 2,975 ; of 
horses, 15,405 ; of cattle, 8,840 ; of other animals, 81,119. 

Gnn-Boat System. — Jefferson Avas unwilling to increase 
the expenses of his administration, and therefore objected to the 
construction of a navy AA'hen the English, in 1805-6, Avere attack- 
ing American A-essels. He recommended instead, and Congress 
adopted a 2:)lan for the building of a number of small and inex- 



HARTFORD CONVENTION. 137 

pensive gun-boats. The P^ederalists laughed at this exhibition of 
Jeffersonian simplicity, and the " gun-boat system '' became an 
object of their ridicule. 

Half Breeds. (See Political Parties.) 
Hail Columbia. (See Songs of America.) 

Hard Cider Campaigu and Hard Cider Candidate. — 

Used in the Harrison campaign of 1840. It was said of the 
candidate that he once lived in a log cabin, and had only hai'd 
cider to drink. Instead of having the effect intended, the allu- 
sion, with many of the voters, was entirely favorable to the can- 
didate. (See Campaign Songs.) 

Hard Shells. (See Political Parties.) 

Hartford Convention. — Tliis memorable gathering of repre- 
sentatives of the New England States occurred at Hartford, 
Conn., December 15, 1814. Twent^^-six delegates were present, 
tlieir avowed purpose being to bring about a revision of the 
(^institution. Their purpose having become known, they were 
bitterly denounced as traitors to the government, and in some 
quarters as conspirators in the service of England. They were 
accused of being in favor of dismembering the Union, and of 
ujiholding the Doctrine of State Rights. They disavowed 
any intention to dissolve the Union at that time ; such dissolu- 
tion, they declared, must " be the w'ork of peaceable times and 
deliberate consent." Among the grievances recited were the 
" easy admission of naturalized foreigners to places of trust, honor, 
and profit," and the easy formation of new Western States; they 
(k'sired the defence of every State to be entrusted to the State 
itself, and declared it to be " as much the duty of the State authori- 
ties to watch over the rights reserved^ as of the United States to 
exercise the powers which are delegatecV The Convention met 
but once, and nothing was heard of its contemplated reforms. 
(See Secession.) 

Headsman Clarkson. (See Nicknames of Famous Ameri- 
cans.) 

He Fears God, Hates the Devil, and Votes the Straight 

Democratic Ticket. (See Sayings of Famous Americans.) 

He Smote the Rock of the National Kesonrces, and 
Abundant Streams of Revenue Gushed Forth. He Touched 
the Dead Corpse of Public Credit, and it Sprani? Upon its 
Feet. (See Sayings of Famous Americans.) 

Hero of Appomattox. (See Presidents of the United States.) 
Hero of New Orleans. (See Presidents of the United States.) 



138 HOW THE PRESIDENT IS ELECTED. 

Hero of Tippecanoe. (See Presidents of the United 

States.) 

Hickory Broom, The. — Andrew Jackson, « Old Hickorj^," 
turned out of office all office-holders of the opposite party, and 
became thereby the father of the " spoils system." It was said 
that he swept the de^^artments clean; hence the "Hickory 
Broom." 

High-Miuded Federalists. (See Political Parties.) 
Homestead Act. (See Public Lands and Land Grants.) 
Honest John. (See Nicknames of Famous Americans.) 
Honest Old Abe. (See Presidents of the United States.) 
Horizontal Bill. (See Nicknames of Famous Americans.) 
How the President Is Elected. 

Primaries, Electoral College, 

District Delegates, Presidential Conventions, 

National Conventions, Reapportionment. 

The first thing necessary to a Presidential election is candidates. 
In the early years of the Republic, candidates were chosen in a 
caucus of the Congressmen of either party. Such a caucus was 
unnecessary in the case of Washington's nomination, for the 
reason that there was no opposition to him. John Adams and 
Jefferson, likewise, were nominated, as it were, by general party 
consent. 

The Congressional Caucus was held secretly in 1800, to 
nominate candidates for President and Vice-President. In 1824, 
the "era of good feeling" (which see), the legislatures of the 
States, in the case of Adams and Clay, made the nominations. 
Jackson was nominated by a county convention in Tennessee, 
and by local conventions in several other States. W. H. Craw- 
ford, who was also a candidate, revived the Congressional caucus. 
(See Scrub Race for the Presidency.) In 1832, the First 
National Conventions, which had come to be regarded as the 
only proper method of nomination, were held and put tickets in 
the field. From that day, the two great parties and most of the 
smaller ones have chosen their candidates in national conventions. 

The make-up of the national convention carries us back to the 
country towns and the wards of cities. In these, at stated times, 
specified by district committees of the districts in -which the towns 
or wards are located, the voters of both parties meet, separately, 
in " Primaries," or caucuses which are conventions of the 
voters in a ward or a township. Those in attendance vote for 
delegates from the township or ward to the district convention. 



i 



HOW THE PRESIDENT IS ELECTED. 



189 




140 HOW THE PKESIDEXT IS ELECTED. 

By this is meant, the convention of the Congressional district. 
The number of delegates is as a rule apportioned to the popula- 
tion, so that one town or ward may send more delegates than 
another. The party " bosses " usually have the " ticket " already 
chosen. In some cities, the Australian system of balloting for 
delegates is used. The delegates from all the towns or wards to 
the district convention having been chosen, they assemble, on a 
given date, in the district convention, and there choose two men 
who shall be Delegates to the national convention, and two 
alternates who sliall act as delegates in the event of the delegates 
being prevented from serving. Each State has, therefore, twice 
as many delegates in the national convention as it has Congress- 
men ; besides, it sends to the national convention four delegates 
at large, Avho are chosen by the State convention called for the 
purpose. 

The delegates having assembled in the national convention, 
which is held in such city as may be determined by vote of the 
national committee, a Platform of Principles, as drawn up 
by the committee on resolutiojis, is read and approved. The 
nominating speeches are made, and the balloting begins. In 
Republican conventions a majority of the votes cast is necessary 
to a choice ; in Democratic conventions, two thirds of the votes 
are necessary to a choice. The nominations made, the convention 
adjourns, and the campaign begins in earnest. (See National 
Committee.) The balloting in the Republican and Democratic 
conventions of 1876, 1880, 1884, and 1888 resulted as follows: — 

National Conventions. — In the Democratic convention of 
1876, the candidate Avas nominated on the second ballot. On the 
first ballot, Tilden, New York, had 4034-, on the second, 508. 
Necessary to a choice, 492. Total vote, 738. Hendricks, 
Indiana, had 133^ on first ballot, and 85 on second; Hancock, 
Pennsylvania, 77 on the first ballot, 60 on the second; Allen, 
Ohio, 56 on the first, and 54 on the second ; Bayard, Delaware, 
Parker, New Jersey, and Broadhead, Missouri, scattei'ing votes. 

In the Republican National convention of 1876, the total vote 
on the decisive ballot, the seventh, was 756 ; necessary to a choice, 
379. Blaine, 3Iaine, had on the seven ballots, respectively, 291, 
1298, 293, 292, 287, 308, 851; Morton, Indiana, had 12o, 111, 

113, 108, 95, 85, — , respectivelv ; Bristow, Kentuekv, had 113, 

114, 121, 126, 114, 111,21, respectively; Conkling,'New York, 
had 96, 93, 90, 84, 82, 81, — , respectively ; Hayes, Ohio, had 
65,64, 67, 68, 102, 113, 384, respectively, and Avas nominated; 
Hartranft, Pennsylvania, and Jewell, Connecticut, had scattering 
votes. 

In the Democratic convention of 1880, the total vote on the 



HOW THE PRESIDENT IS ELECTED. 141 

second and decisive ballot was 738 ; necessary to a choice 49ii. 
Hancock, Pennsylvania, had on the two ballots 171, 320, respec- 
tively; Bayard, Delaware, 1534^, 113, respectively ; Payne, Ohio, 
Thurnian, Ohio, Field, California, Morrison, Illinois, Hendricks, 
Indiana, and Tilden, New York, had scattering votes. Han- 
cock was after the second ballot nominated by acclamation. 

In the Iie|)ublican Convention of 1880, the total vote on the 
thirty-sixth and decisive ballot was 7f)5 ; necessary to a choice 
378. Grant, Illinois, had on the first ballot 304, on the thirty-first 
ballot, 308, and thereon to the thirty-sixth, 309, 309, 312, 313, 
306, respectively; Blaine, Maine, on the same ballots had 284 
276, 270, 275, 275, 257, 42 ; Sherman, Ohio, had 93, 118, 117, 110, 
107, 99, 3 ; Garfield, Ohio, had on the lirst ballot none, and on 
the thirty-first, thirty-second, and thirty- third ballots, one, 17 on 
the thirty-fourth, 50 on the thirty-fifth, and 399 on the thirty- 
sixth, and was nominated. 

In the Democratic Convention of 1884, the total vote on the 
second and decisive ballot was 820 ; necessary to a choice, 547. 
Cleveland, New York, had on the first ballot 392, and on the 
second ballot, 683, and was nominated. His nearest opponents 
were Bayartl, Delaware, who had on the first ballot 170, and on 
the second, 81^, Thurman, Ohio, who had on the first ballot 88, 
and Randall, Pennsylvania, who had on the first ballot 78. 

In the Republican Convention of 1884, the total vote on the 
fourth and decisive ballot was 813 ; necessary to a choice, 407. 
Blaine, IMaine, had on the four ballots 334|-, 349, 375, and 541 
respectively, and was nominated ; Arthur, New York, 278, 276, 
274, and 207 respectively ; Edmunds, Vermont, Logan, Illinois, 
and Sherman, Ohio, had scattering votes. 

In the Democratic Convention of 1888, Cleveland, New 
York, was nominated by acclamation. 

In the Republican Convention of 1888, the total vote on the 
eighth and decisive ballot Avas 830 ; necessary to a choice 416. 
Harrison, Indiana, had on the eight ballots 80, 91, 94, 217, 213, 
231, 278, 544, respectively, and was nominated; Sherman, Ohio, 
had 229, 249,244,285,224,244, 231, 118, respectively ; Alger, 
Michigan, had 84, 116, 122, 135, 142, 137, 120, 100, respectively ; 
Gresham, Indiana, had 111, 108, 123, 98, 87, 91, 91, 59, respec- 
tively. 

The work of the national conventions done, the next step is the 
choosing of Presidential Electors, who constitute the Elec- 
toral College. The Electoial College was an expedient adopted 
by the framers of the Constitution which it was calculated Avould 
make the election of the I*resident the duty of representative 
men frc m each State, men who could be trusted to make a 



142 HOW THE PRESIDENT IS ELECTED. 

selection which would be in the hi:^liest interest of the nation. It 
was expected that on election day the people would vote not for 
Presidential candidates but for electors, but Avhile this was a 
pretty theory, the practice has ever since been far different. The 
electors are simply the representatives of the candidates, and in 
no instance has an elector cast his br.llot in opposition to the 
candidate of the i^arty. Under the Constitution each State may 
appoint its electors as the legislature sees fit ; originally they 
were chosen by the legislatures, but nowadays, they are nomi- 
nated by the party conventions of the States and voted for by 
the people. Each State is entitled to as many electors as it has 
Representatives and Senators. A plurality of the votes is suffi- 
cient to elect, but it happens sometimes that one elector may be 
chosen Avho has different party affiliations from those of the other 
electors. For instance, in 1880, California elected five Hancock 
electors and one Garfield elector. 

By the Act of 1792, the electors in each State were required 
to assemble on the First Wednesday in December follow- 
ing their election at a place designated by the legislature. By 
Act of Feb. 3, 1887, the first Monday in January is fixed for 
their assembling. Previously, the governor of the State must 
deliver to each elector three certified lists of the names of the 
electors. Having voted for President and Vice-President, each 
elector makes out three certificates of his vote, attaching to each 
certificate a copy of the certified list c^ the electors' names deliv- 
ered by the governor. One copy goes by messenger to the 
President of the United States Senate at Washington before the 
first Wednesday in Januaiy; another copy is sent to him through 
the mails ; the third is deposited with the United States judge 
for the district in which the electors have met. If neither of the 
first two copies reach their destination by the first Wednesday in 
January, a special messenger is sent to the judge to obtain the 
third. This interval of a month was decided upon in order to 
allow for the slowness in getting the returns in, due to poor trav- 
elling facilities. Messengers who carry the electoral votes are 
allowed twenty-five cents a mile, and ai'e subject to a fine of one 
thousand dollars if they are found guilty of neglect of duty. 

By the Second Wednesday in February, Congress is 
required to be in session, when the votes are unsealed by the 
President of the Senate, in the presence of both Houses of Con- 
gre^is, and counted. The person having the highest number shall 
be the President. 

By the Reapportionment Act, passed by the Fifty-First 
Congress, the Electoral College now consists of 442 electors, or 
forty-one more than uj) to 1891. The successful candidate for 



HUB OF THE UNTIVERSE. 143 

President must, therefore, have 223 electoral votes. The admis- 
sion of Idaho, jMontana, North Dakota, South Dakota, and 
Wyoming Territories into the Union, and the reapportionment 
of Congressional districts in eighteen of the States, both of which 
have occurred since the last national election, account for this 
increase. By the new arrangement, Massachusetts gained one 
vote, New Jersey one, Pennsylvania two votes, Arkansas one, 
California one, Colorado one, Georgia one, Illinois two, Kansg-s 
one, Michigan one, Minnesota two, Missouri one, Nebraska three, 
Oregon one, Texas two, and Wisconsin one, twenty-one in all. 
The new States are together entitled to twenty. Each State 
now votes in the Electoral College as follows: Alabama, 11; 
Arkansas, 8 ; California, 9 ; Colorado, 4 ; Connecticut, 6 ; Dela- 
ware, 3 ; Florida, 4; Georgia, 13; Idaho, 3 ; Illinois, 24 ; Indiana, 
15; Iowa, 13; Kansas, lU; Kentucky, 13; Louisiana, 8 ; Maine, 
6; Maryland, 8; Massachusetts, 15; Michigan, 14; Minnesota, 
9; Mississippi, 9; Missouri, 17; Montana, 3; Nebraska, 8; 
Nevada, 3 ; New Hampshire, 4 ; New Jersey, 10 ; New York, 
36 ; North Carolina, 11 ; North Dakota, 3 ; Ohio, 23 ; Oregon, 4 ; 
Pennsylvania, 32; Rhode Island, 4; South Carolina, 9; "South 
Dakota, 4; Tennessee, 12; Texas, 15 ; Vermont, 4; Virginia, 12; 
Washington, 4; West Virginia, 6; Wisconsin, 12; Wyoming, 3 ; 
total, 442 ; necessary to choice, 223. 

Hub of the Universe. — Referring to Boston as being the 
centre of advanced thought and political progress. It was first 
used by Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes, who said that "Boston 
State House is the hub of the solar system. You couldn't pry 
that out of a Boston man if you had the tire of all creation 
straightened out for a crow-bar." 

Hunkers. (See Political Parties.) 

I Am Content. (See Sayings of Famous Americans.) 

I Am a Democrat. (See Sayings of Famous Americans.) 

I Have Killed Seventeen Roman Pro-Consuls. (See Say- 
ings of Famous Americans.) 

I Propose to Fight It Out on This Line if It Takes All 
Summer. (See Sayings of Famous Americans.) 

I Still Live. (See Sayings of Famous Americans.) 

I Was Born an American, I Live an American, I Shall 
Die an American. (See Saj'ings of I'amous Americans.) 

Idaho. — Idaho was settled at Fort Hall, in 1834. It was 
first entered by white men of Lewis and Clark's exploring party, 
in 1856; it remained a Territory until 1892, when it was admitted 
as a State. 



144 



iDAao. 



The chief industry is Mining, and the State contains some of 
the richest veins in America; it has produced over 1160,000,000 
in the precious metals. It produces, also, copper, iron, mica, coal, 
marble, limestone, sandstone, and salt. Irrigation is necessary in 
the southern counties, but not in the northern ones. The State 
produces over 1,-500,000 bushels of wheat, and 1,300,000 bushels 
of oats ; also barley, hay, flax, rye, alfalfa, sorghum, and wild 
fruits in o-reat abundance. 

As a Grazing Country, it has fine facilities, which are used 
for 600,000 horses and cattle and 350,000 sheep. It has several 




BEFORE THE PIONEER, 



beautiful lakes, the chief of which are Lake Pen d'Oreilles, which 
is thirty miles long, and three to fifteen miles wide, having numer- 
ous islands, and is encircled by lofty mountains with snowy peaks. 
Ca?ur d'Alene Lake is twenty-five miles long, one to four miles 
wide, with a depth of 180 feet, and has clear, greenish water, 
which is stocked with millions of game fish. The Shoshone 
Falls, in the Snake River, descend over a semi-circular cliff, 225 
high, in a mighty stream 950 wide. 

The population of Idaho, in 1880, was 32,610 ; in 1890, 84,- 
305. The taxable property was valued at 136,000,000 ; the 
manufactures were worth 11,200,000 ; the farm land was valued 
at $2,800,000. There were in 1890, 844 miles of railroad, 
10,333 school children, and 38 newspapers. There are in the 
State 42 Mormon churches, with 237 priests and 6,000 members. 
There are several reservations for Indians. The chief cities are 
Boise City, population 4,000 ; Pocatello, population 2,500 ; and 
Ilailey, population 2,000. 

The Governor of Idaho is Norman B. Willey (Republican), 
whose term expires January 1, 1893. The history of the State 
shows it to be Republican. 

If Anyone Attempts to Haul Down the American Flag, 



ILLINOIS. 



145 




GREAT SEAI. OF ILLINOIS. 



Shoot Him on the Spot. (See Sayings of Famous Ameri- 
cans.) 

Illinois. — Illinois was settled at Kaskaskia in 1720, by the 
French ; it was admitted as a State 
in 1818. The Mormons entered the 
State in 184U, and erected a temple at 
Nauvoo, on the Mississippi River. 
The Mormon chiefs, Jose})h and Hiram 
Smith, were im])risoned at Carthage 
and put to death by a mob ; the rest 
of the band were forced to leave the 
State and went farther West. Illinois 
received a large part of the immigra- 
tion to the West, and her development 
since 1850 has been truly wonderful. 

The Farm Products have reached 
$270,000,000 in a single vear (grain, 
1145,000,000 ; live-stock, $50,000,000 ; dairy products, $27,000,. 
000; hay and potatoes^g^2(3,000,000). The farm property is 
valued at above $1,000,000,000. As a producer of wheat and 
corn, Illinois holds high rank among the States. For many years 
the wheat crop averaged 30,000,000 bushels, but owing to the 
small prices of wheat the industry has fallen away. The State 
raises large crops of oats, grass-seed, flax-seed, broom-corn, 
honey, and bees- wax ; the fruit industry is an important one, 
peaches, strawberries, apples, and several kinds of berries and 
grapes being produced in abundant quantity'. 

Illinois has more than One Million Horses, including many 
thoroughbreds, which are valued at $75,000,000. In the number 
of its horses it is the first State in the Union. It has 1,205,000 
cattle, valued at $50,000,000, of which 700,000 are milch cows. 
The milk produced aggregates 100,000,000 gallons, for city con- 
sumption alone ; from the rest there are made 25,000,000 pounds 
of butter and 7,000,000 ])Ounds of cheese. The wool product 
has reached 6,000,000 pounds in a year. 

There are valuable Coal Fields in three fourths of the State, 
producing bituminous, block, and cannel coal. There are 800 
mines, 30,000 miners, and the coal product amounts to 11,500,- 
000 tons a year. The output of pig-iron in 1889 was 674,506 
tons. Lead, zinc, salt, limestone, sandstone, and marble are other 
products of the Garden State. 

Illinois has numerous educational institutions, the public school 
and State educational property being valued at $27,000,000. The 
Chicago University has been endowed by J. D. Rockefeller 



146 



ILLINOIS. 



with over 12,500,000 ; there are twenty-four colleges, and the 
public school attendance is 588,310. The population in 1870 was 
2,530,891 ; in 1880 it was 3,077,871 ; in 1890 it was 3,818,586. 
The real property was valued at $570,000,000 ; the personal 
property at $221,000,000. The manufactures aggregated in 1890 
|415,000,(t00. Tlie acreage of farm lands was 32,500,000, valued 
at $1,010,000,000. ThereVere 1,714. newspapers in 1892, and in 
1890, 10,218 miles of railroad. 

ChicagOj the chief city, is situated at the southern extremity 

of Lake Michi- 
gan, and is the 
foremost ship- 
])ing centre of 
the Great Lakes, 
and is second 
only to New 
York. Here the 
cereals of the 
N o r t h w e s t , 
landed by rail in 
li r mammoth 
grain elevators, 
are transferred 
to ]>ropellers, 
barges, and 
schooners, and 
carried through 
Lakes II u r o n 
and Erie to Buf- 
falo, thence to 
New Yoik by rail or by the Erie Canal. In the number of its 
entrances and clearances Chicago outranks New York. ITer en- 
trances and clearances in 1890 were 21,054, with a tonnage of 
10,288,088 ; New York's entrances and clearances numbered 
15,283 ; those of the entire Atlantic seaboard were 37,750. 

Situated as Cliicago is at the centre of the most extensive sys- 
tem of railroads in the world, bringing to her grain elevators and 
storehouses the almost inexhaustible products of the rich western 
and luirthwestern country, witli an easy route to the domestic 
and foreign markets, and with facilities for Manufacturing which 
are almost as good as those of New York, it is not surprising that 
lier trade and commerce have so developed that she stands to-day 
second in wealth and population of the American cities. Her 
total trade for 1890 aggregated $1,440,000,000. There are 
twenty-eight foundries, eighty machinery and boiler works, 




<.■OlKT-IIOU.SE AND rOST-tH^FICK, CHICAGO. 



ILLINOIS. 



147 



seventy iron, tin, and slate roofing works, six rolling mills, several 
manufactories of agricultural ini])leinents, carriages, furniture, 
clothing, leather, liquors, tobacco, etc. The manufactories num- 
ber over three thousand, and their annual output aggregates 
$550,000,000. The Union Stock Yards received in 1891, 8,848,- 
500 hogs, 1,202,824 sheep, 3,308,009 cattle (an average of 10,500 
a day), 205,010 calves, and 95,959 horses. The products of the 
packing houses in canned, cured, and dressed meats, and pork 
aggregated 2,000,000,000 pounds. 

The Grain Receipts were 232,000,000 bushels. The exi»orts 
of fresh beef aggregated 200,000,000 pounds. The building of 
ships in Chicago has become an important industry. 

The million-dollar building in Chicago is no longer uncommon. 
The Court- 
Ho use and 
City Hall, of 
French Renais- 
sance architectiH'e, 
built of marble 
and granite, with 
s t a t u ar y, cost 
14,000,000. The 
Post-Office and 
Custom House, in 
the Venetian Ro- 
manesque style, 
cost 16,000,000. 
The fine business 
buildings are not 
as numerous as, 
but are no less 
costly than those 
of New York. 
ihe new Masonic chambku of coMMicRfu, Chicago. 

temple cost $3,- 

000,000; theW.C. T. U. temple, 11,000,000 ; the Chamber of 
Commerce, 13,000,000, while the churches and many of the 
private residences are most magnificent. Among the features of 
the city are the Board of Trade, the system of parks surrounding 
the city covering upwards of eight hundred acres, and constructed 
at a cost of 110,000,000, the Lil)by Prison, transferr(id from its 
original site at Richmond, Va., the beautiful Auditorium Build- 
ing, with its spacious Opera House and tall tower overlooking the 
lake, and the beautiful Afichigan Avenue drive. (For Exposition 
Buildings see World's Columbian Ex230sition.) 




148 IMPEACHMENT OF ANDREW JOHNSON, 

The Population of Chicago in 1890 was 1,099,850. Peoria, 
the second city, had 41,024 inhabitants in 1890, has a fine county- 
court house, several large elevators, and important manufactures. 
It is a large grain shipping centre. SpringHeld is the capital, and 
the site of the Lincoln monument. (See Burial Places of Presi- 
dents.) The population in 1890 Avas 24,963. Joseph W. Fifer 
(Rep.) is Governor of Illinois. His term expires January 4, 1893. 
The State is Republican 

Immigration, Restriction of . — The new Immigration Act 
passed by the Fifty-First Congress was amendatory to the existing 
law. Besides Chinese laborers, it excludes from admission into tlie 
United States all idiots, insane persons, paupers, or persons likely 
to become a public charge, persons suffering from a loathsome 
disease or a dangerous contagious disease, persons Avho have 
been convicted of a felony or other infamous crime or mis- 
demeanor involving moral turpitude, polygamists, and also any 
person whose ticket or passage is paid for with the money of 
another, or who is assisted by others to come, unless it is affirma- 
tively and satisfactorily shown on special inquiry that such 
person does not belong to one of the foregoing excluded classes, 
or to the class of contract laborers. Persons living in the United 
States may assist friends or relatives who are not of the excluded 
classes. Persons convicted of a political offence are not to be 
excluded from immigration. 

To induce immigration by advertisements of any kind in foreign 
countries is prohibited except when done by States or State 
Immigration bureaus. A fine of one thousand dollars or an 
imprisonment of not more than one year is prescribed for bring- 
ing or aiding in bringing into this country any alien excluded by 
law. (For Statistics of Immigration see Population and Area.) 

Impeachment of Andrew Johnson. — In August, 1867, 
President Johnson notified Secretary of War Stanton that his 
resignation was requested, in consequence of " public considera- 
tions of a high character." On Stanton's refusal to resign, the 
President suspended, him, General Grant being appointed Secre- 
tary of War ad interim. The Senate declined to agree to Stan- 
ton's removal. Grant then declined to serve, and Stanton took pos- 
session again. The President again removed Stanton, who notified 
the House of Representatives, which body, on February 24, 1868, 
resolved that the President be impeached for high crimes and 
misdemeanors. The Senate, sitting as a Court of Impeachment, 
tried the case. Chief Justice Chase presiding. 

The Articles of Impeachment charged that the President, in 
violation of the Tenure of Ofiice Act (this was a new law which 



INDIANA. 149 

provided that civil officers should hold office until their successors 
should qualify, and giving the Senate final powers of removal, 
instead of the President), had removed Stanton and appointed 
Thomas ; that he had been guilty of intimidation of the former 
and of an attempt to seize unlawfully the property and money of 
the War Department ; that lie had declared that the Thirty-Ninth 
Congress was not a legally constitiited body, and that he had 
failed to properly execute its acts. The counsel for the President 
argued that the removal of Stanton and the appointment of 
Thomas did not come within the provisions of the Tenure of 
Office Act, but were legal according to the laws of 1789 and 
1795, which were the only controlling ones in this case ; that he 
was not guilty of the other charges, except those in regard to his 
declarations concerning Congress, and that as to those he was 
protected by the rights of freedom of opinion and freedom of 
speech. Votes on two of the articles wei"e taken ; the result was 
thirty-five for conviction, and nineteen for acquittal, thus lacking 
one vote of the two thirds necessary for conviction. Chief Justice 
Chase ordered a Verdict of Acquittal, and Johnson served out 
his full term. Stanton resigned in regular form July 27, 1868. 

Impending Crisis. — A stereotyped phrase used by cam- 
paign orators to designate a particularly' dangerous condition of 
affairs. It was used first by H. R. Helper, a North Carolinian, 
who published a book in 1868, entitled "The Impending Crisis of 
the South." 

Imports. (See Exports and Imports.) 
In God We Trust. (See Coinage, Free Coinage, etc.) 
Indian Population. (See Population and Area.) 
Indian Schools. (See Education.) 

Indiana. — Indiana was first visited by La Salle in 1669. It 
was settled at Vincennes, in 1702, by the French ; it was admitted 
to the Union in 1816. More than one third of its surface is 
still covered with forests, and the Lumber Product is above 
$16,000,000 yearly. The valley drained by the Wabash River 
is a rich region for corn and wheat. 

The corn crop sometimes amounts to 130,000,000 bushels, 
valued at over 130,000,000. The acreage for wheat is 30,000,000 ; 
the crop exceeds 40,000,000 bushels, valued at $30,00(),00(». Large 
crops of oats, rye, barley, sorghum, tobacco, etc., are produced, 
and the hay crop has reached 2,900,000 tons, valued at .1?35,00<»,000. 
Fruit is an extensive industry, yielding peaches and apples in 
large quantities. The farm products in 1880 were worth $308,- 
000,000, of which dairy products form a large part. 



150 



IXIUAN TKKRITOKY. 




GKEAT SEAL OF INDIANA. 



There are over seven thousand square miles of bituminous coal. 
Natural gas is found in several coun- 
ties, issuing from four huiuired wells. 
Tlie manufactures of Indiana number 
over eight thousand, employing over 
seventv thousand persons, and a cap- 
ital of" 665,000,000. 

The population in 1880 was 1,987,- 
301 ; in 1890, 2,19-2,404. The State 
debt in 1890 was 63,'v301,7l2o; the 
real property was valued at ^5(>7,000,- 
000 ; the jieVsonal propertv $'227,000,- 
000. 

Tlie Manufactures yearly 
amount to $148,000,000; there are 
21,000,000 acres of farm land, valued at $G35,0(Ht,000. Tliere 
are ten thousand public schools, with a daily attemlance of 409,- 
000. There are G,04G miles of railroad and 698 newspapers. 

The leading educational institutions are Pardue University at 
Lafayette, Indiana I'^niversity at Bloomington, the I'niversity of 
Notre Dame at Soutli Bend, ^Vabash College at Crawfordsville, 
and there are many other institutions hicluding several Normal 
schools. 

Indianapolis is the capital and chief city, liaving a popu- 
lation ir. 1S1»0 of 105,430. It is a large railroad and manufactur- 
ing centre, producing $28,000,000 in a year. Flour-miUing, 
meat-packing, and grain are the chief industries. It has a 
magnificent court-house, and is the site of the United States 
Arsenal. A tine Soldiers' ^Monument is an attractive feature. 
Evansville, on the Oluo l\iver, is a coal, lumber, tobacco, ami grain 
shipping point, and lias four hundred factories, employing over 
ten thousand people. Fort Wayne, the third city, has a popula- 
tion of 35,593 and is a railway and manufacturing centre. 

The Governor of Indiana is Ira J. Chase (Republican), whose 
term expires January 12, 1893. Politically the State is a doubt- 
ful one. Garfield carried it in 1880, and Cleveland in 1884. 
Harrison carried the State in 1884. 

Indian Territory. — The unorganized territory of the United 
States, which extends from latitude 33^ 35' to 37° north, and 
longitude 94^ 20' to 103^ west, forms the Indian Territory. It 
was part of the Louisiana purchase, and has been from time to 
-time cut down to fonu States and Territories. Except in the 
west, wliich is an arid plain, rivers are plentiful. These are the 
Arkansas, and its tributaries the Verdigris, Neosho, Illinois, 



INDIAN TEKKITORY, 



151 



from the north, and the Canadian, Cimarron, Jjhick Bear, Little 
Arkansas, Poteau, and Noith Fork from the west ; there is also 
the lied River on the southern boundary. 

Of the 41,000,000 acres in the Territory, nearly 26,000,000 have 
been surveyed and set apart as Reservations for the Indians. 
These have been gathered from all parts of the country — from 
Oregon to P'lorida — in pursuance of the general plan of congre- 
gating all the Indians in one territory, to be theii's forever. 

The United [States Government holds the riaht of eminent 




INDIANA STATE OAPITOL AT INDIANAPOLIS. 



domain over the lands of the five tribes, the Indians being fee- 
simj)le owners, but not sovereign, though enjoying to some degree 
the ])owers of self-government. 

The United States Indian Agency for the live tribes is 
located at Muscogee, and has jurisdiction over all persons, whether 
Indian or white, residing in the Indian counuy. Forty-three 
Indian policemen are attached to the agenc3\ These ofHcers are 
engaged in the suppression of crime, the prevention of the intro- 
duction of whiskey, and serving orders issued by the agent. 
Each of the civilized tribes is governed by a Priiu-ipal Chief and 
a Second Chief, elected for from two to four years, an annual 
legislature of two houses, elected for from two to four years, and 
a judiciary system. 

There are over 400, 00*> aci'es under cultivation, Mliich jiroduce 



152 INTERNAL REVENUE. 

large amounts of corn, wheat, and oats, 60,000 bales of cotton, 
besides vegetables and hay. The Indians have over 750,000 
head of live stock. Among the other pi-oducts are lumber, 
woollen blankets, shawls, willow-baskets, rice, and maple sugar. 
The population of Indian Territory in 1890 Avas 180,390 Indians, 
107,987 white persons, and 5ii,0G5 Indians not belonging to the 
live tribes. There Avere 880 miles of railroads, and eleven news- 
papers. 

luilOCHOUS Desuetude. (See Slang of Politics.) 

Ins and Outs. (See Slang of Politics.) 

Insanity. — The number of insane persons treated in 1889 at 
the {)ubUc ami private asylums for the insane was 97,535. The 
average cost per head in the public asylums was $161. The 
number of public asylums was 125, of private asylums, 38, of 
whii'h 25 were in the North Atlantic States. 

Interior Department. (See Federal Government.) 

Internal llevenue. — The interTial revenue of the government 
nowadays is derived from tobacco, distilled spirits, fermented 
litpu^rs, bank circulation, and oleomargarine. In the early days 
of the government taxes were levied on various articles of human 
utility and luxury, including wines and liquors, snuff, sugar, 
auction sales, paper, and parchment, and as late as 1814, on iron, 
candles, umbrellas, beer, boots and hats, gold and silver, watches, 
household furniture, etc. The enforcement of the tax on spirits, 
in 1791, led to the Whiskey Insurrection in Western Penn- 
sylvania, Avhere whiskey was manufactured. The insurrection 
was put down with the loss of only two lives. The imjiosition 
of this form of direct taxation Avas the concei)tion of Alexander 
Hamilton, Avho proposed it as a means of meeting the expenses 
of the government. It Avas valuable also in time of Avar, or 
threatened Avar, and the tax Avas especially heavy after the war 
Avith Eiigland in 1812-13. These taxes, hoAvever, Avere abolished 
in 1818, and were not re-imposed until 1861, when the govern- 
ment levied direct taxes in order to raise funds for maintaining 
the Avar. On July 1, 1862, an exhaustive Internal Revenue 
Act Avas j)assed, levying taxes on all sorts and kinds of articles, 
on trades, incomes, sales, manufactures, legacies, etc. More than 
twenty-five acts on the same subject Avere passed Avithin the next 
six years. The revenues Avere very large, but the people made 
no objection. Since that period reductions in the number of 
articles taxed Avere reguhirly made until, in 1872, only tobacco, 
distilled spirits, fermented liquors, and bank circulation remained ; 
in 1886 oleomargarine Avas added. 

Up to 1800, the Receipts from internal revenue averaged 



INVENTIONS. 153 

$500,000 a 3'ear. In the fourth year of the Civil War, tlie 
revenue was i;-J09,404,215 ; in LSGO, ^;509,226,813. Tlie revenue 
has (liniinislied steadily since that time, but since 1888 it has 
increased above the average of the preceding years. In 1891, 
the revenue was 1145,086^249, of v^^hich 1111,901,094 was for 
distilled spirits and fermented liquors, and $32,796,271 was for 
tobacco. The total internal revenue receipts from 1789 to 1891 
have been $4,111,760,798. The tax on oleomargarine is about 
$800,000 a year. The State paying the lieaviest tax on liquors is 
Illinois, which in 1891 paid $33,049,373; Kentucky is second, 
paying in 1891, $15,252,118. 

Inter-State Commerce Act, The. — The purpose of this 
act was to establish some sort of control over the railroads of 
the country, by which unjust and unreasonable charges and 
unjust discrimination should be prevented, to establish a schedule 
of regular rates for freight and passengers, and in other ways to 
bring about better service of the public, and to put an end to 
railroad wars, causing inteiTuptions to business and inconvenience 
to the public. l*enalties shall be exacted for " pooling," for com- 
binations to prevent continuous carriage, for making one rate to 
one person and another rate for the same distance to another, or 
for discriminating in favor of particular localities. Some criticism 
was made of the act on the ground that it tended toward govern- 
mental control, but the law has been in operation since February, 
1887, and gives general satisfaction. The Commission consists of 
five members, who receive a salary of $7,000 a year. The Fifty- 
Fii'st Congress amended the act creating the Commission, giving 
it authoi'ity to request United States District Attorneys to prose- 
cute all persons violating its provisions. 

Ill the Name of tlie (Jreat Jehovah and tlie Continental 

Coili?resS. (See Sayings of Famous Americans.) 

Inventions, Great American. 

Telegraph. Sewing Machine. 

Telephone. Cotton-gin. 

Phonograph. 

The American inventions of a distinctly American origin, 
which more than any others have contributed to the convenience 
of humanity, are the telegraph, the telephone, the sewing-machine, 
the cotton-gin, and the phonograph. 

Telegraph, The. — In the days before the telegraph, com- 
munication between distant points was carried on by means of 
signals. The Romans burnt fires of different substances, each 
one representing a word or words. The American Indians talked 



154 



INVENTIONS. 



witli OTie another in much the same Avay, having signal stations 
at chosen points through the country. In the 17th and 18th 
centuries, several systems of telegrai)hic signals were discussed, 
some of which Avere put in operation. A Frenchman by the 
name of Cliappe, in 1792, constructed a post with a bar capable 
of being inclined at any angle, and with the aid of ro}>es, and an 
abbreviated alphabet, a code of signals Mas operated. This and 




the other methods experimented M'ith depended upon the eye, 
could only be used for short distances, and never in foul weather. 
In the 18th and the early j^ears of the 19th century, experiments 
with the electric current were carried on in Europe and in this 
country, but it remained for an American inventor to conceive 
and operate the First Efficient Machine for utilizing the 
current. 

It has always been a matter of controversy as to when, where. 



INVENTIONS. 155 

and by whom the electric current was utilized first for telegraphic 
coininunication. There is evidence that Alfred ^'ail, operating at 
Speedwell, N. J., on January G, ISoS, sent to his father, by the 
dot and dash code, a message thus: "A patient waiter is no 
loser." On May 6, 1844, the Whig National Convention assem- 
bled at Baltimore. Between Annapolis and Washington, on that 
day, Prof. S. F. B. Morse, and his assistant, Alfi-ed Vail, had a 
circuit, which was part of the circuit which, a few days later was 
operated between Baltimore and Washington. In Washington 
there was much curiosity regarding the ticket nominated at 
Baltimore. A train which arrived at Annapolis had on board 
several of the delegates, from whom Yaii, who -was at work at this 
point,learned that the ticket nominated was Clay and Frelinghu^'sen. 
Tliis information he telegra[)hed to Washington as follows: " The 
ticket is Clay and Frelinghuysen." This message was received 
by Professor Morse in the presence of several mend)ers of Con- 
gress. Later in the same month, the line between Washington 
and Baltimore was opened. The instrument used Avas that of 
Professor Morse's invention. Before sending the first message 
over the wire, he asked Miss Annie Ellsworth to suggest the 
pro])cr message for so important an experiment. She gave the 
message, " What Hath God Wrought? " 

From this small beginning there hasgi-own a world-compassing 
system of telegraph communication, which is one of the marvel- 
lous achievements of the nineteenth centur3^ The practical 
monopoly of the business is in the liands of the Western Union 
Telegraph Company, although there are several inde|)endent 
companies which do considerable business. All of them are 
owned by private individuals. (See Newspapers.) 

The nundjer of Messages annually transmitted by the 
Western Union Company has increased from 5,879,282 in 1867 
to 59,148,348 in 1891 ; the number of ofKces receiving and send- 
ing messages, from 2,505 to 20,098 ; the number of miles of wire 
operated, from 85,291 to 715,591 ; the numl)er of miles of poles 
and cables, from 46,270 to 187,981 ; the receipts, from 
$6,568,925.86 to $23,084,826.59 ; the expenses from $8,944,005.68 
to $16,428,741.84; the profits, from $2,624,919.78 to $6,605,584.- 
75. Exclusive of the private leased wires, the Western Union 
Coni])any, in 1891, transmitted 524,502,952 words. 

The average toll per message in 1868 was, in cents, 104.7 ; in 
1891 it was 32.5. The average cost per message to the company 
in 1868 was 68.4 ; in 1891 it was 23.2. 

Tolls to Foreign Lands. — The first Atlantic Cable was 
laid in 1857, from Valentia Bay, Ireland, to ITeait's Content, New- 
foundland. In telegrams to foreign lands, the length of a word 



156 INVENTIONS. 

is limited to ten lettei-s. To England, France, Germany, Ireland, 
and Scotland, the rate is twenty-five cents a word (from New 
York); to Russia in Europe, forty-three cents; to Spain, thirty- 
nine cents ; to Italy, thirty-four cents ; to Sweden, thirty-nine 
cents ; to Norway, thirty-five cents. To Melbourne, the rate is 
12,54 a word ; to New South Wales, $2.58 ; to New Zealand, 
$2.82; to Canton, $2.09; to Hong Kong $1.99; to Victoria 
(Australia) $2.5-4; to Rio de Janeiro, $1.89; to Lima (Peru), 
$1.72; to Argentine Republic, $1.82. The most expensive rate 
is that to Demerara, which is $3.15 a word. 

Telephone, The. — The principle of the telephone, that 
sounds may be conveyed to a distance by a distended wire, was 
demonstrated by Robert Hook in 1667, but no practical applica- 
tion was made of the discovery until 1821, when Professor 
Wheatstone exhilnted his " Enchanted Lyre," in which the 
sounds of a music box were conveyed from a cellar to upper 
rooms. The first true discoverer of the speaking telephone, how- 
ever, was Johanu Philipp Reis, a German scientist and professor 
in the institute of Friedrichsdorf. April 25, 1861, Reis exhibited 
his telephone at Frankfort. This contained all the essential 
features of the modern telephone, but as its commercial value 
was not at all comprehended, little attention was paid to it. Reis, 
after trying in vain to arouse the interest of scientists in his 
discovery, died in 1874, without having reaped any a<l vantage 
from it. Meanwhile, the idea was being worked into more prac- 
tical shape by other persons. Professor Elisha Gray, Professor 
A. G. l>cil. Professor Dolbear, of Tufts College, near Boston, 
Mass., and later by Mr. Edison. Professor Gray's successful 
experiments considerably antedated those of the others, but Pro- 
fessor Bell was the first to perfect his patent. February 12, 1877, 
BelTs articulating telephone was tested by experiments at Boston 
and Salem, Mass., and was found to convey sounds distinctly 
from one place to the other, a distance of eighteen miles. This 
telephone was exhibited widely in this country and in Europe 
during that year, and telephone companies were established to 
bring it into general use. Edison's carbon " loud speaking " tele- 
phone was brought out in 1878. The Examiner of Patents at 
Washington on July 21, 1883, decided that Professor Bell was 
the first inventor, because he was the first to complete his inven- 
tion and secure a full patent. A long litigation ensued, the 
chief opponent of the Bell patent being Drawbaugh, who claimed 
priority of invention. In 1891, after many years of controversy, 
the United States Supreme Court decided in favor of Bell. 

The number of Telephone Exchanges in 1891, was 774, 
with 467 branch offices; miles of wire on poles, 171,498; on 



IWKNTIONS. 



157 



buildings, 13,445; underground, 54,090; submarine, 779 ; total, 
240,412. The total number of circuits Avas 240,4 1'i ; total sub- 
scribers, 202,931; total instruments in use, 483,790; average 
number of connections in a day, 1,438,294; in a year over 450,- 
000,000. The average number of calls daily from subscribers 
was 7.10. The amount received in rentals in 1890 was 12,913,369. 
The Bell companies represent 180,000,000 of capital. 

Phonograph, The -The phonograpli was invented by Mr. 

Edison in 1877, and brought before the public early in the fol- 
lowing year. The inventor believed that the numerous practical 
applications of this machine would commend it very largely to 
general use. This has not thus far proved to be the case, not 
because the instrument itself is lacking, for added experiment 
only proves its more remarkable i)ossibilities, but probably because 
the invention is so wholly new and sti'ange, so at variance with 
anything pre- 
viously known 
and under- 
stood, that 
men have not 
yet been able 
to comprehend 
its application 
to every-day 
affairs. It is 
growing in use, 
however, and 
many business 

men whose time is precious use the machine instead of a stenog- 
rapher in the dictation of their letters. They talk into the 
phonograph as fast as they like. The stenographer takes the dic- 
tation from the phonograph to the note-book, and then tran- 
scribes it. Although expert stenographers can " take " upwards 
of sixty to seventy words a minute, they cannot compete with 
the phonograph. The Operation of the phonograph depends 
upon the principle that sound is produced by vibrations of the 
air. In the phonograph the sound of the spoken words is re- 
ceived on a metal plate, turning on a cyclinder, upon whose 
surface is a spiral groove having hundreds of fine teeth. The 
vibrations of the metal plate are registered on a piece of tin foil 
in contact with the spiral groove, and are thence carried to a 
resonator which causes the vibrations to be easily communicated 
to the ear. The person using the phonograph, therefore, hears 
the registered vibrations of the words of the speaker. 

Sewing-Machine, The. — Foreign experimenters with 




EDISON SPEAKING PHONOORAPH. 



158 



INVENTIONS. 



sewing-maehines met with results similar to those of foreign 
experimenters in telegraphy, — they produced nothing that was 
pi-actical. Various Americans tried to perfect such a machine, 
among them, the Rev. John Adams Hunt, of Monkton, Vt., in 
1818, and in 1832, Walter Hunt, in New York City. In 1846, 
Elias Howe, of Cambridge, Mass., made a machine, which had 
many defects, but which had what all others lacked — the ability 
to do practical Avork, Howe embodied the good features of the 
early machines in his, and jiatented his invention ; besides, he 



^A 







THE FIRST SEWIJTG-MACHINE AND ITS INVENTOR, ELIAS HOWE. 



bought up other patents, using thera to perfect his machine, and 
thereby laid the foundation of a large fortune. 

Other pioneers in the improvement of sewing-machines were 
John Bradshaw, of Lowell (1818), Allen B. Wilson, of Pittsfield, 
Mass. (1850), and William O. Grover, of Boston (1851), all of 
whom contributed valuable ideas. Isaac M, Singer about this 
time controlled several patents, from which he made the first 
machine that proved satisfactory to manufacturers. Singer be- 
came immensely rich. 



IOWA. 



159 



Cotton Gin. — The invention of the cotton gin by Eli 
Whitney in 1793 revolutionized the cotton production and cotton 
manufacturing industries of the world. It not only made cotton 
production more proli table, because more cheap, but it made 
possible extensive cro])s, and thereby gave the manufacturer more 
raw material. The invention led to the rapid development of 
improved cotton s])inniiig and weaving machines. Previously, 
lint cotton had been separated from the seed by " roller gins," 
Avhich was a slow and an expensive process. The new gin sepa- 
rated the lint from the seed not only more quickly and cheaply, 
but at the same time it increased the quantity of lint. The pods 
in "which cotton grows burst open when ripe, and are about as 
large as an apj^le. The pods hold the cotton wool so firmly that 
it cannot be picked easily. The seeds, too, if taken out by hand, 
are so entangled in the cotton that it used to take a man a day to 
produce a pound of clean cotton. Whitney's machine cleaned 
three hundred pounds of cotton as quickly as a-man by hand 
could clean one pound. 

Iowa. — This State originally belonged to Louisiana, at the 
time it wasbought from France. The 
first white settlers were people from 
New England, who founded the vil- 
lage of l^ubuque in 1833. Iowa is 
noted for its prairies, which are ex- 
tremely fertile. More than half the 
inhabitants are farmers, who produce 
more than $365,000,000 of various 
crops 3'early. 

The Corn Crop has exceeded 
322,000,000 bushels in a year; the 
wheat crop, 37,000,000; oats, 80,- 
000,000; rye, 2,000,000; barley, 5,- 
000,000; potatoes, 20,000,000. This 
is the first corn producing State, its achievements in this cereal 
having been commemorated in the great Corn Palace at Sioux 
City, an immense structiare which is built yearly entirely of corn. 
The corn canning industry produces 7,000,000 cans of corn 
yearly. The product of hay, in a year, has exceeded 7,000,000 
tons, worth $33,500,000. 

The State raises over 4,000,000 head of swine, Avorth $28,- 
000,000, and in this industry ranks first. It has 1,200,000 milch 
cows, and 2,100,000 other cattle, thousands of them blooded 
stock, the whole valued at !ii!80,000,000. 

lu the Raising of Horses it stands third, having over 1,000,- 




GREAT SEAL OF IOWA. 



IGO 



nules of bitumiiiou!' 
3,500,000 to 4,000 
stone, liinostoiK 
ttM-'s clixv .ive 
tur 
yci 



000 head, Avorth over $7,000,000. 'riu> slu-op iiuluslry 1ms falK'ii 
away in reciMit yoars; to 27(>,000 liead. It is tlie second IStato in 
the production of butter, and the fourth in eheese. 

There are four liundred Coal Mines, and 20,000 square 

coal deposits. Tlie output is from 
tons a year. Lead, zinc, iron, sand- 
gy})suni, and ])ot- 
'ed. The nianufac- 
rtli |!70,000,0t)0 a 
xtensive Hour mills, 
meat-packino- os- 
)lishments, and va- 
rious otlier nianu- 
t'ni'tnrino; indus- 
tries. 
The Popula- 
ion in ISSO was 
24,015; in ISDO, 1,- 
0. The real })rop- 
s valued at ^oiM,- 
; the ])ersonal prop- 
yl 40,000,000. The 
if farm lands was 
);>, valued at $567,- 
farm j)roducts were 
108,478. In 1890 
•^,;)05 miles of rail- 
o\ attendance was 
L'wspapers in 1892 

,nva, Des Moines, 
is a U'ading railroad and manufactur- 
ino- centre. Amono- its pnnlucts are 
wire fences, carriages, ])ork, cotton and 
woollen i^oods. The ]>opulation in 1890 
was 50,09;?. Sioux City is a great 
packino- i-ontre ; the value of its yearly 
product is $80,000,000. The popula- 
tion in 1890 was 37,806. The third 
city is Dubuque, situated on the IVIississippi River on a plateau. 
It is the terminus for five railroads, does a business aofo-vogating 
$40,000,000 a year and is a o-rain, lumber, and meat-packing 
centre; the population in 1890 was 30.311. Horace lioics 
(Democratic) is (nnernor of Iowa. His term expires January 
1, 1894. The State is Republican. 




VIEWOFOOV NCU- luri'is, IOWA. 



JOHN r.KOWN S KATD. 



161 



Irrepressible Conflict. — William H. Seward, of New York, 
in a speech in 1S5S spoke of the conflict between freedom and 
slavery as " an irrepressible conflict between opposing and endur- 
ing forces." 

Jack the (iiaiit Killer. (See Nicknames of Famous Ameri- 
cans.) 

Jefferson Simplicity. (See Slang of Politics.) 

Jingoism. (See Slang of Politics.) 

John Brown's Raid. — In 1859, John Brown, who had pre- 
viously been an active ])arliciiiant and leader in the Civil War in 
Kansas growing out of the ])roposition to make that State a Free 
State, arrived in Maryland, near Harper's Ferry. With a num- 
ber of companions, he began the smuggling of men and arms 
in to a house which he . .^ -■ ^ ^ ■ - - - ■ ■ -•, -— ^-- — = — -e— .-^=— ^ 
hired, bis purpose be- f *^^^ * 

ing the organization of 
an exjjedition to seize 
the national arsenal at 
the ferry, where there 
were 100,000 stand of 
arms, and with them 
to arm and free the 
negroes of the sur- 
round ing country, 
whom he expected 
would rally around 
him. He would then take to the mountains, whence he hoped to 
put into operation a plan for the wholesale freeing of slaves, de- 
fending his force at any hazard. On the evening of October 17, 
with twenty-two men, he seized the arsenal, cut the telegraph 
wires, stopped passenger trains, and took sixty prisoners. The 
negroes did not rally to his side as he had expected they woixld, 
and he was soon surrounded by troops of the State militia, who 
outnumbered him many times. Brown made a stout resistance, 
but finally was ca})tured, being wounded severely. On his trial, 
he was found guilty, and condemned to death, and was hanged 
on Deceml)er 2. The inci(h>nt made a national sensation, and 
helped to inflame the already bitter feeling l»etwecn the North 
and the South. In Kansas, John Brown had distinguished him- 
self for his defence of Ossawatojnie against an armed force many 
times as large as his own ; the Governor of Missouri, where he 
freed many slaves, offered a reward of three thousand dollars for 
his arrest. Brown belonged to 710 political party ; if he had any 
political creed, it was the freedom of the slave. 




JOHN brown's fort. 



162 KANSAS. 

Johnnies, The, and Johnny Reb.— The names used by Union 
soldiers during the Rebellion when speaking of the Confederates. 
Judge Lynch. — Derived from John Lynch, a North Carolin- 
ian who, failing to secure protection from the authorities, took tl>e 
law into his own hands ; hence, lynch law, which is the punish- 
ment of criminals by other than legal authorities. 

The number of lynchings reported in 1891 was 195, distributed 
among the States as follows : Alabama, twenty-six ; Arkansas, 
twelve ; California, one ; Colorado, two ; Florida, ten ; Georgia, 
twelve ; Illinois, one ; Indiana, three ; Kentucky, eleven ; Louisi- 
ana, twenty-nine ; Maryland, one ; Michigan, two ; Mississippi, 
twenty-three ; Missouri, two ; Montana, five ; Nebraska, two ; 
North Carolina, two; Ohio, one ; Oregon, one; South Carolina, 
one ; South Dakota, three ; Tennessee, thirteen ; Texas, sixteen ; 
Virginia, five ; "West Virginia, two ; Wisconsin, one ; Washington, 
three ; Wyoming, one ; Indian Territory, two. There were 121 
negroes, sixt^^-nine whites, two Indians, two Chinese, and one 
Mexican. Six of the 175 were women. These figures are taken 
from a compilation in the Chicago Tribune. 

Judiciary, The. (See Federal Government.) 
Junket. (See Slang of Politics.) 

Kansas. — Kansas was part of the Louisiana purchase ; it was 
settled at Fort Leavenworth in 1840. 
It was part of Missouri Territory until 
1821, and then remained unorganized 
until in 1854 the Territory of Kansas 
was erected, including part of what 
is now the State of Colorado. The 
attempt to make Kansas a Slave-State 
resulted in a Civil War, lasting sev- 
eral years ; towns Avere sacked, hun- 
dreds of men were killed in battle or 
assassinated, and " Bleeding Kansas " 
attracted the attention of the world. 
GREAT SEAL OF KANSAS. It was admitted to the Union in 1861. 

It is an important Agricultural 
State, raising extensive crops of corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, 
hay, rye, tobacco, buckwheat, and sorghum. Lately the raising 
of beets for sugar has become an important industry. Forty 
million acres of Kansas soil are in grass, supporting an enormous 
number of domestic animals, including 750,000 horses, bred up 
Avith fine Clydesdale and Percheron, Norman and Kentucky 
stallions; 100,000 mules, highly valued in farming operations; 
800,000 milch-cows, improved by admixtures of Hereford and 




KAXSAS-NEBRASKA BILL. 163 

Galloway, Ilolsteiii and Jersey stock ; and 2,000,000 other 
cattle. 

The Live Stock of Kansas is valued at $150,000,000. There 
are great stock j^ards and packing honses at Kansas City, Kan., 
across the river from Kansas City, Mo. During 1890, 1,472,2'29 
cattle, 76,568 calves, 2,865,171 hogs, 535,869 sheej), and 37,118 
horses and mules, in 108,160 cars, were received at these stock 
yards, and of these animals over 3,000,000 were slaughtered, 
1,600,000 sold to shippers, and 320,000 sold to feeders. The 
zhic and lead mines c>f the State yield in a year $800,000. 

The population in 1870 was 364,999; in 1880, 996,096; in 
1890, 1,427,096. The real property Avas valued at $244,000,000 ; 
personal property at $109,000,000. The manufactures aggregated 
$30,790,000 ; the farm products were valued at $52,00o7»00"; the 
farm lands at $255,000,000. The daily school attendance was 
244,697. There are 8,866 miles of railroad in 1890, and in 1892, 
765 newspapers. 

The leading educational institutions are the University of Kan- 
sas, at Lawrence, the State Normal School, at Emporia, and the 
Agricultural College at JManhattan, besides which there are 
numerous smaller institutions. The United States institutions ui 
Kansas are Fort Leavenworth, the headquarters of the De- 
partment of the Missouri, the United States Infantiy and Cavalry 
School, and the United States Military Prison, both at the same 
place, and the Soldiers' Home near by, besides Fort Riley. 

Kansas City, the first city, is separated from Kansas City, 
Mo., by the Mississippi River. On the Kansas side the popula- 
tion is 38,316. To])eka, the second city and the capital (popula- 
tion 31,007), is a railway and supply centre. Wichita (population 
23,853) is the third city. Leavenworth has a population of 
19,768, and is a busy manufacturing a^id shipping point. The 
Governor of Kansas is Lyman U. Humphrey (Republican), whose 
term expires Jan. 9, 1893. The State is Republican. 

Kansas-Nebraska Bill. — The Thirty-Third Congress opened 
December 5, 1853. On December 14, a bill was introduced into 
the Senate to establish a Territorial government for Nebi-aska, 
which was refei-red to the Committee on Territoi'ies, of which 
Stephen A. Douglas was chairman. Mr. Douglas promptly 
reported the bill on the following day with certain amendments. 
The true intent of the amendments, as to whether they had 
annulled former compromises or not, was not undci'stood by the 
Senate; and a special report was made to the Senate on Januarj'^ 
4, 1854, further amending the original bill in such language as 
could leave no doubt that its construction meant the supersed- 
ure of the Missouri Compromise (which see). 



164 



KANSAS-XEBRASKA BILL. 



The late Compromise of 1850 had rested on it as a basis 
hy which other contingent issues had been settled ; and this 
sudden blow aimed at the foundation of the compromise fabric 
created a sensation deep and wide throughout the North, Mr. 
Douglas defended the bill on the ground that in 1848 a bill 
l)rought before Congress for the extension of the Missouii Com- 
promise line to the Pacific ocean had been defeated, and that this 
defeat had made it necessary to effect the Compromise of 1850 to 
supersede it. He further stated that the object of the bill was to 
leAve the settlement of the slavery question to the inhabitants of 
the Territoiy. This was the principle of what was termed 
" Squatter Sovereignty " (which see). 

In reply to Mr. Douglas, Salmon' P. Cliase denied that the 




KANSAS STATE CAPITOLS, FIRST AND LAST. 

Compromise of 1850 had superseded the Missouri Compromise, 
and to substantiate his premise, quoted the language of Mr. 
Atchison, Senator from Missouri, who on that occasion, had 
declared that " though a grave error, the Missouri Compromise 
could not be repealed.". The debate began early in December, 
1853, and terminated with its ])assage May 25, 1854, modified to 
include Kansas, and clearly superseding the Missouri Compromise. 
Up to this time the Whigs had held intact their oi-ganization ; 
but the Southei-n Wliigs had largely deserted them in the contest 
over this Itill. The Free Soilers (see Political Parties) were an 
acknowledged power in the North, not to be despised; and the 
problem now was to find a political nucleus around which to 
gather in opposition to the Democratic party, by whose quasi 



KANSAS-NEBRASKA BILL. 



165 




166 



KENTUCKY. 




GREAT SKAL Ol' KKNTUCKY. 



alliance the South had managed to divide the political forces of 
the North and conquer them in detail. This condition of affairs 
led to the birth of the Ivcpublican party. (See Political Parties.) 

Kentucky. — Kentucky was settled at Harrodsburg in 1774, 
b}' Virginians. It was originally a 
part of Virginia; in 1790 it became a 
separate Territory. At the time of 
the secession movement, although a 
large slave-holding State, the State 
did not secede. Of her citizens, over 
9!>,(U)0 fought under the Stars and 
Stripes, and 40,000 under the Stars 
and Bars. Kentucky has large rivers, 
famous mineral springs, and it grows 
extensive crops of hemi), tobacco, 
corn, and wheat. 

It ])roduces annually about 280,- 
000,000 pounds of Tobacco, which 
represents nearly two thirds of the American crop. The taxes 
to the government since 1862, from its manufacture of chewing 
and smoking tobacco, cigars and cigarettes amounted to $840,- 
000,000. Louisville is the largest tobacco market in the world. 

The State is celebrated for the Blue Grass Region, which 
covers 10,000 square miles, has a very rich black soil and great 
landscape beaut\'. The ])o]ndation in 1880 was 1,648,690; in 
1890, 1,855,486.' The State debt was |l,449,000,0n0. It had 
2,746 mile's of railroad, in 1892, 319,000 school children and 280 
newspapers. 

Louisville, the chief city, with a population in 1890 of 161,- 
005, is on the Ohio River, and has an extensive railroad and 
steamboat navigation. Her manufactures aggregate $60,000,000 
in a year. The Custom House, the Baptist Theological Seminary, 
the Court House, the City Hall, the Cave-Hill Cemetery, and the 
public institutions are among the prominent features of the city. 
Covington, the second city (population 37,375), is opposite Cin- 
cinnati, and has large factories. Frankfort, the capital (poj^ulation 
9,000), is the site of the grave of Daniel Boone. Lexington 
(population 22,355) is the metropolis of the Blue Grass countrv, 
has large live-stock and commercial interests. Kentucky Univer- 
sity and the State Agricultural College are situated here. John 
Young Brown ( I )emocrat) is Governor of Kentucky. His term 
expires Januarv 1, 1896. The State is Democratic. 
Kicker. (See Slang of Politics.) 
Kid-Glove Politicians. (See Slang of Politics.) 



LEGAL HOLIDAYS IK THE UNITED STATES. 



167 



Kindergarten Politics. (See Slang of Politics.) 
King Cotton. This allusion to the importance of cotton 
originated a short time previous to the Civil War. The South 
claimed that the North would not go to war with the South for 
the reason that it could not get along without the South's cotton ; 
" cotton was king," so asserted the Southerners. The saving 
gave rise to vai'ious rhymes. 

King Martin the First. (See Presidents of the ITnited 
States.) 

Knifing. (See Slang of Politics.) 

Kirtghts of Honor. (See Secret Societies.) 

Kuigllts Templars. (See Secret Societies.) 

Know Nothings. (See Political Parties.; 

Ku Klnx Klan. (See Political Parties.) 

Land Grants, Railroad. (See Railroads and Bridges.) 

Landslide. (See Slang of Politics.) 

Last Cocked Hat. (See Presidents of the United States.) 

Law Partner Miller, (See Nicknames of Famous Americans.) 

Legal Holidays in the United States. — Not all of tiie 
States have the same legal holidays. Six recognized legal holi- 
days are set apart in all the States, but many States have special 
holidays in commemoration of some event of particular interest 
to its people. Following is a list of the holidays celebrated in 
the States and Territories : — 

April 15, 1892. Good Fkiday: 
In Alabama, Louisiana, Maryland, 
Pennsylvania, and Tennessee. 

April 21. Anniversakyofthe 
Battle of San Jacinto: In 
Texas. 

April 26. Memorial Day: In 
Alabama and Georgia. 

May 10. Memorial Day: In 
North Carolina. 

May 20. Anniversary oftuk 
SIGNING of the IMecklenburo 
Declaration of Independence: 
In North Carolina. 

May 30. Decoration Day: In 
Arizona, California, Colorado, Con- 
necticut, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, 
Kansas, Maine, Massachusetts, 
Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, 
Nebraska, Nevada, New Hamp- 
shire, New Jersey, New York, 
North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, 
Oregon, Pennsylvania, Kiiode 



January 1. New Year's Day: 
In all the States except Delaware, 
Massachusetts, New Hampshire, 
and Rhode Island. 

January 8. Anniversary op 
THE Battle of New Orleans : 
In Louisiana. 

January 19. Lee's Birthday : 
In Georgia and Virginia. 

February 12. Lincoln's Birth- 
day: In Illinois. 

February 22. Washington's 
Birthday: In all the States ex- 
cept Arkansas, Delaware, Iowa, 
Mississippi, and Vermont. 

March 1, 1892. Mardi-Gras: in 
Alabama and Louisiana. 

March 2. Anniversary of 
Texan Independence: in Texas. 

March 4. Firemen's Anniveh- 
sAiiv : In New Oileans, La. 

April 6, 1892. State Election 
Day: In Rhode Island, 



168 



LIFE-SAVING STATIONS. 



Ishuul, Toimossoe, Utah, A'oniumt, 
Wisconsin, Washington, and Wy 
omiug. 

June 3. 
Biiithday: 

June 17. 



Davis's 



Jeffeksox 
In Florida. 
BiNKEK Iln.i, Day. 
In Boston and suburbs. 

July 4. IxnKPKNOKNi'K Day: 
lu all the States. 

July 24. Pioneers' Day: In 
Utah. 

September 5, 1S02. LabokDay': 
In Coliuado, Connecticut, Illinois, 
huliana, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, 
Massachusetts, jNIontana, Nebraska, 
Xew Hampshire. Xcw Jersey, New 
York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South 
Dakota, and Waslun>iton. 

October ol. Admission in the 
Union Day': Nevada. 

November — .Gexekai. Election 
Day': In Arizona, California, 
Florida, Idaho, Indiana, Kansas, 
Maryland, Missouri, Montana, 
Nevada, New Hampshire, New- 
Jersey, New York. North Dakota, 
Ohio. Oregon, South Carolina. 
South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, 
AVashiugton,Wiscousin,and Wyom- 
ing. In the States which hold 
elections in November, 1S02, elec- 
tion day falls on the 8th instant. 

November 24, ISO'J. Thanks- 
giving Day': Is observed in all 



the States, though in some it is 
not a statutory holiday, 

December 25. Christmas Day': 
In all the States, and in South 
Carolina the two succeeding days 
in addition. 

Sundays and Fast Days (when- 
ever appointed) are legal holidays 
in nearly all the States. 

Akhok Day' is a legal holiday in 
Idaho, Kansas, Rhode Island, and 
Wyoming, the day being set by 
the Governor — in Nebraska, April 
22; Calit\)rnia, September 9; and 
Colorado on the third Proiay in 
April. 

In New Mexico there are no 
legal holidays est;»blished by stat- 
ute, and in Delaware no State 
holidays. 

Every Saturday after 12 o'clock 
noon is a legal holiday in New Y'ork 
and Xew Jersey, and from June 
15 to September 15 in Pennsyl- 
vania. 

June 1, 1865, was appointed by 
President Johnson a " day of 
humiliation and mourning" on ac- 
count of Lincoln's assassination. 
Sept^Muber 20, 1S81, when Gartield 
was buried, was appointed by 
President .Vrtluir to be observed 
throughout the Union as " a day 
of humiliation and mourning." 



Legislative, Tht^. (See Federal Government.) 
Lot No GuiKy Mmi Escape. (See Savings of Famous 
Americans.) 

Liberal Kepublieail. (Sec Political Parties.) 

Liberty ami Union, Now and Forever, One and Insepar- 
able. (See Sayings of Famons Americans.) 

Liberty Party. (See Political Parties.) 

Life-Savina: Service, The. — One of the most valuable and 
energetic branches of the government is the Life-Saving Service, 
whose members patrol the coasts of both oceans and of the 
Great Xakes, and keep watchful lookout for vessels in distress, 
and for the protection of property. One of the features of this 
service has been the introduction of life-saving appliances, for use 
in carrying passengers ashore from vessels which are wrecked or 
goino- to pieces. Among these are guns for hurling a line from 
the shore to the ship in distress, a "breeches-buoy," an ingenious 



LlGin-llOUSES. 



ir>n 



contrivance for hauling a man ashore on a lino, and a life-car, 
swung on a Hue from the ship to the slioro, m which two ])orsons 
may be accoiuniodated. Tiie crews are trained in the ni3^steries 
of launcliing a life-boat when the breakers are running high, of 
righting the boat in ease it is capsized, of rescuing drowning per- 
sons, and of resuscitating them wlicn they are brought ashore, as 
many are, insensible. The stations ai-e ])rovided with medical 
stores and provisions for use in case of emergency. The records 
of the service show many heroic deeds performed in the effort to 
save human life, or to rescue valuable sliips from disaster. 

In 1891 there Avere 1J08 Life-Saving Stations, of which 
178 were on the Atlantic Coast, forty- 
eight on the Great Lakes, eleven on the 
Pacific Coast, and one on the Ohio 
River near Louisville, Ky. The system 
was introduced in 1871, and in that time 
there had been 
5,783 disasters in 
which the Life - 
Saving Ser vice 
rendered aid. 
The value of the 
property of these 
vessels aggregated 
$96,000,000; the 
value of the jirop- 
erty saved aggre- 
gated 171,000,000 ; 
the value of the 
property lost ag- 
gregated $24,000,- 
000 ; the number 
of people on the 
vessels which thus 
came to disaster 
was 49,530, of 
whom 592 Avere 
lost. The cost of 
maintaining this 
valuable service, 
which is a depai t- 
ment of the Treasury Department, is about $1,000,000 a year. 

Light-Houses. — The liglit-houses of the country are under 
the supervision of the Light-House Board, which is a subordinate 




rOllTSMOUTH, N. 11. LIGHT-HOUSE. 



170 LIQUORS AND TOBACCO. , 

department of the United States Treasury. Its officers are 
engineers of the navy and its chairman is ahvays a commodore. 
Tlie Liglit-IIouse Board lias charge not only of the light-houses 
and beacons, but also of the fog signals, buoys, light-ships, etc., in 
the harbors or along the coast. In 1891 there were 1,167 light- 
houses and beacons, thirty-two light-ships, seven lighted buoys, 
186 fog signals operated by clockwork, ninety-two by steam or 
hot air, fifty-nine whistling buoys, seventy-nine bell buoys, and 
four thousand other buoj^s of various kinds. On the I'ivers of the 
West there were 1,368 post-lights. 

Liquors and Tobacco, Consiiniption of. 

Malt Liquors. Cigars. 

Spirits. Cigarettes. 

Consumption Per Capita. 

The statisticians of the United States Census Bureau publish 
a tabulation showing the consumption in the United States of 
distilled spirits, wines, and malt liquors and the consumption 
thereof per capita of population. By the report for 1890 it ap- 
l>eared that the total consumption of distilled spirits, wnies, and 
malt liquors in the United States was 971,272,770 gallons, of 
which 855, 992,035. were malt liquors, 27, 650, S70 wines, and 87,- 
829,562 distilled spirits. This consumption was far greater than 
that of any pi-evious year since the statistics have been computed, 
and the consumption almost doubled in the ten years ending 
1890. The tabulation further showed that the consumption of 
all wines and liquors (including malt), per capita of population, 
was 15.49 gallons, of which 13. ()5 Avas malt liquors, 1.40 distilled 
spirits, and .44 wines. It appeared from this tabulation that the 
consumption of Malt Liquors per Capita of population has 
steadily increased since 1840, when it was onlv 1.36 gallons; in 
1860 it was 3.22 ; in 1870 it Avas 5.30 ; in 1880"it Avas''8.26. On 
the other hand, it appears that the consumption of Distilled 
Spirits per Capita of population has decreased since 1840, 
Avhen it A\'as 2.52 gallons, Avhereas in 1890 it Avas only 1.40 
gallons. The consumption of Avines ])er capita of population has 
shoAvn a A'ery steady average of .45 gallons since the statistics 
have been computed. 

The total Production of Beer in the United States for the 
year ending April 30, 1891, Avas 30,021,079 barrels, an increase 
over the preceding year of 3,200,126 barrels. The State Avhich 
produced the largest amount of beer was Ncav York, which pro- 
duced 9,088,109 barrels ; Pennsylvania Avas second with 3,118,- 
248 barrels ; Ohio Avas third with 2,636,668 ; Illinois was 



LOUISIANA. 171 

fourtli with 2,60^,916; Wisconsin was fifth, with 2,403,640. 'I^lic 
city wliirh sold the lari:;est ainonnt of beer in 1891 was New 
Yoj-k, which sold 4,448,815 barrels ; Chicagc was second, witli 
2,034,696 barrels; Milwaukee Avas third, witli 1,877,157 barrels; 
St. J>ouis was fourth, witli 1,824,950 barrels; I*hiladeli)hia was 
fifth, Brooklyn sixth, and Cincinnati seventh. The world's pro- 
duction of beer is estimated at 4,485,273,549 gallons, and tlie 
consumption ])er capita of i)<)pulation in all the countries of the 
world is 41.59 gallons, being heaviest in Bavaria, where it is 
263.40 gallons. In the consumption per capita of population the 
United States stands ninth. Great Britain, Belgium, Germany, 
Wittenberg, Denmark, Baden, Alsace-Lorraine having pre- 
ceded it. The materials used for the production of distilled 
spirits in the j^ear ending June 30, 1891, were 2,951,547 bushels 
of malt, 18,671,536 of corn, 4,579,868 of rye, 2,610,918 of 
molasses, 96,166 of wlieat, 28,389 of maltfeed, 14,637 of oats, 662 
of barley, and 4,836 of other materials ; total, 26,347,641 bushels. 
The internal revenue taxes collected for the wines and liquors 
amounted to $107,691,504. (See Internal Revenue.) 

Cigars, Tobacco, and Cigarettes In the year ending 

Dec. 31, 1890, there were manufactured in this country 4,228,- 
528,258 cigars, an increase over the prec^^ding year of 441, 29S,- 
805 ; of cigarettes tliere were manufactured 2,505,167,610, an in- 
crease over the preceding year of 91,817,799; the number of 
pounds of tobacco was 91,746,311, an increase of 8,232,349. The 
internal revenue taxes on cigars and tobacco in 1891 was $703- 
709. 

Little David. (See Nicknames of Famous Americans.) 

Little Giant. (See Nicknames of P'amous Americans.) 

Little Mae. (See Nicknames of Famous Americans.) 

Little Magieiail. (See Presidents of the United States.) 

Little More Grape, Captain Uragi?. (See Sayings of 
Famous Americans.) 

Little Tan. (Se(^ Presidents of the United States.) 

Lives Lost by Fire. (See Great Fires.) 

Loco Foeos. (See Political Parties.) 

Lojj; Rolling. (See Slang of Politics.) 

Lonj? Tom. (See Presidents of the United States.) 

Lonisiana. — The State was settled at Biloxi, in 1699, by the 
P'rench. Na))oleon I., at one time, thought of sending a French 
army to Louisiana to establish a New France. Being unable to 
defend the District, and fearing its seizure by England, he sold it 



172 



LOUISIANA. 




GREAT SEAL OF LOUISIANA. 



to the United States for $12,000,000. (See Cessions of Terri- 
tory.) Louisiana promptly seceded from the Union in 1861. 

Its coast is covered by a huge 
marsh, extending inland thirty 
miles, parts of which, in recent years, 
liave been drained and improved. 
One half of the State is covei-ed 
with yellow pines, and the cypress 
and the oak grow abundantly in the 
swam])s. The State has 8,872 miles 
of inland navigation, the lowlands 
being ])rotected from inundation by 
1,150 miles of levees. Only about 
one tenth of her soil is under culti- 
vation ; the agricultural products 
are Avorth $50,000,000 a year. The 
Rice industry is carried on on fif- 
teen hundred plantations, employing 50,000 persons, the crop 
varying from 00,000,000 to 120',000,000 pounds a year. The 
raising of Sugar utilizes $90,000,000 in land and buildings, and 
yields $25,000,000 a year. The crop of 1890 was over 330,000 
hogsheads of sugar and 500,000 barrels of molasses. This large 
crop Avas due to the bounty of one and three fourths to two 
cents a pound, granted by the government under the McKinley 
Tariff Act of 1890. The sugar industry employs half the popula- 
tion of the State. The State produces also corn (15,000,000 
bushels), oats, and sweet potatoes, besides figs, bananas, peaches, 
plums, and other fruits, early vegetables, and tobacco. 

The Cotton croj) yields 550,000 l)ales. The cotton-seed oil 
business requires 18(»,000 tons of seed yearly. The population 
of Louisiana in 1880 was 939,946; in 1890,'l, 110,828 ; the net 
State debt was $12,513,214; the real ])roperty was valued at 
$149,000,000; the personal property at §64,000,000. The acre- 
age of farm lands Avas 8,273,506, valued at $58,989,117 ; the farm 
products were valued at $42,883,522 ; the school attendance 
averaged 90,551, The railroad mileage in 1890 was 1,758, and in 
1892 there Avere 173 ncAvspapers. 

The only large city of Louisiana is New Orleans, Avhich had 
a population in 1890 of 241,995. With the exception of Liver- 
pool, it is the largest cotton market in the Avorld, receiving annu- 
ally 2,000,000 bales. It is an hnportant centre for railways and 
steamships. The export trade in sugar, rice, and cotton is of 
mammoth proportions. A large trade in fruits Avith Central and 
South America, in aa^ooI Avith Texas and Mexico, and in hides, 
lumber, and iron is carried" on. The city has many quaint and 



MAINE. 



173 



picturesque features, of which tlie Cathedral St. Louis, the French 
Market, the Spanish Fort, the Creole quai-ter, and the old French 
houses are the more notable. 

The Mississippi River here empties into the Gulf, flowing 
in a mighty sea, through the Northeast, South, Southwest, and 
other passes, its ti<le being discolored with the fine aluminous clay, 
gatliered in its windmgs through broad and turbid alluvial low- 
lands. This noble river has a length of 4,382 miles, and with its 
tributaries drains 2,455,000 square miles. At the Gulf, the delta 
of the river covers 14,000 square miles, in a maze of creeks, 
bayous, and swamps. The 
jetties, at the mouth of the 
river, cost 15,000,000 to 
build; they afford a per- 
manent channel, thirty feet 
deep. 

Baton Rouge, the capital, 
IS a sleepy old town on the 
Mississippi River above 
New Orleans ; the popula- Si 
tion in 1890 was 10,397. "^ 
Shreveport, in Northern 
Louisiana, is on the Red 
River, and is a great ship- 
ping centre for cotton ; its 
population in 1890 was 11,- 
492. The Governor of 
Louisiana is Francis T. Nieholls (Democrat), whose term expires 
May IG, 1892. The State is Democratic. 

Lowudes-Calhouil Bill. (See Tariffs of the United States.) 
LyncIliugS. (See Judge Lynch.) 

McKillley Tariff BiU. (See Tariffs of th.? United States.) 
Mad Anthouy. (See Nicknames of Famous Americans.) 
Magnetic Man. (See Nicknames of Famous Americans.) 

Maine. — Maine was settled at Pemaquid in 1630 by the Eng- 
lish ; it was originally a i)art of Massacliusetts, but was separated 
from it in 1820, when it was ailmitted to tlie Union as a separate 
State. It was a patriotic su])porter of the Union in the Civil 
Wai', and raised seventy thousand troops. 

It is noted for its beautiful Lakes, its Mountains, and its 
diversitied Scenery. It has 1,508 lakes and ])onds, tlie chief of 
which are Moosehead, thirty-eiglit by twelve miles long, and 
1,023 feet above the sea ; Sebago, fourteen by eleven miles, and 




COTTON EXfUIANOE, NEW ORLEANS. 



174 



MAINE. 




four hundrefl feet deep; the Rangeley Lakes, 1,511 feet above 
the sea, and covering eighty square miles ; Chesuncook, twenty 

by two miles in area ; and the Schood- 
ics, near the Eastern boundary. 

Maine has five large rivers, and over 

five thousand streams, thus giving it 

more water-power than any other 

part of the world of the same size. It 

H HWKI^i^3f^^^W}''Wl'4 h:vf^ immense Areas of Woods, 20,- 

()()() scjuare iniles in all, abounding in 
huge M'hite pines, yellow pines, Nor- 
way and pitch pines, elms, spruce, 
ma|)les, hemlocks, beeches, button- 
woods, oak, poplars, cedars, birches, 
GREAT BEAL OF MAINE. basswoods, ashcs, and firs. Out of 
this vast forest 400,000,000 feet of lumber are made yearly. 

The State produces, also, red, gray, and black granite, and 
other kinds of gi-anite Avhich are in demand for public buildings. 
The annual ])ro(biction of granite blocks for sti-eet paving is 100,- 
000,000 a year. Freestone, slate, lime, marble, and in small 
quantities, gold, silver, copper, lead, tin, and manganese aie pro- 
duced. Some rare minerals abound. 

Of the total area of 10,000,000 acres, only y,r)00,000 are im- 
proved. There are 65,000 farms, valued at 11 1,000,000. There 
is a large Maritime Trade. The State has 2,500 vessels, 
aggregating 500,000 tons. There are forty shipyards, employing 
two thousand men in tlie building of ships for the river and ocean 
trade. The cutting of ice in winter for exportation, the fisheries, 
and the canneries are important in(bistiies. There are several 
large p»aper mills and numerous shoe factories. 

The po])ulntion in 1880 was 648,980 ; in 1890, 661,086. The 
net State debt was $3,408,229. The real and i)ersonaI property 
was valued at 1266,000,000 ; the manufactures aggregated 179,- 
825,393; the farm land values aggregated 1102,357,615, the 
acreage being 6,552,578 ; the school attendance was 98,641 ; the 
railroad mileage was 1,838; the newspapers in 1892 numbered 
175. It is estimated that 100,000 visitors go to Maine every 
summer; many of them are si)ortsnien, in pursuit of deer, caribou, 
moose, and the game fish of the great lake country. 

Portland is beautifully situated on a peninsula, and has a fine 
harbor. Its ship])ing amounts to 100,000 tons a year, and its 
trade witli Canada amounts to .$50,000,000 a year. The popula- 
tion of Portland in 1 890 was 36,425, Bangor, on the l^enobscot, 
is one of the greatest lumber marts in the world ; the population 
in 1890 was 19,103. Lewiston, which is the third city, has 



MANUFACTURES. 175 

several cotton mills; its population in 1890 was 21,701. The 
capital of Maine is Augusta, a handsome city on the Kennebec, 
with tine water-power facilities. Here is situated a national 
arsenal, with several thousand stand of arms and many cannon. 
The Governor of Maine is Edwin C. Burleigh (Repuhlican). His 
term expires January 4, 1893. The State is Ivepublican. 

Malice Toward None, and Charity For All. (See Sayings 
of Famous Americans.) 

Man From Maine. (See Nicknames of P\amous Americans.) 

Man of Destiny. (See Presidents of the United States.) 

Man of the Town Meeting. (See Nicknames of Famous 
Americans.) 

Manual Training. (See Education.) 

Manufactures. 

Early Manufactures. Capital. 

Value of Products. Employees. 

Wages. Establishments. 

Probably the earliest manufacturing in this country was of 
glass, at Jamestown, Va., in 1609. In the year 1614, the keel of 
the " Onrest " was laid, this being among the eaiiiest recorded 
attempts at ship l)uilding. In 1629, bricks, which up to this 
time had come from across the seas, were made at a kiln at 
Salem, Mass., one year after the date of its settlement. Gov- 
ernor Stuyvesant, of New York, is said to have introduced the 
art. In 1633, Saw Mills were put in operation at New York. 
Tinware was manufactured at Berlin, Conn., in 1770, and in 
1780, the first well-established glass factory was started at 
Temple, N. H. 

In the early part of the eighteenth century, Spinning Schools 
were established in Boston, but it was not till 1787 that the first 
cotton mill was established at Beverly, Mass. The year previous 
had seen the operation of a machine for carding, roving, and 
spinning cotton. In 1783, a cotton-yarn mill Avas started at 
North Providence, R. I., by Samuel Slater. Cotton sewing 
thread was first manufactured at l*awtucket, R. T., in 1794. The 
First Mill in the world combining the requisites for producing 
a finished cloth from the raw material was established at Wal- 
tham, Mass. Jacob Perkins invented and erected at Newbury- 
port, Mass., in the year 1790, a machine which had a capacity for 
cutting and heading ten thousand nails per day, but it was not 
until 1815 that the smaller nail, a tack, could be manufactured by 
machinery. Such a contrivance was erected at Bridge water, 



176 MANUFACTURES. 

witli a capacity of 150,000,000 tacks per year, or about 500,000 
per day. 

^^irginia has the lienor of first manufacturing hats, which Av^ere 
made there in 1622 ; in order to encourage this industry, the 
Colonial Government in 1075 forbade the importation of hats 
from European countries. The census of 1810 reports the returns 
from this branch of industry to have been 14,323,744. 

Silk was first manufactured in the South, near Charleston, 
S. C, in 1755. Lynn, Mass., now the largest shoe manufacturing 
centre in the world, began to make shoes in 1635. A machine 
for pegging, the first invention of any great importance to this 
industry, was the conception of Elias Howe. 

Combs were made of iron up to the time when the invention 
of vulcanite revolutionized the art of making them. In 1759, at 
West Newbury, Mass., a factory for the production of iron 
combs was first set in motion. The colonial hand-made cards 
for carding wool and cotton, itself a most valuable and important 
industry, was ruined in the ^^ear 1777 by the invention of a 
machine which produced these cards at the rate of three hundred 
per minute, and in 1784 this machine was further assisted by 
another which had a ca|)aeity for cutting and bending the teeth 
at the rate of 86,000 per hour. At Jamestown, Va., in 1620, 
laborers at the Iron Works were massacred by Indians, and 
work here was not again resumed until 1712. Cannon balls were 
made in Massachusetts as early as 1064, and a small pot, holding 
about a quart, is said to have been the first piece of casting- 
attempted on this side of the Atlantic. The iron for this was 
" run in " at Lynn, Mass., in a furnace established at that place in 
1663. In the year 1750 the Colonies possessed three iron mills 
and one furnace. 

Although the manufacture of Cordage was commenced in 
Boston and Charlestown as early as 1631, Maryland and Vir- 
ginia in 1794 had more factories for its production than any two 
of the other colonies. The first machine for making cordage was 
built in 1626 at New York upon tlie present site of Trinity 
Church. Another, a windmill, erected in 1633 at Watertown, Mass., 
was afterwards removed to Copp's Hill, Boston. The manufac- 
ture of wall-paper began in 1765, and in 1789 a mill for its pro- 
duction at Philadelphia was able to turn out sixteen thousand 
pieces per month, this amount being considered a fair quantity. 
It was not, however, till 1824 that the imitation of French designs 
was begun. 

The manufacture of Agricultural Implements was not 
begun until a comparatively recent date, and Thomas Jefferson 
was among the first to supply a pattern for a plough ; he worked 



MANUFACTURES. 



177 



out by a mathematical calculation the true surface of the mold 
board. In 1793 several of these ploughs were inanufactured from 
his design and were used upon his estates. The manufacture of 
beer was first undertaken b}' Wouter Van Twiller, liis brewery 
having been erected in New York in IG80. Wine was manufac- 
tured first in IG'22 in Virginia by a man who visited that colony 
for this si>ecific purpose, and (Governor's Island, Boston Harboi-, 
was granted in 1634 to Govei-nor Wiiithrop, who wished to 
utilize it as a vineyard. The distillation of brandy was begun in 
164U. In this year the first linen cloth was made in Massachu- 




IRON MANUFACTURIxa TN PENNSYLVANIA, 



setts and on^year later a bounty was awarded by the colony to 
encourage its manufacture. 

In 1644 the first systematic attempt at the production of 
Woollen Cloths was begun at Rowley, Mass., and the United 
Company of Philadelphia, which owned a spinning jenny ini- 
porte<l from England, was organi/ed in ISO4. 

The first Paper Mill of which we have any account was 
erected at Roxborough, Pa,, in 1693, on a stream since called 
Paper Mill Run, which empties into the Wissahickon, by William 
Rittinghuysen, who emigrated from Holland. Rittinghuysen 



178 



MANUKACTURING STATISTICS. 



and William Bradford were the pi'oprietors in the nianufacture 
of ])ai)er, made fi-om linen ra^s, the ))roduct of flax grown in the 
vicinity, which had been manufactured into Aveai'ing apparel. 
This was fifty years after the art of printing was discovered and 
five or six years after the Crown ordered mills to be established 
in England. Jienjamin Franklin was from first to last interested 
in the erection of eighteen different paper mills, of which in 1787 
there were sixty-three in operation in Anu^rica. Salt was manu- 
factured fii'st, it is said, in Jamestown, ^'a., in the year 1620, and 
at Syracuse, N. Y., in 1787. 

In 1880, the Statistics of Manufactures were as fol- 
lows : — 

Establishments 253,852 

Steam engines, horse power 2,185,458 1 „ .,„ q„„ 

Water wheels 1,225,37!) ( •*'*^"-»^' 

lOiniiloyees, male, above sixteen years. 2,019,035 ( ., ^f.,. p„. 

,■ females, above fifteen years 531,039)-'^""''"* 

('ai)ital $2,790,272,(;0(; 

Wanes 947,953,795 

\ alue of material 3,390,823,549 

„ „ products 5,309,579,191 

'{'he annual ])roduct of flouring and grist mills was !j<500,000,- 

000 ; of slaughter-houses, 

!f;800,000,000 f of iron and 

..CR f_ n . ^^^,^.j ^y^y]^^^ .t:!00,000,000 ; 

of woollens, *li70,000,0()0 ; 

',^-^-.1 .fiT ijffl i" ^^ lumber, 1230^000,000; 

JT'^^i^'^^B of foundry products, cotton 

vf I -j^^i goods, m ens 

^^^ ^ clothing, and 

■^^11^ hJ^l X_i^F^\ .\ boots and shoes, 

mm :^^>out 1200,- 

fcrS*(&)llX. ^K ^ m^ f^^m^ 000,000 each. 

■ ■■" Two thirds of 

the manufac- 

^ . „_,—,=-- „„,, ....^'-^ »&*■ '^^-JS.islfllii. , tures are in 

T,.,,.^^,»-»*«.L-^-«-™«»«.«,r™^. — «r™™™M™.™™pjvv^^_.^ j",New England 

'^ ;• - / and.New York, 

New Jersey 
and Pennsyl- 
A i.vNAMo. vania. The re- 

tui-ns of manu- 
facturing in 1890 have not yet been compiled, but unofficial fig- 
ures show a large growtli, both in the number of establishments, 
and in the product. 

The following table shows the rate of increase of manufactur- 
ing in 1870 ove^' that of 1860, and of 1880 over 1870. 




MARYLAND. 



179 



18G0-1870. 1870-1X80. 

Establishments 80 per cent. 7 percent. 

Employees 33 „ ,, 33 ,, „ 

Capital 100 ,, ,, fi4 ,, „ 

Wages paid more than doul)le, 52 , „ 

Value of material ,, „ „ 37 ,, „ 

„ „ products 2>^ times greater, 13 „ „ 

The first State in manufacturing is New York ; the second is 
Pennsylvania. 

Tlie United States, in t\w volume of its manufactures, leads all 
the nations. By Mulhall's estimate, in 1888 the United States 
produced manufactures valued at '17,215,000,000 ; Great Britain's 
wei-e valued at 14,100,000,000, (Germany's at 12,915,000,000, 
France's at $2,425,000,000, Russia's at Ji;l,815,000,()0(). 

Martling Men. (See I'olitical I'arties.) 

Martyr President. (See Presidents of the United States.) 

Maryland. —Maryland was one of the tliirteen original States. 

It was named after Heniietta Maria, 
*^\X^V»?*'~'^ll^!b. ^^^^^ "^ Charles I. of England. It 

^^J^^^^ '^^W refused to join the Confederacy, 
■'y^ ^"^^melS^ .^%fi»m. although a Slave State. 

Chesapeake Bay, which is the 

iJlQ'!^^ --SI I'l''"^*-'^^ American inlet, runs inland 

two hundred miles ; its oyster beds 

'X'"irfe'»l If ii '''^^'*' ^ g''*''i't value, and the cultivation 
s- BSlfe^j^-?.'^ . JM ^,f oysters, having a product of 15,- 
X » vo. V-, vNTf. y^ 000,000 bushels a year, is a leadinp- 
industry erapu)ying many men. 
Terrapin, seabass, white perch, her- 
GREAT SEAL OF MAKYLAND. ^''^^g, mackcrel, wcakfish, and shad 

abound in these waters. 
The Farm Products in<;lude 10,000,000 bushels of corn, 
6,000,000 bushels of wheat, 28,000,000 ])ounds of tobacco, })esides 
oats, potatoes, and hay, the whole valued at $40,000,000 a year. 
Peaches, melons, strawberries, and other choice fruits, grow in the 
fertile lowlands. 

The output of coal is 2,500,000 tons a year. The production of 
iron varies from 20,000 to 00,000 tons a year; there are twenty- 
two blast furnaces. Zinc, iron, copper, marble, limestone, sand- 
stone, and slate are found, besides lime, c|)som salts, mica, and 
granite. The manufactures em])loy 75,000 jiersons, and aggre- 
gate 1100,000,000. The po])uIatioii of Maryland in 1880 was 
934,948 ; in 1890, 1,042,890 ; the net State del>t was *2,724,123 ; 
the real and jjersonai projterty was valued at -^480, 000, 000 ; the 
acreage of farm lands was 5,185,221, valued at |IG5, 503,341 ; the 
railroad mileage was 1,231 in 1890 ; the school attendance aver- 




180 MASSACHUSETTS. 

aged 09,220 ; tliere were 200 iK^w^papers. Ballimore, tlio 
iiK'tro))()lis of JVIarylaiul, i.s the fourth maritime city ; besides 
the immense coastwise lleet, tlie arrivals and departures of foreign 
vessels number 3,000 annually. Steamship lines run to eight 
foreign ports and to all the imj)ortant American ports. The city 
is noted for its beautiful buildings, cemeteries, and parks. Here 
is located the Pea body Inslitule, endowed by (ieorge Pea- 
body; it has a library of 100,000 xolumes free to the pid)lic, and 
an art gallery containing many rare art treasures. The Institute 
gives free lectures by sjtecialists, and instruction in musitr to 2.^0 
scholars. There are many handsome monuments in tlu; city. It 
is the seat of Johns Hopkins University, endowed by its 
founder with #;5,000,000, mainly for the higher education of 
college graduates. It has fifty-five instructors and four hundred 
students. The Baltimore Free Library, founded in 1S82, issues 
nearly fiOO,!)!)!) books ainiually to the citizens. The j)()puIation 
of /Ballimore in I SDO was 4;>4,4;{!). The (Jovernor of Maryland 
is Frank lirown (Democi'at), whose term expires January S, 
1890. The State is l)emocratic. 

Mason and Dixon's Line. -This was a boundary line, 
defined by j)opular usage, which se])arated the free and the slave 
territory. The phrase was used first by John Kan(h)lph, of Vir- 
ginia, at the time of the discussioji of tlu' Missouri (\)mpromise. 
Originally, it was the jtaiallcl of latitude 39 degrees, 48 niinutes, 
20. ;> seconds, separating Pennsylvania from Maryland. Finally, 
it was the parali(4 oO (legrees, 30 minutes, and east of that, the 
course of the ()iii() L'iver to the Mississippi. 

Mason and Slidell. — Mason and Slidell wert" Southerners, 
who, on Nov. 7, 1801, while on board an English passenger 
steamer, the Trent, were seized by C-aptain Wilkes, commaiuling 
the United States vessel, San Jacinto, and lande(l at l^ostou, and 
imprisoned. The S(»utheiners were supposed to be r(4)el emissa- 
ries to England and Fiance. The North su]>p<)rtt'il Wilkes, but 
England demanded rej)aration, and actually began prejjarations 
for hostilities. The controversy involved the <pu>stion of the right 
of search of a lunitral vessel, which, when exci'cised by Great 
Britain, had been a leading cause for the War of 1812. Charles 
Sumner and Secretary Seward maintained that Captain Wilkes 
had no authority for his conduct, and this government sent an 
apology to England, releasing at the same time l)oth prisoners. 

Massachusetts. — Massachusetts was settled for the first time 
permanently at I*lynu)uth, in 1020, by Englishmi'ii. The Massa- 
chusetts Hay Colony settled at Saleiii, in 1(528, but in 1030 the 
capital was removed to Shawmut, which was afterwards named 



MASSA( IIUSKTTS. 



181 




GKEAT Sl.AL 01' JIA.SSACII ( SKI 



Boston. Another colony settled at Nantucket and Martha's 
Vineyard, and still other colonics settled in the followins^ years 

at several jtoints within easy distance 
of Boston. In 1648, a confederation 
of Massachusetts, Plymouth, Con- 
necticut, and New Haven was 
formed for defence against the In- 
dians and the Dutch, and contirnied 
more than forty years, Tn HlOl 
Massachusetts, I'lyniouth, and Maine 
were united un<ler one government 
called the " Piovince of Massacdiu- 
setts Bay and New England." The 
part played by Massachusetts in the 
Revolutionary War is too well 
known to require description here. 
Since then the State has had an in- 
timate relation with the history of the country in all its phases. 

It is a foremost State in Manufactures, Fisheries, and 
Commerce of all kinds. It is estimated that $5()(>,(MjU,()<»0 is 
invested in mainifacturing alone, the value of the jjroduct being 
$67.''),000,()00. There are 'J4,<HI0 jirms and corporations, paying 
$150,000 in wages to 420,000 operatives. The manufactures are 
most diversified, including iron and steel wire, boots and shoes, 
watches, silverware, electric motors, and electrical apparatus, 
cotton and woollen goods, shovels, agricultural implements, car- 
pets, furniture, carriages, cars, ruV)ber goods, confectionery, paper, 
cordage, machinery, hardware, cutlery, and many other arti<des 
for use in every-day life. It has many powerfid financial institu- 
tions, some of which have j)layed an important ])art in the 
develo))ment of the West. Its natives have always been noted 
for their pioneer spirit, and thousands of her sons have settled in 
the West and grown up with the country. 

There are granite quari"ies at several points; marble, some n-on, 
and lead are produced. The Fisheries engage the attention of 
100,000 ])eople, employing one thousand vessels and twenty 
thousand men. The cat(di, which is |)rincipa]ly in the waters of 
Newfoundland, Labrador, and George's Bank, includes coil, hali- 
but, mackerel, haddock, and l)luefish, and is very valuable. 
Many Massachusetts vessels are in the coasting trade. The 
tonnage is 526,200. The farm products are valued at $48,000,- 
000 annually, of which !i!l3,000,000 is in dairy articles, and $5,- 
000,000 in market gardening, which latterly has become a large 
and profitable industry. Although a small percentage of its 
population are agriculturists, the farm valuation is 1216,000,000. 



182 



MASSACHUSETTS. 



Massachusetts is the leading Educational State. The 
public school system Avas originated l)y one of her sons, and there 
are many institutions of higher learning, including several colleges. 
There are five normal schools, a normal art school, 7,147 public 
schools, 241 high schools, and 511 academies and private schools ; 
the total number of pupils of all ages, in 1890, was 429,671. 

The population of Massachusetts in 1890 was 2,238,944^. The 
real property was valued at $1,000,187,807 ; the personal property 




THE LONGFELLOW HOUSE AT CAMiSUlUGE. 

at $553,996,819. They Avere twenty-eight cities having a popu- 
lation of over 12,000. They Avere 569 public libraries, Avith 
3,569,085 volumes; there were 179 savings banks having 
deposits of $372,476,568. There Avere 2,093 miles of railroad, 
and 655 periodicals and newspapers. 

Boston, the capital, is situated at the head of Massachusetts 
Bay, and is surrounded by the most beautiful suburbs in the 



MASSACHUSETTS. 



183 




country. It has numerous historic buildings, including the Old 
State House, Old South Church, Faneuil Hall, King's Chaj^el, 
Christ Church, and several other buildings interesting by their 
connection with the Revolution and early colonial history. It 
has numerous buildings of fine Architectural Beauty, the 
more prominent of which are the State House, Trinity Church, 
the New Old South Church, and the Museum of Fine Arts, 
Many of its subui'bs, besides being noted for their beauty, inter- 
est the visitor by reason of their historical associations. 

In Cambridge is Harvard University, founded in 1636 by 
John Harvard, the oldest institution of learning in the country, 
having fine college buildings and grounds, and upwards of twenty- 
six hundred students. It has also an Annex, for the collegiate 
education of women, having 130 students. 

Boston Common, situated in the heart of the city, has been 
public property since 1634, and comprises forty-eight acres of 
well-kapt lawns and play- 
grounds, and has many old 
trees. The Public Garden, 
close to the Common, is re- 
markable for its horticultural 
display and for its statues of 
eminent men. Franklin Park, 
four miles from 

consists of five hunared acres oi rn,'^^^^^::^^:^^^^^^^:^,'^'^ 
beautiful landscape. The n-lMAV^pvPS-H^ 
national institutions include a ^^iM'slhSsrr^y^E Pftlsi 
Sub- 1 reasury, a quaint old - vZIi^L^i--.^- . - ■-^'^^ * ^~~ - ■ :^-^»'* 
Custom House, the Navy Yard 
at Charlestown, the Arsenal at 
Watertown, and the harbor forts, Winthrop and Warren. The 
Bunker Hill Monument is in Charlestown. The Public 
Library is free to the )>ublic, and issues annually one million books 
for home reading, and 700,0(10 periodicals. The Young JMen's 
Christian Union has a well-planned building and five thousand 
members. The Museum of Fine Arts contains the works of 
many famous masters, and among the museums of the country 
ranks first. The population of Boston in 1890 was 448,477. 

The second city in size is Worcester, which is a manufactur- 
ing and railway centre; the population in 1890 was 84,655. The 
third city is Lowell, whose population in 1890 was 77,696. Its 
mammoth cotton mills and their j)roducts are famous the world 
over. It is estimated that they produce 145,000 miles of cotton 
cloth annually, and em])loy one million spindles. The other 
great manufacturing cities are Lawrence, Fall Kiver, Lynn, 



the city"p.x.per; ^flfSlliiii^ 
lundred acres of ^S^y^^^^^aaS^l 



CHAMBER OF COMMERCE AT BOSTON. 



184 



MAYFLOWER ARISTOCRACY. 



New Bodfonl, Fitehl>urg, Taunton, and llavovliill. Sprinsxfield 
(44,1 7i* inhabitants) is a boantit'nl city on the Connectient Kiver, 
with tine |niblii' ))niKlin<;s and a large United States Armory. 
Tlie (lovernor of JMassaehnsettsis William E. Rnssell (Democrat). 
His term expires Jan. 4, 180o. The State in national elections 
has always been Republican. 

MasSJl Lillkuili. (See Presidents of the United States.) 
Mayflower Aristocracy. — In ^Massachusetts especially this 
phrase is frequently heard. It describes the social influence and 

importance of the descendants 
of the Pilgrims who landed 
from the Maytlower at Ply- 
mouth in I&IO. The pas- 
sengers on the Mayflower 
were as follows : — Isaac Aller- 
ton, Jno. Alden, Jno. Allerton, 
William Bradford, William 
Brewster. John Billington, 
Peter Brown, Richard Brit- 
terage, John Carver, Francis 
Cook, James Chilton, John 
Crackston, Richard Clarke, 
Edward Dotey, Francis Eaton, 
T h o m a s English, Samuel 
Fuller, John Ilowlaml, Stephen 
Hopkins, Edward Leister, 
Christopher jNlartin, William 
Mullins, Edmund Margeson, 
Degony Priest, Thomas Rog- 
ers, John Rigdale, Edward 
Fuller, Closes Fletcher, John 
Goodman, Richard Gardiner, Georoe Soule, Captain JMiles Stand- 
ish, Edward Tilly, John Tilly. Thomas Tinker, John Turner, 
Edward Wiuslow, William White, Richard AVarren, Thomas 
Williams, Gilbert AVinslow. 

Servants as follows: Carter, Cooper, Ely, Holbeck, Hi>oke, 
Langmore, Latham, JMinter, More, PoAver, Sampson, Story, 
Thompson, Trevore, Wilder. 

Me Too. (See Xicknaines of Famous -Vmericaus.) 

Meildiilir Fences. (See Slang of Politics.) 

Micllii^ail. — The State Avas settled at Detroit, by the French, 

in 1070. It was admitted as a State in 1887 ; it consists of two 

peninsulas, which, in parts, border on Lakes Huron, St. Clair, 

Erie, Michigan, and Superior. Its extraordinary Water Facili- 




Ol.n ri.M ON BOSTON CO>lMi>N. 



MICHIGAN. 



185 




GREAT SEAL Ol' MICllIUAX. 



lies allow it fo carry on iiioiv !sliii)i)iiig than aii^- other Western 
State ; it has a Heet of lour huiulred steamboats, with a tonnao-e 

of 140,000. Its fivsli water fisheries 
are valued at $1,500,000, eniployino- 
seventeen lunulred men and pi-odu- 
ciiig annually 25,00(1,000 pounds of 
whiteHsh, salmon, sturgeon, hei'ring, 
and other lakelish. 

The State is noted for its rivers, 
]»onds, lakes, and streams, most of 
which ai-e ntili/.cd in the hnnhering 
industi-y, which is the leading industry 
of the State. A Lirge propoi'tion of 
the lumher used in the East is JMich- 
igan hunher, the production in the 
Saginaw \'alley alone being over 
1,000,000,00(1 feet of Imnber in a year. There are in operation 
one thousand saw uiills, having an invested capital of nearly 
|i50,000,000 and a yearly output of ^(i(l,O00,00O. The lumber 
produced consists of cord-woo<l, ccdai-, hcndock, pine, and many 
other woods. 

The St. Mary's Ship Canal, connecting Laki' Superior and 
Lake Huron, lias the largest lock in the world ; it was built of 
granite, in 1881 at a cost of $1,000,000. It is 575 feet long, and 
eighty feet wide, Avith a lift of twenty feet. It is large enough 
to float two large lake steamers; over 10,000 vessels with 
9,041,21;} tons of "cargo valued at $102,214,949, or one eighth of 
the entire connuerce of the United States, passed through the 
canal in 1890. The tonnage oji this canal is greater than that 
on the Suez Canal, and iiu'lu(h\s yearly 105,000,000 feet of 
lumber, 25,000,000 bushels of Mheat, 2,500,000 tons of iron ore, 
and large quantities of coal. 

Michigan is lirstin the productiiMi of Iron Ore, the output of 
which is one fifth of the entire Anu-ricau production. The vearlv 
output at jircsent is 8,r)00,000 tons, worth |4(l,OO(),O00. In the 
Lake Superior district are the most jn'otitable Copper Mines in 
the world, which have ])rotluced over $200,000,(100 worth of the 
finest copper. There are several gold mines in operation, and 
this region lias also, silver, agate, freestone, marble, limestone, 
granite, and other valuable deposits. Salt is ])roduced to the 
extent of over 4,000,000 barrels a year ; the production of coal is 
about 7(),(MiO tons a year. 

Michigan produces of wheat, 27,000,000 bushels a year ; of 
corn 21,^000,000; of oats, 27,000,000; of potatoes, 10,000,(»00. 
The fruit industry produ<-es apples, peaches, cherries, plums. 



186 MIXING. 

strawberries, and grapes. The })roduet of wool is 12,000,000 
pounds yearly. The total nianulaotures of Michigan are nim 
thousand in number, with a yearly ]>roduot of ?:lyO,U('0,(UU>. 

The Population of Miehigan in IS^O was l,6oo,937 ; in 1890, 
it was :2,09o,8Si) ; the real property was valued at 8711,000,000 ; 
the personal property at §140,000,000 ; the acreage of farm lands 
was lo,800,*2iil, valued at ^499,103,] 81 ; the farm products were 
valued at 1:91,000,000 a year: the school attendance Avas 1^79,900 ; 
there \\ere 690 newspapers in 189'2, and in 1890 7,242 miles of 
railroad. Detroit, which is situated on the Detroit River at the 
outlet of the Upper Great Lakes, has an immense maritime and 
railway traffic. It has a water front nine miles long; and more 
ti>nnage passes it than any other point on the globe. The tonnage 
passing Detroit River during 1889 amounted to o0,20o.00G tons; 
nearly 10,000,000 tons more than the entries and clearances of all 
the seaports in the United States; and nearly 3,000,000 tons 
more than the combined foreign and coastwise shipping of Liver- 
pool and London. The city has many hue public buildings and 
large factories. It has a tine hospital, a Museum of Arts, a 
Public Library containing one liundred thousand volumes, a 
beautiful Soldiers" Monument which cost 8^1)0,000, and a seven 
hundred acre park. On the river-bank is tlie United States 
Marine Hospital, and near the city is Fort Wayne, which is 
occupied by the LTnited States troops. The population in 1S90 
was 205,870. 

The second city of Michigan is Grand Rapids, where an extensive 
furniture manufacturing industry is carried on. The population in 
1 >90 was 60.278. Lansing, whicli is the capital, has some manufac- 
turing and is the site of several State institutions. The other 
imj^ortant cities are Bay City (27.839 inhabitants), Muskegon 
(22,702), and Jackson (^20,798). The Governor of ^lichigan is 
Edwin B. AVinans (Democrat), whose term expires January 1, 
1893. The State is Republican. 

Milk, Prodiietioii of. *^See Agricidture.) 

Mill Boy of the Slashes. (See Xicknames of Famouii 
Americans.) 



3Iills Tariff. (See 


Tariffs of the United States.) 


Milling. 




Gold. 


Copper. 


Silver. 


Petroleum. 


Coal. 


Building Stone. 




Early Mining. 



The phencmienai mineral production of the United States is 



MINING. 



187 







;^ <v :i 




J 



188 



MINING. 



one of its chief^sources of wealtli. Nearly every State and 
Territory produces minerals in some form or another. Although 
handicapjDed by the lack of ^suitable tools, the people of the 
last century began to dig up tlie earth in search of the liidden 
riches. Iron was produced in Pennsylvania as early as 1G88, 
when it is recorded that William Penn operated a blast furnace 
on the Delaware River. In 17 lo, iron ores were discovered in 
Virginia. Not long after Connecticut mined iron and copper 
ores, and many of the Aveapons used by the patriots in the Revolu- 
tionary War were made therefrom. The Copper from the 
Granby, Conn., copper mines was used in coining the copper 
cents of 1737, the first copper cents used in this country. Quar- 
ries producing stone which was utilized for grave-stones Avere 
operated in Vermont as early as 1785. 

Gold Avas discovered in both Georgia and North Carolina 

about 1830, and Avas pro- 
such large 
ounts that the United 
States Government 
established mints at 
D.ihlonega, Ga., and 
''' rlotte, N. C. in 
[. Between 1837 
18G1, over $6,- 
OOCI of gold was 
minted at 
1 the Dahlo- 
nega mint. 
M i c li igan 
had Salt 
Quarries 
in operation 
i n 1838, 
and copper, 
in the pro- 
duction of which it has grown so that it leads the entire world, 
was mined first in 1845. The coal and iron mines of Penn- 
sylvania have yielded extensive outputs for over fifty years. 
Coal was mined in the States as early as 1781, by the Lehigh 
Mining Company. 

Tlie Discovery of Gold in California in 1848 led to an 
immense immigration, and pi'ospectors roamed through the contig- 
uous country Avith the result that the inch deposits of precious metals 
in other States Avere opened up. Gold Avas discoA'ered in Idaho 
and in Montana in 1852, Silver in Nevada in 1858, siWer in 




MARBLE QUARRVING IN VERMONT. 



MINING STATISTICS. 189 

Colorado in the same year, gold in Wyoming in 1867, while in 
South Cai-olina gold was found in sixty places several years prior 
to the war. Arizona began to yield up its silver treasure in 
1878. 

Since 179o, Twenty-nlne States and Territories have 
jiroduced gold in large or small amount. These are : Alabama, 
Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, 
Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Montana, Nebraska, 
Nevada, 'New HauTpshire, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oregon, 
Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, 
Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, and Wyoming. 

The Total Gold Production of the United States since its 
discovery, including 1891, is $1,870,345,000; of silver, $1,072,- 
721,565; total, $2,943,066,565. Of the gold produced in five 
hundred years in all countries, up to 1880, the United States 
produced 19.7 per cent. (Mtdhall's estimate) ; of the silver 6 per 
cent. Spanish America produced 21.5 per cent, of the gold. 
California is the first State in gold production ; Nevada the first 
in silver production. 

In 1890, the gold production was valued at $32,845,000; the 
silver production at $70,464,000. In 1891, the gold product 
was valued at $33,175,000 ; the silver product (coining value) 
at $75,416,565. The latter was the largest production on record 
in this country. The production of silver has steadily increased, 
while that of gold has decreased. The largest amount of gold 
produced in one year in this country was $65,000,000, in 1853. 

In 1889-90, the Coal Product aggregated $141,229,515 short 
tons; the valuation befoi-e shipment was $160,226,000. The 
average value of all grades of anthracite before shipment was 
$1.58 a ton ; of bituminous ninety-nine cents. The chief coal- 
])roducing States (1890) and their outputs in tons are as follows: 
Alabama, 3,378,484; Colorado, 2,360,536; Illinois, 12,104,272; 
Indiana, 2,845,057 ; Indian Territory, 732,832; Iowa, 4,061,704 ; 
Kansas, 2,230,763; Kentucky, 2,399,755; Maryland, 2,939,715; 
Missouri, 2,567,823; Montana, 363,301; New Mexico, 486,983; 
Ohio, 9,076,787; Pennsylvania, anthracite, 45',544, 970 ;' bitu- 
minous, 36,174,0^9 ; Tennessee, 1,925,689; Virginia, anthracite, 
2,817; bituminous, 865,786; Washington, 993,724; West 
Virginia, 6,231,880; AVyoming, 1,388,947. The total coal out- 
put'in 1890 w^as about 175,000^000 tons. 

The output of all the minerals is increasing except that of gold. 
Granite is produced in twenty-four States and Territories; 
Sandstone in thirty five-States; Limestone in thirty-five 
States; Petroleum is produced cliietly in I'ennsylvania and 
New Yoik (21,486,483 barrels), Ohio (12,471,965 barrels). West 



190 



MINNESOTA. 



Virginia (358,269 barrels), Colorado (316,476 barrels); Iron 
Ores, Michigan first (5,865,169 tons) ; Alabama second (1,570,- 
319 tons) ; Pennsylvania third (1,560,334 tons) ; New York 
fourth (1,'247,537 tons); Copper, Michigan first (87,455,675 
tons) ; Arizona (31,586,185 tons) ; New Mexico (3,686,137 tons), 
Colorado (1,170,<)53 tons); Slate in twelve States, Pennsyl- 
vania being first, followed by Vermont, Maine, New York, 
Maryland, and Vii-ginia. All the Quicksilver except a small 
(juantity fi'om Oregon comes fi'om Califoi'nia. 

The Mineral Product, including the metals, pig-iron 
(•15151,200,410), silver (*7 0,46 1,645), gold ($32,845,000), copper, 
(130,848,797), lead (114,266,703), and zinc (16,266,407), be- 
sides quicksilver, nic^kel, aluminium, antimony, and platinum, was 
worth in 1891, $307,334,207. The Non-Melallic Minerals, 
chief of which are coal, bituminous ($110,420,801) and anthracite 
($61,445,683), building stones, inchuling granite, marble, sai)d- 
stone, etc., ($54,000,000), lime ($28,000,000), petroleum ($35,- 
000,000), natural gas, ($20,000,000), cement, ($6,000,000), salt, 
($4,707,869), phosphate rock ($3,213,795), and mineral waters 
($2,338,140), besides thirty-four other non-metallic minerals, were 
worth in 1891, $334,959,893. Total value of all minerals in 1891, 
$642,294,100. 

Minnesota. 






The State was settled at Fort Snelling, in 1819, 
by Americans, although French fur 
traders, and afterwards missionary 
priests, entered the country as early as 
1659. One part of Minnesota be- 
longed to the province of Louisiana, 
which was bought from France l)y the 
United States in 1803. It was ad- 
mitted to the TJnion in 1857. Lieu- 
tenant Pike, of the United States 
Army, visited the region in 1805, to 
expel British ti"aders. The State de- 
veloped in the same phenomenal way 
that has characterized the growth and 
progress of other great Western States. 
Prairies occiipy the centre and south of the State, while the 
northern part is covered by an extensive belt of pine forests. 

The Mississippi Valley occupies two thirds of the State, the 
mighty Mississij)])i Pivcr deriving its source from the great cen- 
tral ])lateau of Minnesota, in Lake Itas(^a, 1,575 feet above tide- 
water. Neai- there also rises the Ped River of the North, in 
Elbow Lake, which empties into Hudson Bay ; the beginnings of 




GREAT SEAL OF MINNESOTA. 



MINNESOTA. 



^191 



the Great Lakes are also here. There ar<' over fifteen hundred 
miles of navigahle waters in the State, and there are ten thou- 
sand lakes situated in a wild and beautiful country much fre- 
quented by spoilsmen. 

Near P'ort Snelling are tlie Falls of Minnehaha, iminortal- 
i/>ed by Longfellow; theie are several other falls and picturesque 
cascades. 

The immense area and the fertility of farming country have 
enabled Minnesota to become one of the great grain-producing 
States. 

The production of Wheat has exceeded 45,000,0(i0 bushels a 
year ; that of 
Oats, 48,000,- 
0(10 ; that of 
Corn, 22,000,- 
0. Only 
twenty p e r 
cent, of the 
available farm 
lands are under 
cultivation, and 
there are still 
vast areas open 
for cultivation. 

It is a foie- 
raost lumbering 
State ; 472,- 
000,000 feet of 
sawed lumber, 
ami 180,000,. 
000 shingles 
have been pro- 
duced in a 

year. There are extensive iron mines. The State also produces 
fine building stone, including limestone, whitestone, dolomite, 
and brownstone, besides gray, white, and red granite, which are 
much sought after for public buildings. 

The manufactures of Miimesota in 1890 aggregated $76,065,- 
198; the acreage of farm lands was 1.^,40^,019; valued at $193,- 
724,260; the farm products weie worth $49,468,951; the real 
]jr<>perty was worth $;^82,000,<)00 ; the personal property was 
worth $87,000,00(1. The school attendance was 111,641. In 
1891 there were 5,666 miles of railroad, and in 1892 there were 
476 newspapers. The population in 1880 was 780,773 ; in 1890, 
it was 1,301,826. 




f^ut^&jniB: 



192 MISSISSIPPI. 

The chief city is St. Paul, which is situated at the head of 
navigation on tlie Mississippi, is the capital, and had a population 
in 1890 of loo, 1 Ad. Minneapolis had a population in 1890 
of 164,738, These cities are within a few miles of each 
other, and both have tine churches, schools, })ublic buildings, and 
tlwelling houses. St. Paul is a centre of an immense railway 
tr.ilhc, aiul it is a great manufacturing centre, the yearly product 
amounting to over ^50,000,000 a year. It is the centre of the 
wholesale and jdlihing trade of the Northwest. It has large 
meat-packing I'stablishments and extensive breweries and distil- 
leries. 

Minneapolis has hunbir mills ])roducing over o40,000,000 
feet of lumber yearly, it is the largest tlour centre in the world, 
having over twenty mills, with a combined cajtacity of nearly 
40,000 barrejs a day. The output of flour has exceeded 7,000,- 
000 barri'ls in a year. iMinncai)()lis has a Court House and City 
Hall erected at a cost of !!!l2,500,000, a iirei)roof Public Library, 
and an Art Museum. 

The third city of Minnesota is Diiluth, which had a popula- 
tion of 83,115 in 1890; it is situated at the extreme western 
point of the Great Lakes. It has a wonderful system of harbors 
which are reached by a ship canal, fifteen hundred feet long and 
three hundred feet Avide. It is the centre of a great shipping ti"ade 
eastward through the Great Lakes ; it has immense grain elevators, 
and the most improved machinery for loading wheat on to steamers. 
The capacity of its elevators is 21,000,000 bushels of wheat, and 
the arrivals and shipments in a year aggregate 80,000,000 bushels. 
More than 2,000 vessels, brniging 1,500,000 tons of coal, and 
carrying away over 8,500,000 barrels of flour, enter and leave 
the port in a year. The (4overnor of Minnesota is William R. 
Merriam (T\e])ublican), whose terni expires January 2, 1893. The 
State is Pepublican. 

Mints. (See Coinage, Coins, etc.) 

Mississippi. — The State was settled at F'ort Rosalie, by the 
r'remOi, in ]71() ; the greater part of it was ceded by France to 
Kngland, by the Treaty of Paris, in 1763, and belonged at the 
time to the Province of Illinois. It Avas a rampant secession 
State, and diu-ing the war was a centre of active hostilities from 
1801 to the surrender of Vicksburg, July 4, 18(53. The Missis- 
sippi River skirts the western frontier, its chief tributary from the 
State being the Yazoo River, 264 miles long, and navigable 
throughout. 

The Steamboats carry 50,000 bales of cotton annually from 
the surrounding country, and transport shipments aggregating 



Mississrrn. 



103 




GREAT SKAL 



MISSISSIIM'I. 



$:],500,000. The Tallaliatcliic, the Yalobusha, lY-luila Lake, the 
Big Black River, the Pearl River, tlie Tombigbee River, the 

Noxubee, the Pascagoula River are all 
navigable and are plied by steamboats 
in the cotton trade. 

The chief industry is Cotton, the 
product of which is now over 1,000,- 
000 bales a year. Mississippi is the 
second cotton State. The crop is 
])roduced one third by Avhite men and 
two thirds by negroes. Cotton see<l 
is pr()du(ted to the amount of 28,000,- 
000 bushels a year; the corn crop 
averages 25,000,000 bushels. Oats, 
rice, ])otatoes, wheat are also produced, 
and along the Gulf coast, figs, oranges, 
grapes, strawberries, melons, and other fruits. The State has 
200,000 sheep, over 400,000 cattle, 1,000,000 hogs, 100,000 
mules, and as many horses. It has a rich Forest Growth 
covering three fifths of its area, including oak, cedar, black wal- 
nut, cotton-wood, yellow-pine, |)oplar, and other trees. It is esti- 
mated that the pine woods are alone worth 1200,000,000. On 
the Gulf coast are numerous summer resorts. 

The population in 1880 was l,l;]l,597 ; in 1890, it was 1,289,- 
600, of whom 747,720 were colored ; the net State debt was 
|;8,24(),183. The real property was valued at 187,000,000 ; the 
j)ersonal property at 185,000,000 ; the manufactures aggregated 
$7,495,802; the acreage of farm lands was 15,883,251, valued at 
$92,844,915; the 
f a r m products 
were valued at 
$63,701,844 ; the 
school attendance 
was 193,119; there 
were in 1890, 2,- 
332 miles of rail- 
road, and in 1892 
there were 163 
newspapers. 

V i c k s burg, 
situated on the 
Mississippi, is in the luidst of a picturesque country. There are 
large foundries and machine shojis, and sixty thousand bales of 
cotton are received in a year. There is a national cemetery con- 
taining the graves of over sixteen thousand Union soldiers who 




194 



MISSOURI. 




died on Mississippi soil. The popiilation of Vicksbnrg in 1890 
was 13,373, The caj^ital of Mississippi is Jackson, situated on 
the Pearl River, in a prolific cotton and corn country. The 
second city of the State is Brookhaven, with a population in 1890 
of 12,572 ; Natchez is on the Mississippi, situated on a bluff two 
hundred feet high and had a population in 1890 of 10,101. The 
Governor of Mississippi is John M. Stone (Democratic). His 
term expires January 1, 1896. The State is Democratic. 

Missouri. ■ — The State was settled at St. Genevieve by the 
French in 1755 ; it was a part of the Louisiana Purchase. The 

Territory of Missouri, founded in 
1812, extended as far north as western 
Minnesota and Dakota, and inclxxded 
most of Kansas, Colorado, and Wyom- 
ing ; it was admitted to the Union 
as a State in 1821, under the famous 
Missouri Compromise Act, which per- 
mitted slavery in the State, but ex- 
cluded it from the rest of the Louisi- 
ana Purchase. The State remained 
true to the Union at the secession 
period, and raised many regiments for 
the war. It saw some active fighting 
on her soil. B}' her own act, Missouri 
freed her slaves, numbering 114,000, and worth $40,000,000. 

The Mississippi River flows along its eastern boundary, 
and the Missouri River for many miles on the western. The 
commerce on the Mississippi, the IMissouri, the Platte, La Grange, 
Osage, the Fabius, the Salt, and other tributary rivers, aggregates 
many millions a year. 

In Farm Products the State* ranks third; it raises of corn 
219,000,000 bushels yearly ; of oats, 36,000,000 ; of Avheat, 20,- 
000,000 ; of potatoes, 6,000,000 ; of tobacco, 13,000,000 pounds ; 
of cotton, 20,000 bales, besides rye, barley, sorghum, hemp, 
grasses, apples, and pears, plums and cherries, figs and nectar- 
ines, grapes, and peaches, strawberries and apricots. In the pro- 
duction of wines Missouri ranks second to California. There 
are 2,200,000 cattle in the State, 1,300,000 sheep, 3,200,000 hogs, 
and 950,000 mules and horses. There is a large business in 
native furs, which are made from the skins of animals killed 
chiefly within the confines of the State. 

The Coal mined in the State amounts to 2,500,000 tons a year. 
Beds of bituminous and cannel coal have a total area of 25,000 
square miles, being a continuation of the coal-fields of Iowa, 



GREAT SEAL, OF MISSOURI. 



MISSOURI. 



195 



There are valuable deposits of iron ore, the working of which 
gives employment to thousands of men, and keeps more than 
twenty blast-furnaces in operation. Lead is especially abundant, 
the output having exceeded 60,000,000 jjounds in a j^ear. Zinc 
vields about 12,000 tons annually, and in this industry Missouri 
is the Hrst State. There are also quarries of sandstone of differ- 
ent kinds, of marble, of lime ajid cement, of slate, and of lime- 
stone. In majiufacturing, flour is a leading industry. The acreage 
of tobacco lands is upwards of 15,000, with an average crop of 13,- 
000,000 pounds, valued at $1,050,000. The State has ten thousand 
acres under cultivation for the raising of grapes for wines ; the 
value of the wine produced in 
1889 and of the vineyards was 
$4,605,000. 

The Population in 1880 
was 2,168,380; in 1890 it was 
2,677,080. The net State debt 
was $8,439,749.20; the real 
property was valued at $550,- 
000,000, the personal property 
at $289,000,000. The acreage 
of farm lands was 28,177,990, 
valued at $375,000,000. The 
farm products were valued at 
$95,000,000. The school at- 
tendance was 376,000, the number of miles of railroads was 
6,004, and in 1892 there were 849 newspapers. 

St. Louis has a fine situation on the Mississippi, in the heai't 
of an immense river navigation, which makes her the most im- 
portant trade centre of the Southwest. The city covers forty 
thousand acres and has a river front of nearly twenty miles. 
There are twenty-two railroads converging at St. Louis. There 
is a fine bridge designed by James B. Eads, built at the cost of 
$10,000,000. (See Railroads and Bridges.) The clearing house 
business is over $1 ,000,000,000 a year. Fifteen million tons of 
freight are received yearly. The flour mills of the city produce 
2,000,000 barrels of flour\annually. The exports of hog products 
amount to over 800,000,000 pounds; over 2,000,000 head of live 
stock are received. The towing of freight trains to Ncav 
Orleans, a distance of 1,240 miles, on huge boats constructed for 
the purpose, disposes of over 500,000 tons of freight a year. The 
Fleet of Steamboats, leaving St. Louis for the lower Missis- 
sippi, numbers almost 1,000 ; those for the upper Mississippi 
number 800 ; for the ^Missouri Iviver, 175 ; for the Illinois, 125 ; 
for the Cumberland and Tennessee, 150. St. Louis is the fourth 




MERCANTILE LIBRARY, 



LOCIS, 



196 



MISSOURI COMPROMISE. 



manufacturing city. It is the centre of an immense brewing 
business ; other manufactures are stoves, shoes, and tobacco. 
The population of St. Louis was 451,770 in 1890. 

The second city of Missouri is Kansas City, whose popula- 
tion in 1890 was 132,716 ; it is an important financial centre of 
the West; the chief industry is in meat-packing, in which it 
ranks first among the American cities. The third city of Missouri 
is St. Joseph, situated on tlie Missouri, in the western part of the 
State ; it has stockyards covering over four hundred acres and a 
wholesale and jobbing trade of $150,000,000 a year ; the popula- 
tion in 1890 was 52,324. David R. Francis (Democrat) is 
Governor of Missouri. His term expires January 9, 1893. The 
State is Democratic. 

Missouri Compromise. — This is the name given to the 
political act which resulted in the admission of Missouri as a State. 

When, ill 1818, Missouri applied for 
admission, a bill providing for her 
admission, but prohibiting slavery 
within her confines, was passed by 
the House, but was defeated in the 
Senate. Tlie Senate, in 1820, 
passed a bill providing for the ad- 
mission of Maine, and containing a 
rider which permitted Missouri to 
organize, but the House rejected 
both bill and rider. After a pro- 
tracted Avrangle, a compromise was 
agreed to, by which Missouri was 
admitted, but slavery was to be pro- 
hibited in the rest of the Louisiana 
Purchase north of thirty-six degrees 
thirty minutes north latitude. In- 
asmuch as this restricted territory 
included the greater part of the region north and west of Mis- 
souri, the compromise was more or less of a victory for the Anti- 
Slaveryites. The so-called Compromise of 1850, which was 
really precipitated by the Compromise of 1820, was carried 
through by Henry Clay as part of his famous Omnibus Bill 
(which see), and provided for the abolition of the slave trade, but 
not of slavery. This bill having become law, the slavery advo- 
cates, when in 1854 the Kansas-Nebraska Bill was introduced, in 
their arguments for the permission of slavery in Nebraska, de- 
clared that the Compromise of 1820 was to all intents and pur- 
poses repealed, and made void by the Compromise of 1850, and 




GLOBE-DEMOCRAT " BUILDIXG, ST. 
LOUIS, MO. 



MONTAXA. 



197 



a bitter struggle was the result, the ixpshot of which was a very 
clear drawing of the lines between North and South on the ques- 
tion of slavery extension. (See Kansas-Nebraska Bill.) 

Money in Circulation. (See Finances, Government.) 
Money Order System. (See Post-Office System.) 
Money Slang. (See Coinage, Coins, etc.) 
Monkey Wrench District. (See Gerrymander.) 

Monroe Doctrine. — It was enunciated by President Monroe, 
in his annual message, in 1823 as follows : " That Ave should 
consider any attempt on the part [of the allied powers], to extend 
their system to any part of this hemisphere as dangerous to our 
peace and safety ; " and, " that we could not view any interposi- 
tion for the purpose of oppressing [governments on this side of 
the Atlantic whose independence we had acknowledged] or con- 
trolling in any manner their destinies by any European power, in 
any other light than as a manifestation of unfriendly disposition 
towards the United States." This principle has always been 
recognized by the foreign powers. 



fur 



Montana. — The State was settled at Fort Union, in 1829, by 
r traders. The Lewis and Clarke expedition penetrated the 



country early in the century and 
crossed nito Idaho. The immi- 
grants began to come to Mon- 
tana in 1861, attracted by the 
discoveries of gold. Mining 
Camps sprang up in great pro- 
fusion, giving birth to what has 
become the foremost industry 
of the State. It is estimated 
that over 1400,000,000 of gold, 
silver, copper, and lead have 
been mined in Montana, and 
that one third of the entire pro- 
duct of those metals in the 
United States comes from Mon- 
tana. During the first ten years 
after the discovery of gold, 
$180,000,000 were taken out ; in 1888, over 14,000,000 in gold, 
$19,000,000 in silver, $13,000,000 in copper, and $1,000,000 in 
lead were produced. 

The area of Montana includes 30,000,000 acres of farm lands, 
nearly 40,000,000 of grazing lands, and 26,000,000 of forests and 
mountains. Pine, cedar, black ash, and yellow pine, aided by 




GREAT SEAL OF MONTANA (BEFORE IT 
WAS ADMITTED AS A STATE). 



198 MONTANA. 

the exceptional water-powers of the State, are brought to the 
mills. The eastern part of the State consists of rolling plains, 
the western part of elevated mountain ranges. The State is 
watered by several large rivers. 

The Missouri, which rises in the State, flows for 1,300 miles 
■\vithin its confines ; the other rivers are the Jefferson, Madison, 
Sun, Teton, Marias, Gallatin, and the Columbia, which flows 
northwest and empties into the Pacific ocean, also derives its 
source in Montana. On the Missouri River are numerous falls, 
the chief of which is the Great Fi^Hs, which descend 450 feet in 
fifteen miles, with one fall of eighty-seven feet in a vertical direc- 
tion. 

Part of the Yellowstone National Park is in Montana, 
and the Yellowstone Kiver traverses its entire length. The State 
abounds in natural scenery and the mineral springs are noted 
among the health resorts of the Northwest. The wild animals 
of Montana include the deer, elk, beaver, moose, mountain-sheep, 
goats, bears, mountain -lions, wild-cats, and wolves. Before the 
advent of the white man millions of buffaloes roamed the 
western plain, but in 1884 the last great herd were exterminated. 

The Agricultural resources of the State have reached a high 
development. The product of wool is 10,000,000 pounds a year 
from 2,089,000 sheep, and there are 800,000 head of cattle. The 
plains of Montana afford an excellent feeding ground for steers 
from Texas and New Mexico, which are kept on the ranges for 
two years and then sold for beef. Coal-beds underlie 60,000 
square miles and the output is 360,000 tons ; iron ore, granite, 
sandstone, zinc, and other minerals have been found, some of them 
in large amount. Tlie defences of Montana are Fort Assini- 
boine, Fort Keogh, Fort Custer, Fort Shaw, Fort Maginnis, and 
Fort Missoula. 

The Indian Agencies are the Flathead, Fort Peck, and there 
are several Indian reservations. Tlie jDopulation of Montana in 
1880 was 39,159; in 1890, 131,769. The assessed property in 
1888 was $67,430,000; the manufacturers were Avorth $2,000,000 
a year ; the acreage of farm lands was 405,083 valued at $3,234,- 
504 ; the farm ])roducts were worth over $2,000,000 a year ; the 
daily school attendance was 8,600. There are 2,181 miles of 
railroad, and in 1892 there were six newspapers. 

The metropolis of the State is Helena, which is also the capi- 
tal ; it is a substantial and prosperous city and stands 4,250 feet 
above the sea in a dry and exhilarating atmosphere. The jDopu- 
lation in 1890 was 13,834. There is a Board of Trade and a 
Citizens' Committee, organized in the interest of the city ; and 
there are public librai-ies, a fire department, waterworks, sewer- 



MONUMENTS AND STATUES. 199 

age, and rapid transit facilities. The United States Assay Office 
is here. The second city of Montana is Butte, with a population 
in 1890 of 10,723 ; it is a wide-awake mining camp, the seat of 
several large gold, silver, and copper mines, having an output of 
over $20,000,000. The third city is Anaconda, where is worked 
the largest smelter in the world ; the population is about 5,000. 
Joseph K. Toole (Democrat) is Governor of Montana. His term 
expires Jan. 2, 1898. National elections show that Montana is 
generally Democratic. It Avas admitted as a State on Nov. 8, 
1889. 

Monuments and Statues. (See also Burial Places of Presi- 
dents under Presidents of the United States.) 

Washington Monument. Bunker Hill Monument. 
Statue of Liberty. Monuments of Cities. 

The monuments and statues in the I nited States tell the story 
of a nation. Presidents, statesmen, soldiers, naval commanders, 
jurists, philanthropists, inventors, and last but not least, the 
thousands who died for the flag, have been remembered by a 
grateful people in memorials of enduring bronze and stone. 
The lessons of valor, of patriotism, of duty, of great deeds 
nobly and chivalrously performed, have been tiius symbolized that 
succeeding generations may profit by the example. Not only the 
nation, but States and cities have erected memorials in honor 
of distinguished dead. Besides these there are many monuments 
commemorative of important events. 

The highest, and therefore the most notable monument in the 
United States, is the Washington Monument at Washington, 
D. C. No structure in the world, excepting the Eiffel Tower at 
Paris, is higher. The latter is 989 feet in height ; the Washing- 
ton Monument is over 5.55 feet in height. The corner-stone was 
laid on July 4, 1848. Robert E. Winthrop, then Speaker of the 
House, delivered the oration. Work progressed steadily for 
about six years, until the funds for the construction of the monu- 
ment were exhausted. At that time the monument was about 
175 feet high. From 1854 until 1879 nothing to speak of was 
done on the building. In the year last named Congress voted an 
appropriation of $200,000 to complete the work. From that 
time work progressed at a rapid rate until December 6, 1884, when 
the shining aluminum apex was set at 555 feet b^ inches froni 
the foundation and the work was declared finished. The 
foundation is 140^ feet square; the number of marble stones 
used above the 1.30-foot level, 9,168 ; total weight of stone used, 
81,120 tons. The total cost was $1,200,000. 



200 



MONUMENTS AND STATUES. 



The Lafayette Monument, also at Washington, shows a 
colossal bronze statue of Lafayette, in Continental uniform ; 
bronze statues of Koclianibeau and Duportail, De Grasse and 
D'Estaino;, soldiers of the French army and fleet which aided in 
establishing the Republic, are around the marble base. Story's 
statue of Chief Justice John Marshall stands on the east of the 
cai)itol, and was unveiled in 1884. Among Washington's other 
statues are those of Admiral Dupont, Admiral P'arragut, Benja- 




STATUE OF -WASHINGTON AT BOSTON. 

min Franklin, General Rawlins, Professor Henry, and President 
Garfield. There is also a large bronze statue of Martin Luther, 
erected by the Lutherans of America. 

At the foot of Capitol Hill is the Naval Monument, or Monu- 
ment of Peace. This structure is of Carrara marble, and was 
made in Rome, and was paid for mostly by subscriptions from 
the Navy. 



MONUMENTS AND STATUES. 201 

There is a bronze group east of the Capitol representing 
Emancipation, with Abraham Lincoln holding the proclama- 
tion over a negro whose shackles are broken. The entire work 
was paid for by ex-slaves. In front of the District Court House is 
another statue of Lincoln. Among the equestrian statues are 
those of General Jackson, Lieutenant-General Scott, General 
Washington, Gen. Nathaniel Greene, General McPherson, and 
Gen. George H. Thomas. 

Another notable piece of commemorative masonry is the 
immense pedestal and statue in New York Harbor. This, the 
gift of M. Bartlioldi to the United States, represents " Liberty 
Enlightening the World." A giant figure of the Goddess 
of Liberty, holding aloft the torch of liberty, rests upon a pedes- 
tal 91 feet in height, and 52 feet 10 inches at the base. The 
mammoth electric light held in the hand of the giantess is 305 
feet above tide- water. The height of the figure is 152^ feet. 
F'orty persons can find standing-room within the mighty head, 
which is 14^ feet in diameter. A six-foot man standing on the 
lower lip could hardly reach the e^^es. The index finger is 8 feet 
in length, and the nose 3f feet. The Colossus of Rhodes was a 
l)igmy compared with this nineteenth century wonder. Eight 
years were occupied in the construction of this gigantic brazen 
image. Its weight is 440,000 jaounds, of which 140,000 pounds 
are copper, the remainder iron and steel. The major part of the 
iron and steel was used in constructing the skeleton framework 
for the inside. 

The Bunker Hill Monument, at Charlestown, Mass., is 221 feet 
in lieight, and built of granite. It stands on a hill in the centre 
of a park, and from its apex, which is reached by a stairway 
inside, commands an exquisite view of Boston's picturesque 
suburban country. Near the base is a fine bronze statue of 
Colonel Prescott, who commanded the patriots at the battle 
against the British in 1775. Boston's other notable memorials are 
statues of Franklin, Josiah Quincy, William Lloyd Garrison, 
Lincoln, Sumner, Everett, Lief Eiicsson, the Norse explorer, 
Webster, .lohn Harvard (at Cambridge), a fine Soldiers' and 
Sailors' Monument on the Common, and a monument to Crispus 
Attucks, a negro, the first man killed in the War of the Revolu- 
tion. At Concord, Mass., is a statue of the Minute Man. 

Monumental City is a title most aptly applied to Baltimore 
because of its many handsome monuments. The Washington 
Monument was begun in 1810 and finished in 1830. The column 
is of Maryland marble, 180 feet high, and is crowned by a statue 
of our first President. Battle Monument is of marble, and is in 
the form of a small Egyptian temple, supporting a colossal fasces ; 



202 



MONUMENTS AND STATUES. 



on this is a statue representing the city of Baltimore. This 
monument Avas erected to commemorate the Baltimoreans who 
were killed Avhile defending their city against the British in 1814. 
In Baltimore, also, is the Odd Fellows (or Wildey) Monument; 
the memorial to James L. Ridglev, Grand Secretary of the 
I. O. O. F. from 1840 to 1881, and the McDonogh Statue. The 




BUNKER HILL MONUMENT, AT CHARLESTOWN, MASS. 

Erected to commemorate the Battle of Bunker Hill, June 17, 1775. 



city received, in 1890, a bronze statue of George Peabody, by 
W. W. Story. There is a statue of Chief Justice Taney at Mount 
Vernon Place, also a group of bronzes, among which are 
" Baryes," " War," " Peace," " Order," and " Force," and " Mili- 
tary Courage," by P. Dubois. Baltimore also has a monument to 
Edgar Allen Poe. The State erected at Annapolis, Rinehart's 



MONUMENTS AND STATUES. 203 

colossal sitting bronze statue of Roger B. Taney, Chief Justice of 
the United States from 1836 to 1846 ; in 1886, Congress placed 
here a statue of Baron de Kalb, who was mortally Avounded at 
the Battle of Camden, while commanding the Maryland line. At 
Antietam are the monuments (of granite) to General Reno, and 
the colossal statue to the soldier dead, in the National Cemetery. 

Virginia's Memorials include the Monument to Unknown 
Dead, at Arlington, a large, square mausoleum-like structure, 
with inscriptions on the side ; the Yorktown Monument, which has 
a square base which tapers to a tall spiral column ; the Washing- 
ton Monument, at Richmond, which has a round flat base sur- 
mounted by square pillars, with a bronze figure of Washington 
on a large charger at the top, and the Robert E. Lee Monument, 
at Richmond, which represents General Lee on horseback at 
the top of the large granite pedestal, with six erect bronze figures 
of Virginia's statesmen standing on an intermediate base. 

New York City's Statues include those of Horace Greeley, 
at the entrance of the Tribune Building, Lafayette, Lincoln, 
Hamilton, Shakespeare, Burns, Fitz-Greene Halleck, Mazzini, 
Schiller, Humboldt, General Bolivar, Columbus, William E, 
Dodge, Farragut, Franklin, Garibaldi, Nathan Hale, the patriot sj^y 
(to be erected this year by the Sons of the Revolution), Irving, 
the Martyr's Monument, in Trinity Churchyard, in memory of 
Americans who died in British prison ships in the Revolutionary 
War, Thomas Moore, S. F. B. Morse, inventor of the telegraph. 
Sir Walter Scott, Washington (two), and Webster. The Obe- 
lisk (Cleopatra's Needle), in Central Park, seventy feet in height, 
weighing two hundred tons, and brought from Egypt by the 
United States Government in 1877, and the statue of a soldier, 
erected by the Seventh Regiment to commemorate its dead in the 
Civil War, are others of New York's interesting collection. At 
Tarrytown is a statue to Major Andre, the British spy ; it Avas 
erected by Cyrus W. Field. 

Philadelphia's fine parks contain several notable memorials, 
the principal ones being monuments to Washington, Lincoln, 
General Meade, Morton McMichael, Franklin, Columbus, the 
Penn Treaty Monument, etc. The Soldiers' National Cemetery 
at Gettysburg is the site of numerous memorials of the brave 
soldiers who fell in the memorable Battle of Gettysburg, July 1, 
2, and 3, 1863. Eighteen States are here represented by the 
graves of their dead. The National Monument, erected at 
government expense, is of gray granite, crowned by a colossal 
marble statue of the Genius of Liberty, and surrounded by 
marble statues of War, History, Peace, and Plenty It Avas 
dedicated by President Lincoln the year after the battle. Scores 



204 



MONUMENTS AND STATUES. 



of other monuments commemoi-ating the bravery of the sons of 
the Keystone State in the RebelHon, are situated in the centres of 
population. 

The Battle Monument at Bennington, commemorating the 
Battle of Bennington, is built of magnesian limestone. The 
structure is 301 feet high and is in the form of an obelisk. It 




CLEOPATRA'S NEEDLE AT CENTRAL PARK, NEW VORK. 

has stairs inside and windows at the top. At Bennington is also 
the Catamount Monument, the figure of a catamount with jaws 
open, poising as if for a spring. At Boone, Ky., is a monument 
to Daniel Boone, the famous Kentucky hunter and warrior ; at 
Chalmette, La., the Battle Monument, erected in memory of 
Confederate dead; at Spartansburg, S. C, the Cowpens Monu- 
ment, in commemoration of the Battle of the Cowpens, in the 



MOREY LETTER. 205 

"War of the Revolution ; at Fort Custer, Mont., a monument to 
General Custer ; at Chicago, III., a monument to Stephen A. Doug- 
lass ; at Williamstown, Mass., a monument commemoi'ating the 
origin, at that ])lace, of the foreign missions movement ; on tlie 
boundary line between California and what was originally Mexi- 
can territory, the Mexican Boundary Monument; at Plymouth, 
Mass., a handsome monument commemorating the landing there 
of the Pilgrim Forefathers ; at Watertown, Mass., the Norum- 
bega Tower, to indicate the spot where the Norumbegas are 
supposed to have erected a fortress five centuries before Colum- 
bus ; at Fort Riley, Kansas, the Ogden Monument, locating what 
is supposed to be the centre of the Union ; at Duxbury, Mass., 
a monument to Miles Standish ; at Schuylerville, N. Y., the 
Saratoga Battle Monument ; at San Francisco, the Star Spangled 
Banner Monument ; at Sacramento, Cal., a statue representing 
Columbus before Isabella, and another of Marshall, who dis- 
covered the first gold in California. 

Morey Letter, The. — In the latter part of the Presidential 
cami^aign of 188U there was published a letter purporting to have 
been Avritten by the Republican candidate, James A. Garfield, to 
H. L. Morey, of Lynn, Mass. In this letter, the signer ex- 
pressed his opposition to the abrogation of the Treaty with 
China, a subject at the time which was causing much discussion 
on account of the " Chinese .cheap labor " agitation on the 
Pacific coast. The sentiment of the country was in favor of the 
exclusion of the laborers of the Flowery Kingdom. The writer 
also expressed sympathy with capital in its strife with labor. 
Garfield at once pronounced the letter a forgery. The hand- 
writing, however, was very like his, and the Democi-atic managers 
circulated the letter far and wide. An investigation revealed 
the fact that there was no such person as II. L. Morey in Lynn, 
and a man who had sworn to the authenticity of the letter was 
convicted of forgery and sentenced to eight years' imprisonment. 

Morgan. — " A good enough Moi-gan " is a phrase which origi- 
nated in 1826 from the political strife in New York State, in 
which the Masons sought to gain the political power, Morgan was 
a prominent Mason who disappeared, and was supposed to have 
been murdered by the opposition. A dead body supposed to be 
his was referred to by Thurlow Weed as "a good enough Morgan 
until after the election." 

Morrill Tariff. (See Tariffs of the United States.) 

Mortality in the United States. — In the year 1890 the 
total number of deaths in tlie United States, as computed by the 
Census Bureau, was 872,944, of which 590,055 were of native- 



206 



MOTTOES OF STATES AND TERRITORIES. 



born persons, 140,875 of foreign-born 2:)ersons, and 114,313 of 
colored persons. The total number of deaths of children under 
five years of age Avas 264,784, of which 41,911 were of colored 
children. Of the total number of deaths, by far the largest pro- 
portion was from consumption, which was the cause of death of 
101,645 persons ; pneumonia was the cause of death of 76,291 
persons ; diarrha3al diseases, of 74,576 ; diphtheria and croup, of 
41,536. These were the four chief causes of death. 

Mottoes of States and Territories. 

Nicknames of Stales. Nicknames of People of States. 
Nicknames of Cities. 

It has been customary with the founders of a State or Terri- 
tory to choose a motto either in English, or Latin, or French, or 
Italian, or Spanish, expressive of its destiny, the character of its 
people, or the principles of its political faith. These mottoes are 
stamped upon the great seals of the several States and Territories. 
Much ingenuity in their invention has been exercised. The 
States and Territories which have omitted to choose a motto are 
Alaska, Indiana, Indian Territory, Mississippi, New Hampshire, 
New Jersey, North Carolina, Texas, and Utah. The mottoes of 
the others, with their translations, are as follows : — 



Alabama 

Arizona 


Here we rest 

Siiat Deus 




Arkansas 

California 


Mercy, justice. Regnatpopuli 
Eureka 


The people rule. 

I have found it. 

Nothing without God. 

He who transplanted, sustains. 


Connecticut 

Delaware 

District of Columbia 


Qui transtulit sustinet 

Liberty and Independence. 


Florida 

Georgia 


In God is our trust. 
Wisdom, justice, moderation. 
Salve 


Hail. 


Illinois 


National Union, State Sover- 
eignty. 

Our liberties we prize and our 
riglits we will maintain. 






To the stars through all diffi- 


Kentucky 

Louisiana 


United we stand, divided we 

fall. 
Union, justice, and confidence. 


culties. 


Maryland 

Massachusetts 


Fatti maschii, parole femine . . 

[Also " Crescite et multipli- 

camini." 

Ense petit placidam sub liber- 


Deeds are manly, words wo- 
manly. 

Increase and multiply. 

With the sword she seeks 

quiet peace under liberty. 
If thou seekest a beautiful 

peninsula, behold it. 
The Star of the North. 


Michigan 

Minnesota 


Si qua;ris peninsulam aiua;- 

nam circumspice 

L'etoile du nord 




Salus populi supremalex esto. 
United we stand, divided we 

fall. 
Oro y plata 


The welfare of the people is 


Montana 


the supreme law. 
Gold and silver. 



MOTTOES OF STATES AND TERRITORIES. 



207 



Nebraska 

Nevada 

New Mexico.. . . 

New York 

North Carolina. 
North Dakota.. 

Ohio 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania.. 

Rhode Island . 
South Carolina 

South Dakota.. 

Tennessee 

Vermont 

Virginia 

"Washington . . . 
West Virginia. 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 



Equality before the law. 

All for our country. 

Crescit eundo 

Excelsior 

None. 

Liberty and union one and in- 
separable now and forever. 

Iniperium in imperio 

Alis volat propriis 

Virtue, liberty, and indepen- 
tience. 

Hope. 

Aniniis opibnsque parati 

Dum spiro spero. Spes 

Under (Jod the people rule. 
Agriculture, Commerce. 
Freedom and unity. 

Sic semper tyrannis 

Perseverando 

Al-Ki 

Obverse: Montani semper 

liberi 

lieverse: Libertas et fidelitas.. 

Forward. 

Cedant arma togse 



It increases by going. 
Higher, more elevated. 



An empire within an empire. 
She flies with her own wings. 



Prepared in mind and resour- 
ces ; ready to give life and 
proi)erty. 

While I breathe, I hope. Hope. 



Ever so to tyrants. 
Perseverance. 
Bye and bye. 

Mountaineers are always free- 
men. 
Liberty and fidelity. 

Let arms yield to the gown. 



Nicknames of the States. — Most suggestive is the con- 
trast between the inspiring and dignified character of State 
mottoes, and the playful and sometimes derisive nicknames of the 
States and their inhabitants. These nicknames multiply year by 
year, the old ones giving place in popular usage to the later ones. 
The following is a li.st correcte<I up to date: Alabama, Cotton 
State; Arizona, Sunset Land, Apache State; Arkansas, Bear 
State (owing to its many bears in early times) ; California, 
Land of Gold, Golden State, El Dorado, Eureka State ; Col- 
orado, Centennial State (because admitted in 1876), Silver 
State, Buffalo Plains State (now extinct) ; Connecticut, Land 
of Steady Habits, Freestone State, Nutmeg State (because pack 
pedlers from Connecticut used to sell wooden nutmegs as genuine 
articles) ; Delaware, Blue Hen State (because Captain Cald- 
well insisted that no good game cock came from other than a blue 
hen), Uncle Sam's Pocket Handkerchief; Florida, Everglade 
State, Flowery State, Peninsular State; Georgia, Empire State 
of the South ; Idaho, Gem of the Mountains ; Illinois, Prairie 
State, Sucker State (originating from an old miner's comparison 
oi the miners, who deserted the Galena mines, with suckers) ; 
Indiana, Hoosier State (a corruption of " husher," meaning an 
Indian tighter who could '■'■ hush owe. to sleep"); Iowa, Hawk- 
eye State (Hawk-eye was the ]iopular name of an Indian Chief 
whose tribal name was Black Hawk) ; Kansas, Garden of the 
West (on account of its productiveness). Sunflower State (on 
account of its abundant sunflowers) ; Kentucky, Blue-Grass 
State, Corn -Cracker State (because the poor whites use cracked 



208 MOTTOES Of STATES "AND TERRITORIES. 

corn as an article of food), Dark and Bloody Ground, and 
River of Blood (on account of its battles with the savages) ; 
Louisiana, Pelican State, Creole State; Maine, Pine-Tree 
State, Old Dirigo (on account of its motto). Timber State, 
Lumber State; Maryland, Monumental State (on account of 
its numerous monuments), Old Line State (an allusion to Mason 
and Dixon's line). Cockade State; Massachusetts, Old 
Colony, Bay State, Old Bay State; Michigan, Wolverine 
State '(on account of its wolves), Lake State (it is bounded by 
four of the Great Lakes) ; Minnesota, North Star State 
(from its motto), Gopher State (because it is " honey combed " 
with animals inhabiting its soil. Gopher is a corruption of French 
Gcmfre^ honey-combed). Lake State (it has thousands of interior 
lakes), Peninsula State; Mississippi, Eagle State, Border 
Eagle State, Bayou State ; Missouri, Puke State (owing to 
the vast exodus to the Galena lead mines in 1827), Iron-Moun- 
tain State, Bullion State, Pennsylvania of the West; Mon- 
tana, Bonanza State (on account of its mining wealth), Stubtoe 
State; Nebraska, Antelope State, Black-water State (from 
the color of the water of its streams) ; Nevada, Silver State, 
Sage-Brush State, Battle-born State (because admitted during the 
Civil War) ; New Hampshire, Granite State, Switzerland 
of America; New Jersey, Garden State (owing to its truck- 
gardens). Blue State, New Spain (because Joseph, King of 
Spain and brother of Napoleon Bonaparte, settled in it after 
Napoleon's downfall, having secured a special act from the legis- 
lature allowing him to hold property in the State) ; New 
Mexico, Sunshine State ; New York, Empire State, Excel- 
sior State ; North Carolina, old North State, Turpentine 
State (turpentine is a chief production) ; North Dakota, 
Sioux State, Land of the Dakotas, Flickertail ; Ohio, Buck- 
Eye State (from the buck-eye trees) ; Oklahoma, Boomer's 
Paradise; Oregon, Web Foot (because of the humid cli- 
mate which is specially adapted to animals having webfeet), 
Beaver State, Sunset State, Pacific State; Pennsylvania, 
Keystone State (because its representative was the thirteenth 
voter in favor of signing the Declaration of Independence 
and thei-eby placed the key-stone in the arch of liberty). 
Iron and Oil State; Rhode Island, Little Rhody, Plantation 
State; South Carolina, Palmetto State (a palmetto tree is on 
the State Arms); South Dakota, Swiagecat; Tennessee, 
Volunteer State (because it sent many volunteers to the War 
of 1812), Plog and Hominy State, Lions' Den State, Mother of 
Southwestern Statesmen (having given three Presidents) ; 
Texas, Lone Star State (the flag had one star before the State 



MOTTOES OF STATES AND TERRITORIES. 



209 



was admitted) ; Utah, Mormon State, Inter-Mountain Territory, 
Desert (so called by the ]\Iormons) ; Vermont, Green Moun- 
tain State; Virginia, Mother of Presidents, Old Dominion, 
Mother of States (because 
of its once extensive domain 
out of which several States 
were made); Washing- 
ton, Evergreen State, Chi- 
nook; West Virginia, 
Panhandle State, Switzer- 
land of America, Mountain 
State; Wisconsin, Badger 
State (from a badger on its 
coat of arms), Copper State ; 
Wyoming, Equality State 
(because women have equal 
suffrage with men). 

Nicknames of the 
People of States. —The 
tiicknanies of the people of 
States are the inventions, as 
i\ rule, of the inhabitants of 
c 3ntiguous States, and for 
this reason are not alwaj's 
complimentary. They are 
even more gi-aphic than the 
nicknames of the States. 
They are as follows : Ala- 
bama, Lizards (the streams 
of Alabama are full of them) ; 
Arkansas (an allusion to 
the bowie-knife which in 
])ioneer days all self-respect- 
ing citizens carried on their 
])ersons) ; California, Gold 
Hunters; Colorado, ] {overs 
(because the early settlers 
used to move from place to 
place prospecting), Pike's 
Peakers (after Colorado's 
celebrated mountain peak) ; 
Connecticut, Nutmeggers; 
Delaware, Blue Hen's 
Chickens (derived from the nickname of Colonel Caldwell's regi- 
ment of troops in the Revolution. See Nicknames of States) ; 




BARTHOLDI'S STATUE OF LIBERTY, NEW 

YORK HARBOR. (SEE MONUMENTS 

AND STATUES.) 



210 Mo'r'I'OKK Ol'' STATIOf^ AND TKKIM Toltl KK. 

Dakoln, S(|ii:iM,('rs (on uccoiiiil, of tlut r:ir\y irnmigraiils, wlio 
" s<|niil,t.c<l " on tlic; luiid \\:iit,iii<j; I'orllm " ))ooiii " ) ; Florida, 
l*'ly-ii|>-tlic-('rc<'kH (;i,ii :illusioii lo Ihc ii;il,iv(! river-birds); 
Gooi'f^ia, I>ii/,z:u<Is ( i]\vvi\ is u StiiU; law iiiakiii^ it a miIk- 
(Icrncaiior l,o dcslroy tlic l)ii//,anl, whicdi is r('ij!;ard<'(l as ol" 
value in tlio jmrilication of IIk; alrnospliore) ; Idaho, I^'oi'tuTU! 
Hunters (IxK^ause it was settled by people who rei^arded it aw an 
Kl Dorado) ; Illinois, Suckers (a})plied in eonse(jueiico of an 
allusion to the ])eo|»l(^ of a certain section who were like suckers 
in tliat they jjjo " u|> river in sprinjjf, spawn, and (U)nie down 
ati;ain in the fall"); Indiana, iloosiers; Iowa, navvk-('ye8 ; 
Kansas, Jayhawkers (tli(^ Jayhawkcirs wen; a sort of free-boot- 
(!rs. The name was fust used by a local irishnian, who said tlu* 
jayhawker is a native bird in tim Mnierald \h\v, which preys uj)on 
other birds); Kcnluck y, (!orn (trackers (see Nicknames of 
Stales); Louisiana, Creoles; Maine, l^'oxes (the woods of 
Maine abound with foxes, and llu; trappin<^ of them is carried on 
by the woodsmen); Mary land , ('lain IIunt(M-s (allusion to a 
thrivinc; native industry) ; Massachusetts, liean l<]at(M-s (no 
well-reL!;idat(Ml family in the State fails to eat baked l)eans on 
Satunhiy tii<;ht or Sunday morninjjj) ; Michif^an, Wolverines 
(from lh(^ abundaiHH^ of wolves in hvv forests); Minnesota, 
(Jophers (se(^ Nicknames of States); Mississippi, Tadpoles 
(the States was once ))art of the French domain of LouiKiana, 
whose inhabil,ant.s were known as ('ntpaiK/ti (froj>;s). The 
transition from froi!;s to tadpoles was an easy one) ; Missouri, 
I'ukes (se(^ Nicknanu'S of States) ; Nebraska, liug-l<^aters (so 
c.alle<l from the ninht-prowlin<j; l)at ) ; Nevada, Sapje liens (so 
called from a native bird which feeds on the satjje-bushes) ; New 
Hampshire, (Jranite r>oys ; New Jersey, Clam Catchers (a 
consitlerable p.ut. of the co:ist, po|iul;ition deiives a livini^ catch- 
in<^ «'lams), and .Jersey Jilues (from the famous blue laws of the 
State ; New Mexico, Sp.inish Indians (from the native In- 
dians who spoke Spanish, which they a.c(piired from the Spanish 
missionaries who invaded the I'cujion in tlie sixteenth century, and 
establisluul their churches in the midst of the savages, thousands 
of whom were converted to Christianity); New York, Knicker- 
bockers (the word was the invention of Washington Irving, his 
/loiii </(! fdiaiie, in a st'ries of ])apers regarding life in New York, 
being Diedrich Knickerbocker); North Carolina, "^I'ar Heelers 
(a j)lMyful allusion ti) tlie tar industry of the State ; the clothing 
of those engaged in it w;is habitually smeared with the tar, and 
when they went into battle, it was said that they would stick) ; 
Ohio, liuck-Kyes (see Nicknanu'S of States); Oregon, Hard 
Cases (because of the rowdy element among its lirst settlers), 



MOTTOK8 OK HTA'PKS AND TKIMMTOIilKS. 



211 



also W('l)-F«'ot (SCO Ni(;kniiiri('S of Sl,;i<,(!s) 
l*onnaiiif,(!H (tlirit is, followci-s n 

also Jjcatlicr Heads 
diiKtry whicli em- 
Carolina, Sand- 
popiilation livitit( in 
the fart that many 
l)ack woods, whcr*; 
Iviittcrriiits 
tlu! Civil 



fl'i-Diri 
War) ; 



Po ri n s y i V jj n i ;j , 
Williain P(!iiii), 
(on account of the leather iri- 
j)loy,s many persons); South 
Jlillers (l>ecause of the lar^e 
the hills), also VVeascds (fi-orn 
of the inliabitants liv(! in i\\i\ 
weaselH al»oiui<l) ; Tennessee, 
^^ the ciofhini.^ worn hy its troops in 
Texas, J>(;(;f-Heads (an allusion 





OLI> HTA'IK IIOIJHK, HOHTON. 



to the caltle industry of the State); Utah, Tolyf^amistH ; Ver- 
mont, (ireen Mountain Boys; Virginia, Beadles (the early 



212 MULLIGAN LETTERS. 

colonial courts had beadles); West Virginia, Pan-handlers 
(owing to the peculiar shape of the State) ; Wisconsin, Badgers 
(see Nicknames of States). 

Nicknames of Cities. — The nicknames of cities in the 
United States are no less original than are those of the people of 
States. They are so characteristic that no explanation is needed. 
Albany, Edinburgh of America; Allegheny, Twin City; At- 
lanta, Gate City of the South; Baltimore, Monumental City; 
Bangor, Lumber City; Boston, The Hub, Modern Athens, 
City of Notions; Brooklyn, City of Homes, Churches ; Buffalo, 
Queen City of the Lakes; Burlington, Iowa, Orchard City; 
Charleston, City of the Earthquake, Palmetto City ; Chicago, 
Garden City, Prairie City, Windy City; Cincinnati, Queen of 
the West, and Porkopolis ; Cleveland, Forest City ; Denver, 
City of the Plains; Detroit, City of the Straits; Hartford, In- 
surance City; Harrisburg, Pivotal City; Indianapolis, Rail- 
road City; Keokuk, Gate City; Lafayette, Star City; 
Leavenworth, Cottonwood City; Louisville, Falls City; 
Lowell, City of Spindles ; Milwaukee, Cream City, City of 
Beer and Bricks; Minneapolis, City of Flour and Sawdust; 
Nashville, Rock City; New Haven, Ehn City; New Or- 
leans, Crescent City; New^ York, P2mpire City, Gotham, and 
Metropolis of America; Philadelphia, City of Brotherly Love, 
City of Penn, Quaker City, and Centennial City; Pittsburgh, Iron 
City and Smoky City; Portland, Me., Forest City and Hill 
City; Providence, Roger Williams' City ; Raleigh, Oak City; 
Richmond, Cockade City, and IModern Rome ; Rochester, 
Aqueduct City and Flour City; Sacramento, Miner's Pocket- 
book; Salt Lake City, Mormon City; San Francisco, 
Golden Gate, and Frisco; St. Louis, Mound City ; St. Paul, 
Gem City and North Star City ; Savannah, Forest City of the 
South; Yicksburg, Key City; Washington, City of Mag- 
nificent Distances and Federal City ; Waterbury, Brass City, 

Mugwump. — This oft-quoted word is of Indian origin, and 
was used in Connecticut to designate a great man, a chief, or 
duke. It is found in Eliot's Indian Bible, as Mukquomp, and 
in the gospel of Matthew, and also in Genesis. It Avas fii"st used 
in recent years by the Indianapolis Sentinel, in 1872. In the 
presidential campaign of 1884, the New York Sicn applied the 
word to those Republicans who refused to vote for .lames G, 
Blaine. 

Mulligan Letters, The. — The correspondence between 
Warren Fisher, of Boston, and James G. Blaine, which played so 
prominent a part in the Cleveland-Blaine campaign in 1884, was 



NATIONAL BANKS. 213 

known as the Mulligan letters because they were first described by 
James Mulligan before an Investigating Committee of Congress 
in 1876. Mulligan was Fisher's private secretary. In his testi- 
mony before the committee he charged Mr. Blahie with having 
stolen the letters from him under a promise to retui-n them after 
having been allowed to read them, in order, as he said, to refresh 
his memory regarding them, "Burn this letter," "I do not feel 
that I shall prove a deadhead in this enterprise," and " An anchor 
to windward " all occur in this correspondence. (See Sayings of 
Famous Americans.) 

Mlirclieson Letter. (See Sackville Incident.) 

My Country, 'Tis of Thee. (See Songs of the Nation.) 

Napoleon of Protection. (See Nicknames of Famous 
Americans.) 

Natick Cobbler. (See Nicknames of Famous Americans.) 
Nationalists. (See Political Parties.) 
National Bank Act. (See National Banks.) 
National Banks. 

National Bank Act. Savings Banks. 

Organization. Deposits. 

The national banks originated out of the financial embarrass- 
ment which confronted the government in its effort to carry on 
the Civil War, In order to raise the revenue necessary for the 
maintenance of the Army and Nav}^, the establishment of national 
banks was suggested. These banks were to be organized to issue 
banknotes, secured by United States bonds deposited with the 
Secretary of the Treasury. The proposition was outlined by the 
Secretary of the Treasury, Salmon P. Chase, in a report to Con- 
gress in 1861, He argued that by this system the government 
could easily obtain loans, that there would be established a uni- 
form currencj-, and that there would be a community of interests 
between the government and the financial institutions of the 
country. It was not until February, 1863, that the National 
Bank Act, having been passed by Congress, was signed by the 
President. This act provided for the organization of national 
banks, by at least five persons for each bank. All the caj)ital 
stock was to be paid up in full. The circulation should not ex- 
ceed ninety per cent, of the market value of the government 
bonds deposited in the Treasury, and should not exceed ninety 
per cent, of the par value. The circulation of the banks was to 
be guaranteed by the Secretary of the Treasury, and first liens 
on the assets of the banks were vested in the government, to 



214 



NATIONAL BANKS. 



cover any possible deficit which the bonds deposited might not 
make good. By the terms of the act, the circulation was limited 
to $300,000,000, but in 1875 all restrictions on circulation were 
abolished. Banks could not organize with a Capital Stock of less 
than 150,000 in towns having less than .six thousand inhabitants. 
In towns of more inhabitants, the minimum of capital Avas placed 
at $100,000, and in cities of fifty thousand inhabitants the mini- 
mum was put at $200,000 capital. 

State banks were allowed to be converted into national banks, 
but only a few banks were so converted 
until 1865, when the act was passed 
which placed tlie tax of ten per cent, on 
notes of State banks or of individuals 
which were vised as circulation or paid 
out by them. In July, 1864, there weie 
467 national banks ; a year later there 
Avere 1,294. The national banks aie 
under control of National Bank Ex- 
aminers who are supposed to exercise 
over them a strict supervision and to 
make thorough examination of the banks 
at intervals. The national banks are 
taxed one per cent, on their circulation, 
and one half of one per cent, on their 
deposits, besides having to pay a State 
tax. They are restricted from making 
loans on real estate, or on their own 
notes, or on their own stock, or on legal 
tender notes, or to any one person or 
concern to the extent of more than one 
tenth of their capital stock. In 1891, 
there were 3,577 national banks, with a 
total capital of $660,108,261, a surjilus 
of $222,766,668, dividends paid in tliat 
year of $50,795,011, and total net earnhigs of $75,768,614. The 
number of banks had steadily increased year by year; in 1875 
the number was 2,047. On November 1, 1891, the banks held 
$346,681,016 in legal tender notes, $15,282,625 of fractional 
currency, and $172,184,558 of notes of other national banks, in- 
cluding gold notes. 

Saving Banks. — The first savings bank in this country was 
the Philadelphia Savings Fund Society, which opened for the 
reception of deposits in 1816. By the last report issued by the 
Comptroller of the United States Treasury, 1889-90, it appeared 
that there were 921 savings banks, holding deposits to the 




NATIONAL PARK BANK, NETV 
YORK. 



NATIONAL COMMITTEE. 



215 



amount of $1,524,844,506, deposited by 4,258,623 persons. The 
average deposit was 1358.04. The State having the largest 
deposits was New York, which is the most populous State, and 
which had 1550,066,657, and 1,420,097 depositors. Massachu- 
setts, which is sixth in population, was second in the amount of 
its deposits, having $332,723,688 and 1,029,694 depositors. Con- 
necticut, the twenty-ninth State in population, was third in the 
amount of its deposits, having $1 L0,370,962 and 294,896 deposi- 
tors. The largest average to each depositor was in California, 
where the average was $787.74. California was fourth in the 
amount of its deposits, having $98,442,007. Both in the number 
of their depositors and in the amount of deposits, the savings 
banks of the United States lead those of any other country, 
proving that the Americans are the thriftiest people in the world. 
Great Britain has deposits of $536,000,000 and 3,715,000 deposi- 
tors; France, $559,000,000 deposits and 4,150,000 depositors; 
Austria, $613,000,000 deposits and 1,850,000 depositors, etc. 

National Cemeteries. (See Army United States.) 

National Committee, The. — The National Committee of 
a great political party takes charge of the candidate as soon as 
he has been nominated, and 
from that time until the returns T 
from all the States are received, ' 
his movements are subject to 
its control. It is generally the 
case that the candidate's nomi- 
nation has been anticipated, so 
that the committee is able to 
map out beforehand the plan 
of the campaign, determining 
both what the policy of the 
campaign will be, but also in 
what States the aggressive 
work must be done. One of 
the iirst duties of the commit- 
tee is the publication of a campaign life of the candidate, which 
must have an individuality which will appeal to the imagination 
of the voter. The voter likes nothing so well as to read the 
intimate personal history of the candidate from childhood up. 
To this end the candidate himself, and his relatives and friends, 
give to the biographer all information which will picture the 
candidate in every phase of his private and public career (not 
excepting the members of his family), in a favorable light before 
the public mind. 




PACIFIC BANK, SAN FRANCISCO. 



216 NATIONAL COMMITXEE. 

This Personal Element of presidential campaigns is one of 
the results of democracy, and while in some respects it may not 
be pleasing to the nominee, it is nevertheless productive of a bond 
of human sympathy between tlie ruler and the ruled, which in a 
Republic is inseparable from its perpetuity. The mapping out of 
a campaign by the committee requires qualities of leadershi]>, 
which while differing from those of a general of an army, are 
not less rare. 

Upon the Chairman of the Committee devolves the heavy 
work of the campaign. Asa rule he gives to it his entire time 
during the six months of the canvass. He has at his beck and 
call a number of lieutenants read}'' at a moment's notice for 
special service. He keeps posted upon the strength and weak- 
ness of his own and the rival i>arty, not only in the doubtful 
States themselves but in each of their cities and important towns ; 
he knows tlieir leading industries, how tliey are affected by tlie 
tariff or other legislation, and the attitude of their business men 
toward this or that bill in Congress ; he is familiar, also, "wdth the 
strife of factions in States and cities, and knows the leaders 
thereof, and one of his chief aims is to unite them in the com- 
mon cause before election day ; he consults often with the 
editors of the party organs, and frequently furnishes them with 
political news and editorial inspiration ; he originates schemes 
for attacking the enemy, and having at his command a large 
staff of writers and clerks, he can print and distribute, at a day's 
notice, thousands of copies of a campaign document; the Publi- 
cation office of the National Committee issues in the course of a 
campaign, political matter aggregating several million copies, 
covering a variety of subjects for distribution in all the States. 
Such work as this is all done, as it were, behind the scene ; the 
public sees only the result. Besides, the chairman makes dates 
for the candidate to speak, and works up through lieutenants in 
various parts of the country, public interest in his coming ; he 
raises funds for the expenses of tlie campaign, which are neces- 
sarily licavy ; he selects campaign speakers, instructing them re- 
garding the issues they shall lay most stress upon, and those upon 
Avhicli they must touch lightly upon ; he must, moreover, seize 
any political straw there may chance to be in the air affecting 
the enemy's intentions and turn it to their disadvantage. The 
chairman is elected by the members of the Committee from the 
States, there being one member from each State, who is elected 
usually l)y the delegate to the National Convention. 

The Members from the States are selected from the 
standpoint of their ])olitical power, their acquaintance with the 
politics of their States, and their j)olitical sagacity. Generally 



NATIONAL COMMITTEE, 217 

speaking, each member of the Committee from a State is respon- 
sible for his State on election day. 

The Expenses of conducting a presidential campaign aggre- 
gate at least a million dollars. This money is spent both for 
legitimate and illegitimate ])urposes. The equipment of political 
clubs in their parades, the hiring of public halls, brass bands, and 
of special cars for the candidate, printing, clerk-hire, grand 
stands, telegrams, campaign banners and flags, fireworks, deco- 
rations, " missionary" work by emissaries sent out on one errand 
or another — ■ these are the chief items of a legitimate expense 
which aggregates a large sum. There is also popularly supposed to 
be a large fund reserved for use on election day, in the purchase 
of votes The actual extent of this practice is probably exag- 
gerated, although it cannot be questioned that it exists in all the 
doubtful States. " Soap," applied in large quantities in a doubt- 
ful State, has always been regarded as an important factor in 
carrying the election. (See " Political Slang.") The money of 
the National Committee is raised either by voluntary or solicited 
subscription. Leaders of a party who are wealthy are expectcid, 
as a matter of course, to subscribe large sums, and also manu- 
facturers and others whose industries are benefited by legisla- 
tion originating with the party's leaders. It not infrequently 
happens that this money is solicited on the eve of the election, 
" for getting out the vote," but when this is the case, the sus- 
picion of intended corruption is always aroused. One of the 
advantages claimed for the Australian Ballot was that it pre- 
vented corruption and intimidation at the polls. Under the old 
system of voting, the venal voter received his vote from, and 
deposited it in ])lain sight of the vote purchaser, whereas under 
the new system, he receives his ballot only from an official source, 
and marks it unobserved. In the one case, the corruptionist sees 
the " goods," so to speak, which he is paying for ; in the other, he 
has no means of knowing whether " the goods are delivered." 

The members of the Republican National Committee, 
headquartei'S at New York City, are : Chairman, .Tames S. Clarkson; 
Treasurer, William C Barbour; Secretary, J. S. Fassett; Mem- 
bers: — Alabama, William Youngblood ; Arizona, George Christ; 
Arkansas, Powell Clayton ; California, M. II. DeYoung; Colorado, 
W. A. Ilamill ; Connecticut, S. Fessenden ; Delaware, D. J. 
Layton ; District Columbia, P. H. Carson ; Florida, John K. 
Russell ; Georgia, F. F. Putney ; Idaho, George L. Shoup ; Illinois, 
W. J. Campbell ; Indiana, John C. New ; Iowa, J, S. Clarkson; 
Kansas, Cyrus Leland, Jr. ; Kentucky, William O. Bradley ; 
Louisiana, P B. S. Pinchljack ; Maine, J. ^l. Ilaynes ; Maryland, 
James A. Gary; Massachusetts, Henry S. Hyde ; Michigan, John 



218 NATIONAL COMMITTBB. 

P. Sanborn ; Minnesota, Robert G. Evans ; Mississippi, James 
Hill ; Missouri, Chauncey I. Filley ; Montana, Charles S. Warren ; 
Nebraska, W. M. Robinson ; Nevada, E. Williams ; New Hamp- 
shire, Person C. Cheney ; New Jersey, G. A. Hobart ; New 
Mexico, W. L. Ryerson ; New York, J. S. Fassett ; North Caro- 
lina, W. P. Canady ; North Dakota, H. C. Hansbrough ; Ohio, 
A. L. Conger; Oklahoma, D. T. Flynn ; Oregon, Jonathan Bourne, 
Jr. ; Pennsylvania, M. S. Quay ; Rhode Island, Thomas W. 
Chace; South Carolina, E. M. Bray ton ; South Dakota, A. C. 
Mellette; Tennessee, W. W. Murray; Texas, N. W. Cuney ; 
Utah, J. R. McBride ; Vermont, G. W. Hooker ; Virginia, James 
D. Brady; Washington, T. H. Cavanaugh ; West Virginia, N. B. 
Scott; Wisconsin, Henry C. Paine; Wyoming, J. M. Carey. 

The Democratic National Committee with headquarters 
also at New York City are : Chairman, Calvin S. Brice ; Treas- 
urer, Charles J. Cauda; Secretary, S. P. Sheerin. Members : Ala- 
bama, H. D. Clayton, Jr. ; Arizona, J. C. Herndon ; Arkansas, S. P. 
Hughes; California, M. F. Tarpey; Colorado, Chas. S. Thomas; 
Connecticut, Carlos French; Delaware, John H.Rodney; District 
of Columbia, William Dickson ; Florida, Samuel Pasco ; Georgia, 
John H. Estill; Idaho, John W. Jones; Illinois, E. M. Phelps; 
Indiana, S. P. Sheerin; Iowa, J. J. Richardson; Kansas, C. W. 
Blair ; Kentucky, Henry Watterson ; Louisiana, James Jeffries ; 
Maine, Arthur Sewall ; Maryland, A. P. Gornian ; Massachusetts, 
Chas. D. Lewis; Michigan, O. M. Barnes; Minnesota, Michael 
Doran ; Mississippi, C. A. Johnston ; Missouri, John G. Piather ; 
Montana, A. II. Mitchell; Nebraska, James E.Boyd; Nevada, 
R. P. Keating; New Hampshire, A. W. Sulloway; New Jersey, 
Miles Ross: New Mexico, Neill B. Field; New York, W. F. 
Sheehan ; North Carolina, M. W. Ransom ; North Dakota, W. 
R. Purcell ; Ohio, Calvin S. Brice ; Oregon, A. Noltner ; Penn- 
sylvania, Wm.-^. Harrity ; Rhode Island, Samuel R. Honey ; 
South Carolina, John C. Haskell; South Dakota, Wm. R. Steele; 
Tennessee, R. F. Looney; Texas, O, T. Holt; Utah, Wm. F. 
Ferry; Vermont, Hiram Atkins; Virginia, John S. Barbour; 
Washington, J. A. Kuhn ; West Virginia, Johnson M. Camden ; 
Wisconsin, John L. Mitchell; Wyoming, W. L. Kuykendall, 

National Prohibition Executive Committee — Chair- 
man, Samuel Dickie, Albion, Mich.; Secretary, John Lloyd 
Thomas, 32 East 14th St., New York City; Vice-chairman, A." A. 
Stevens, Tyrone, Penn.; Treasurer, S. D. Hastings, Madison, 
Wis. ; J. B. Hobbs, Chicago ; Samuel W. Small, Atlanta ; A. J. 
Wolfenbarger, Lincoln, Neb.; W. D. Wardwell, 75 New St., 
New York. 

National Convention. (See How the President is Elected.) 



NAVY OF THK UNITED STATES. 219 

National Democrat. (See Political Parties.) 
National Prohibitionists. (See Political Parties.) 
National Republican. (See Political Parties.) 
Native American. (See Political Parties.) 
Naturalization. — The renunciation by a foreigner of a 
former nationality and his entrance into a similar relation towards 
the United States as a body politic. The candidate must declare 
on oath his intention to become a citizen, two years at least after 
which and after five years of residence he may get his papers as 
a citizen in full of the United States. The laws of the States admit 
a man to citizenship in the State in from six months to one year; 
the laws of cities admit a man to citizenship in from ten to 
thirty days. 

NaVJll Academy at Annapolis. (See Navy, United States./ 
Naval Militia. (See Navy, United States.) 
Navigation on the Great Lakes. (See Ship-Building.) 
Navigation, Steam, Stream. (See Ship-Building.) 
Navy Department. (See Federal Government.) 
Navy, Great Britain's. (See Navy, United States.) 
Navy, New. (See Navy, United States.) 
Navy Pay Table. (See Navy, United States.) 
Navy, The United States. 

Rear-Admirals. New Navy. 

Commodores. Old Navy. 

^ Salaries. Naval Academy. 

Navy Yards. Naval Militia. 

Great Britain's Navy. 

There is at the present time no officer possessing the title of 
admiral, which is the highest possible rank, nor is the title of 
vice-admiral held by an officer. There are at present six Rear- 
Admirals, and two commodores acting as rear-admirals. 
They are Lewis A. Kimberly, President of Board of Inspection and 
Survey, West Newton, Mass. ; Bancroft Gherardi, Commanding 
North Atlantic Station, Flag Ship Philadelphia; George E. Belk- 
nap, Commanding Asiatic Station, Flag Ship Marion; David B. 
Harmony, Commanding Asiatic Station, P^'lag Ship Lancaster ; 
A. E. B. Benham, waiting orders, Brooklyn, N. Y. ; John Irwin, 
Commandant Navy Yard, Mare Island, Cal. ; and Acting Rear- 
Admirals John G. Walker, Commanding South Atlantic Station, 
Flag Ship Chicago, and George Brown, Commanding Pacific 
Station, P^lag Ship San Francisco. There are thirty-tln-ee rear- 



220 



NAVY OP THE UNITED STATES. 



admirals on the retired list. The salary of a rear-admiral is $6,000 
at sea, $5,000 on shore dut}^ and |>4,000 on leave or waiting orders. 
The Commodores are James A. Greer, Chairman of Light- 
Ilouse Board, Washington, D. C. ; Aaron W. WeaA^er, Comman- 
dant at Navy Yard, Norfolk, Va. ; Wm. P. McCann, President 
of Examining and Retii'ing Boards, Washington, D. C. ; James H. 
Gillis, waiting orders, Nutlcj^, 'N. J. ; Francis M. Ramsay, Chief 
of Bureau of Navigation, Washington, D. C. ; Joseph S. Skerrett, 
Commandant at Navy Yard, Washington, D. C. ; Joseph Fyffe, 




Navy. No. 1. 





SHOULDER STRAVS OF OFFICERS OF UNITED 
STATES NAVY. 



No. C. 



1. Admiral. 

2. Vice-Admiral. 

3. Rear-Admiral. 

4. Commodore. 

5. Captain. 

6. Commander ( silver 

leaf). 

7. Lieutenant - Comman- 

der (gold leaf). 

8. Lieutenant. 



Commandant at Naval Station, New London, Conn.; Oscar F. 
Stanton, Governor of Naval Home, Philadelphia. The salary of a 
commodore is 15,000 at sea, 14,000 on shore duty, and $3,000 
on leave or waiting orders. There are nine commodores on the 
retired list. 

The Salaries of officers other than admirals and commodores 
are as follows : — 



At Sea. 



On Shore 
Duty. 



On Leave, or 
Waiting 
Orders. 



Captain 

Commander 

Lieutenant-Commander, first lour years. .. 

Thereafter 

Lieutenant, first four years 

Thereafter 

Lieutenant, Junior Grade, first four years 

Thereafter 

Ensign, first four years 

Thereafter — 

Ensign, Junior Grade 



$4,500 
3,500 
2,800 
3,000 
2,400 
2,600 
1,800 
2,000 
1,200 
1,400 
1,000 



$3,.'50O 
3,000 
2,400 
2,600 
2,000 
2,200 
1,500 
1,700 
1,000 
1,200 
800 



$2,800 
2,300 
2,000 
2,200 
1,600 
1,800 
1,200 
1,400 

800 
1,000 

000 



NAVY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



221 



The navy proper has eight thousand men. The pay of seamen 
is $258 per annmn ; of ordinary seamen |210 per annum. The 
United States Marine Corps consists of a force of two thousand 
men. Colonel Charles Hay ward is commandant. 

The location of Navy Yards is as follows : — 

Brooklyn Navy Yard, Brooklyn, N. Y. ; Charlestown Navy 
Yard, Boston, Mass. ; Gosport Navy Yard, near Norfolk, Va. ; 
Kittery Navy Yard, opposite Portsmouth, N. II. ; League Island 
Navy Yard, seven miles helow Philadelphia, Pa. ; Mare Island 
Navy Yard, near San Francisco, Cal. ; New London Naval Sta- 
tion, New London, Conn. ; Pensacola Navy Yard, Pensacola, Fla. ; 
Washington City Navy Yard, AYashington, D. C. ; Norfolk Navy 
Yard, Norfolk, Va. There are naval stations at New London, 
Conn., Port Royal, S. C, and Key \Yest, Fla., and a torpedo 
station and naval war college at Newport, R. I. 

New Navy, The. — In the administration of President 
Cleveland the initial steps were taken in the construction of a 




Cfiaiip^nn ~" 



jitir Pflr^r 'Ti'rui doMiware Bosfon 
THE SQUAUROX OF EVOLUTION. 



Sin franu'-fo 



fleet of armored cruisers and battle-ships, upon the most 
approved models. The naval architects of the country, and the 
builders of steel and iron vessels have since then achieved won- 
ders in the designing and building of a practically new navy for 
the United States. Meanwhile the government engineers of 
ordnance have been diligently at work experimenting with new 
steel armor plates and with new large-sized guns as fast as tliov 
have been cast. Adopting the plan of foreign nations, tlie 
government has placed in operation a steel armor plant of its 
own, and has conducted numerous tests of both its own steel 
plates and of those produced in the foundries of the country. 

Since Secretary of the Navy Whitney awarded the contracts 
for the construction of the new navy, sixteen vessels, including 
nine cruisers, four gunboats, two torpedo boats, and one despatch 
boat have been placed in commission. These are the protected 
cruisers Chicago, 4,500 (the figures represent displacement), 



222 



NAVY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Boston, 3,189, AUanta, 3,189, Dolphin, 1,485, Newark, 
4,083, Charleston, 3,730, Baltimore, 4,600, San Francisco, 
4,083, and Philadelphia, 4,324; the gunboats Yorktown, 
1,700, Concord, 1,7U(), Bennington, 1,700, and Petrel, 
890 ; the torpedo-boats, Stiletto, 31, the Cushing, 116, the 
despatch-boat Dolphin, 1,485, and the dynamite cruiser 
Vesuvius, 3,795, The latter has three fifteen inch dyna- 
mite guns, and three rapid-fire guns, and has a tested speed 
of 21.5 knots. The torpedo-boat Stiletto has a speed of eighteen 
knots ; her companion torpedo-boat, the Cushing, a speed of 
22.5 knots. The cruisers have a speed of 15.6 to 20,7 knots, and 
from twelve to twenty-nine guns each, including rapid-fire 
breech-loaders, breech-loading rifles, Gatlings, and guns of 
small calibre. 

Besides these vessels there are in process of building the double- 
tuiTcted monitor Miantonomah, 3,815, the first armored battle- 
ship to fly the flag, with four ten-inch breech-loading rifles 
which are second to none in the world, and ten other rapid-fire 
guns ; four other double-turreted steel monitors, two of tliem 
mates of the Miantonomah, the Puritan, 6,060, Amphitrite, 
3,815, Monadnock, 3,815, and Terror, 3,815, with armaments 
equally formidable ; tlie battle-ship Texas, 6,300, with two 
twelve-inch guns, six six-inch breech-loading rapid-fire guns, and 

eight other rapid-fire guns; 
the armored cruiser Maine, 
6,648, with four ten-inch 
guns, six six-inch breech- 
loading rapid-fire guns, and 
eight other rapid-fire guns; 
the coast-line battle-ship 
Oregon, 10,298, with four 
thirteen-inch, eight eight- 
inch, four six-inch rapid-fire, 
breech-loading guns, and 
twenty-eight rapid-fire and 
machine guns ; her mates, the 
Indiana, 10,298, and the 
Massachusetts, 10,29 8, 
each to cost 14,000,000 ; the 
protected cruiser Cincinnati, 3,893, with ten four inch breech- 
loading rapid-fire guns, two rapid-fire six-pounders, two rapid-fire 
three-pounders, and four machine guns ; her mate, the Raleigh ; 
the Monterey, 4,000, for coast defence, with two twelve-inch, 
two ten-inch breech-loading rapid-fire guns, six six-pounders, 
four three-pounders, two rapid-fire, and two machine guns ; the 




C?fic/'/£)o /S7?J 



NAVY OP THE UNITED STATES. 223 

New York, 8,150, armored cruiser, with six eight-inch and 
twelve four-inch breech-loading rapid-fire guns, eight six-inch 
rapid-fire guns, four one-pounders, and four machine guns. 

Still other war vessels, protected cruisers Nos. 6, 9, 10, 11, 
and 13, the steel practice vessel, the harbor defence ram, and the 
gunboats Nos. 5 and 6, are under way. Upwards of Fifty Mil- 
lion Dollars will have been expended upon the new navy by the 
time the vessels already contracted for have been comj^leted. 

In addition to these vessels, there are also to be included in 
the list the iron vessels, Ajax, Comanche, Canonicus, Cats- 
kill, Jason, Lehigh, Mahopac, Manhattan, Montauk, 
Nahant, Nantucket, Passaic, Wyandotte, which are all 
vessels of the old navy, but fitted, so far as is possible without 
entire rebuilding, with modern armament. Their speed is not 
above six knots. Finally, the United States Navy has fiftj'-nine 
iron and wooden sailing and steam vessels, of which thirty are in 
commission. 

Great Britain's Navy. — A comparison of the navy of the 
United States with that of Great Britain is most suggestive. 
Great Britain unquestionably possesses the most powerful navy 
in the world ; in fact with the vessels now in process of construc- 
tion, she could probably defeat any two navies that could be 
matched against her. 

The Vessels of the British navy may be tabulated as follows : 

ARMORED. 

Battle-ships, first class 41 

Kattle-ships, second class 12 

Coast defence vessels 10 

Armored cruisers 12 

Torpedo ram 1 



Total 76 

UN ARMORED. 

f Protected 10 ) 

Ist-class cruisers < Partially protected OS 10 

( Unprotected ) 

(Protected 35) 

2d-class cruisers < Partially protected 4 [ 49 

{ Unprotected 10 ) 

(Protected 19) 

3d-class cruisers < Partially protected 20[ 51 

( Unprotected 12 ) 

Gunboats 53 

Torpedo cruisers 33 

Sloops of war 26 

Torpedo boats* 206 

Miscellaneous craft 5 



Total 433 



Grand Total 509 

The Naval Academy at Annapolis, Md., fits picked young 
men, by a six years' course of study, to be officers in the Line 



224 NEBRASKA. 

and Engineer Corps of the Navy, and in the Marine Corps. It 
was founded in 1845, by George Bancroft, then Secretary of 
the Navy, and transferred to Newport, R. I., during the Seces- 
sion War. Here stand the Midshipmen's Quarters, Officers' 
Quarters, Gunnery Building, Observatory, Hospital, Department 
of Steam Engineering, and G3^mnasium. The library contains 
18,000 volumes, and many trophies and flags, and portraits of 
Farragut, Porter, Perry, Decatur, Preble, and other naval chief- 
tains. The Academy grounds are adorned with fine old trees, 
monuments to heroes of the American fleets, and trophy cannon. 
There are fifty-seven instructors and 280 naval cadets, each Con- 
gressional district being entitled to send one youth, physically 
and mentally sound, who must bind himself to serve eight years 
(including the time at the Academy) in the United States Navy. 
Each naval cadet receives $500 a year. 

Naval Militia. — In Boston, in 1889, a movement was started 
for the organization of a naval militia, whose members should 
occupy the same relation to the United States Navy as that of 
the State militia to the United States Army. It was argued that 
in the event of a foreign war, there were few American sailors 
who understood the working of batteries on warships, or who 
would be in other respects available for service on board a 
man-of-war. The result of this movement was an organization 
of young men, of Boston and the suburban towns, into a naval 
militia under competent officers. They were encouraged by 
Secretary Tracy's approval of the plan, and finally at the Secre- 
tary's instigation, Congress, in 1891, appropriated $25,000 to 
purchase arms for the militia, to be expended under direction of 
the Secretary of the Navy. This fund is not distributed directly 
to the States, but is used, under supervision of the Bureau of 
Ordnance, to fill requisitions from governors for arms and equip- 
ment. California had mustered in 371 men. New York, 342, 
Massachusetts, 238, North Carolina, 101, Rhode Island, 54, and 
Texas, 43; total, 1,149. The men are drilled in summer on 
board men-of-war furnished by the government, and sham battles, 
generally on the islands in the several harbors, are fought. 
Thorough instruction in all the duties of a sailor is given. 

Nebraska. — The State was settled at Bellevue, in 1810, by 
Americans ; it was part of the Louisiana Purchase, and was ad- 
mitted to the Union in 1867. It is a region of unbroken prairies 
and rich valleys, watered by noble rivers, including the Missouri, 
which forms the eastern boundary for five hundred miles, the 
Platte, Elkhorn, Loup, Republican, Niobrara, and numerous 
other rivers. The " Bad Lands " of Dakota, famous for their 



II 



NEBKASKA. 



225 



The Farm Products 



monstrous weird-shaped rocks and desohite canons, extend into 
nortliern Nebraska. 

of Nebraska, which is essentially an 
agricultural State, exceed |> 10,000,- 
000 a year ; thei-e are G5,000 farms of 
an average value of $10 an acre. 
The annual product of cereals in 
1889 was 270,000,000 bushels. The 
beet-sugar industry, encouraged l»v 
the bounty of the go\ernment of two 
cents a pound, is attaining extensive 
proportions. 

The Livestock of the State are 
valued at 181,000,000 and number 
4,700,000 head. The stock-farms 
are among the best in the country. 
The manufactures of Nebraska, in 
1890, were over 120,000,000. The United States forts are Fort 
Omaha, Fort Sidney, Fort Niobrara, Fort Robinson, and the 
headquarters of the Department of the Platte is at Omalia. 
There are several reservations and agencies for Indian tril)es in 
the State, and schools for the education of Indian youths. 

The Population of Nebraska in 1880 was 452,402; m 1890, 
it was 1,056,193. The 




GREAT SEAL OF NEBKASKA. 










real property was valued 
at $96,000,000 ; the per- 
sonal property at |64,- 
000,000 ; the farm lands 
included 9, 9 4 4 , 8 2 6 
acres, valued at $105,- 
932,541 ; the farm pro- 
ducts were worth $7,- 
708,914 ; the school 
attendance was 159,692. 
There were, in 1890, 
5,295 miles of railroad, 
and in 1892, 610 news- 
papers. 

The largest city is Omaha, which is situated on a plateau 
above the Missouri River Mnth a population in 1890 of 140,000 
and having a trade of $75,000,000 a year. It has many fine pub- 
lic buildings, nearly 100 churches, 100 miles of railway, and 
beautiful avenues. It is the centre for pork and beef-packing. 
The second city is Lincoln, which is the capital, and the chief 
railroad centre, having a population in 1890 of 55,154. It has 







THE " BEE " BUILDING AT OMAHA. 




226 NEVADA. 

large stockyards and grain elevators. The third city is Beatrice, 
the centre of a quarrying industry, with a population in 1890 of 
13,836. The Governor of Nebraska is James M. Thayer (Re- 
publican). His term expires January 5, 1893. The State is 
Kepublican. 

Negro Population. (See Population and Area.) 
Nevada. — The first white men in Nevada were trappers, who 
visited the region in 1825. Several explorers penetrated the 

country in the succeeding year, and 
Fremont pitched his tents there in 
1843—5 and explored the country. 
The first settlement was at Genoa in 
1851 by Americans. 

The Discovery of Silver, in 
1858, led to a large immigration. 
By 1862, 50,000 men from all parts 
of the country, and of all conditions 
in life, came to the State in search of 
fortune. The State was admitted to 
the Union in 1861. It has the richest 
GREAT SEAL OF NEVADA. sllvcr mincs lu thc Union and there 
is mined a large amount of gold. 
The total output of silver and gold has been over $560,000,000. 
The mines were worked with great profit until 1875, when they 
became less productive ; the average product of the State is now 
about $10,000,000 a year. It has never been an extensive agri- 
cultural State, but the farming industry is being developed by the 
introduction of irrigation. The State has 500,000 sheep and 
400,000 cattle. There are hundreds of mineral springs of all 
kinds. 

In Nevada are many wild and deep Canons, the chief of 
which is El Dorado, which is twelve miles long and from 200 to 
600 feet deep, at the bottom of which the Colorado Kiver flows 
in a mighty stream half a mile wide. The Great Basin, which 
is supposed to have once been a sea with an area of several hun- 
dred thousand of miles, and which at some unknown period was 
drained off, leaving an immense plateau 4,500 feet above tide- 
water, is one of the wonderful phenomena of the State. The 
country abounds in Avild animals, and the lakes contain thousands 
of game fish. 

The population of Nevada in 1880 was 62,266 ; in 1890 it was 
45,761. It was admitted to the Union in 1861. The real 
property in 1888 was valued at $10,790,670 ; the personal prop- 
ertv at 120,003,121 ; the manufactures aggregated $1,323,000 ; 



NEW HAMPSHIEE. 



227 



the acreage of the farm lands Avas 530,862, valued at 15,408,325 ; 
the average school attendance was 5,149. In 1890 there were 
924 miles of railroad, and twenty-five newspapers. 

Virginia City, which had a population of 9,000 in 1890, 
is the site of a great gold and silver mining industry. The sec- 
ond city is IJeno, with 5,000 population, where there are flour- 
mills, saw-mills, and reduction works. The .(^fc- 
third city is Carson City, the capital, which --^^j^g^--' 
had a population in 1890 of 4,200. The cities 3'l^^^=: ^ 
of the State are situated fi'om 6,000 to 10,000 v^P 
feet above sea IcA^el. The governor of Nevada feip. 




A MINING CAMP IN NEVADA. 



is R. K. Colcord (Republican), whose term expires Jan. 7, 1895. 
The State is Republican. 

New Hampshire. — The State Avas settled at Dover in 1623 
by Englishmen. The early inhabitants suffered greatly from 
attacks by Indians. In the early wars of the colonies, New 
Hampshire plaved a patriotic part, and to the War of the Rebel- 
lion gave over eighteen thousand of her sons. It was one of the 
original thirteen States. The State is remarkable for its Natural 
Beauty, its mountains having the most picturesque scenery of 
any east of the Rocky Mountains. 

The White Mountain region, situated in the northern middle 
part of the State, has 1,300 squai-e miles covered Avith forest 
growth.' This I'egion still maintains its primeval AviMiicss and is 
noted for its attraction to summer tourists. Mt. ^Vashington, 




228 NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

which is 6,293 feet high, has an outlook extending over four 
States, and its summit is reached by a carriage road ascending its 
entire slope, and a railway mounting 3,73(1 feet. There are 

seven peaks exceeding five thousand 
feet in height, twenty-two exceeding 
four thousand feet, and many more of 
about the same elevation. The 
White Mountain Notch, a defile 
cut througli the mountains for a dis- 
tance of several miles, is traversed by 
railroad trains bound for Canada and 
the West. In the Franconia Notch 
is a famous profile, a stone face carved 
by nature in the mountain rock 1,200 
feet above the highway. It is one of 
GREAT SEAL OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, thc grcat uatural wonders of the 

world. 
The lakes of New Hampshire are famous for their beautiful 
surroundings ; the chief of these is Lake Winnepesaukee, which 
has an area of seventy-two square miles and 274 islands. The 
Connecticut River flows the entire length of the State, from its 
source on the Canadian frontier. The other rivers are the Pemi- 
gewasset, Winnepesaukee, Merrimac, Piscataqua, Upper and 
Lower Amnion oosuc, Androscoggin, Contoocook, Saco, and Sun- 
cook, all mountain streams with rapid current and abounding in 
fish. The lumbering business is carried on in the northern sec- 
tion, and produces 40,000,000 feet of logs in a year. 

The Manufacturing cities are Mnncliester (population 
44,126), Nashua (population 19,311), Dover (population 12,790), 
Laconia, and Suncook, all of Avhich have extensive plants, and 
employ a capital of over 150,000,000 yearly, paying wages of 
115,000,000. The manufactures include cotton goods, cloths, 
carriages, paper, and sheeting. The State produces the famous 
Concord granite,* some gold, tin, lead, zinc, copper, iron, graphite, 
mica, salt, lime, and soapstone. It supports several important 
educational institutions, including colleges and preparatory 
schools. 

The population in 1880 was 346,991 ; in 1890, 376,530. The 
real property in 1890 was valued at $117,000,000; the personal 
property at 1130,000,000; the farm lands aggregated 3,721,173 
acres, valued at |<7 5,834,389 ; the farm products were valued at 
$13,474,380; the school attendance was 43,484; there Avere in 
1890 1,445 miles of railroad, and in 1892 152 newspapers. 

Concord, the capital, with a population of 17,004, is a beau- 
tiful city, with fine old trees shading its spacious streets. A 



NEW JERSEY. 



2-29 




GREAT SEAL 



NEW JERSEY. 



statue of New Hampshire's proudest son, Daniel Webster, is 
here, ami also the site of St. Paul's preparatory school. Hiram 
H. Tuttle (Republican) is Governor of New Hampshire. His 
term expires Jan. 4, 1893. The State is Republican. 

New Jersey. — The State was settled at Bergen in 1G27 by 
Dutchmen. The lirst European explorer was Henry Hudson. It 

was one of the thirteen original 
States. It has 120 miles of sea-shore 
and several mountain ranges, the 
higliest of which is less than 2,0UU 
feet. In the nortliern part, rising 
perpendicularly from the shores of the 
Hudson River, are the Palisades, tall 
precipices extending as far as Laden- 
town, in New York. 

The Manufactures of the State 
employ over |1()0,<M)0,000 capital and 
yield a product of 1250,000,000 a 
year, with wages to 280,000 opera- 
tives aggregating 150,000,000. The 
leading manufactures are oil, glass, sewing-machines, hats, to- 
bacco and cigars, gas apparatus, terra cotta, brick, steam-boilers, 
thread, and soap. There are 30,000 farms worth ^265,000,000 
and covering 2,929,773 acres. The production of hay is 600,000 
tons, worth |;707, 500,000 ; of grain, 10,000,000 bushels, Avorth 
$5,000,000 ; of wheat, 2,000,000 bushels ; of oats and potatoes, 
3,500,000 bushels. 

Tlie State is famous for its Peach Orchards and produces 
yearly over 2,000,000 baskets of tlie fruit. The cranberry in- 
dustry has produced 234,000 bushels in a year. The minerals 
include salt, cement, lime, limestone, granite, zinc, and clay. 
There are three colleges and a State Normal School. 

The population in 1880 was 1,131,116; in 1890, 1,141,072. 
The real and personal property is valued at $621,000,000. The 
manufactures yearly are $254,375,236, employing 126,038 oper- 
atives; the average school attendance is 135,187. There were in 
1890 2,846 miles of railroad, and 323 newspapers. 

The chief cities are Newark, with a population in 1890 of 
181,830; Jersey City, with a population of 163,003; and Pater- 
son, with a ])opulation of 78,347, all prosperous manufacturing 
cities. Leon Abbett (Democrat) is Governor of New Jersey. 
His term expires January 16, 1893. The State is Democratic. 

New Mexico.— The Territory was settled at San Gabriel in 
1598 by Spaniards. Previously Spanish explorers crossed Texas 



230 



NEW MEXICO. 



and penetrated the region in 1536, and about 1550 the Fi-ancis- 
can priests founded missions among the savages and exhorted 
them to Christianity. The early history of New Mexico tells of 
the establishment by these missionaries of upwards of forty 
churches with 36,000 communicants from the savage tribes. It 
was part of Mexico at the time it was ceded by Mexico to the 




VIEW OF TKENTON, N. J., AND STATE C'AriTOL. 



United States in 1848, and the eastern part of it belonged to 
Texas in 1850. It was organized as a Territory when Texas 
entered the Union in 1850. The trade between Missouri and the 
New Mexico country, which began early in tlie century and was 
carried on over the famous Sante Fe Trail, by means of pack 
animals, prairie schooners, and caravans, still has about it an un- 
usual romantic interest. These adventurous traders Avere fre- 
quently attacked by Indians, and the journey of eight hundred 
miles, lasting over two months, was full of danger. The Territory 
has several high mountain ranges, the highest peaks being twelve 
thousand to fourteen thousand feet above sea level. The plateaus, 



NEW MEXICO. 



231 



fully fourteen million acres of which are in the mountains, are 
used for grazing purposes. 

The mighty Rio Grande flows through the heart of the 
Territory in deep canons and valleys, enriching the contiguous 
country. The Colorado, Gila, Zuni, San Francisco, and Canadian 
are tlie rivers which water tributary valleys of great fertility, and 
where roam immense herds of sheep and cattle. The cattle 
number over one million. The sheep number over two million, and 
produce eight million pounds of wool a year. The fruits of New 
Mexico are grapes, peaches, pears, apricots, melons, and quinces. 
Grain, wheat, barley, and other cereals, besides vegetables in 
variety, are produced in abundance. 

In Mining New Mexico has a growing industry. Gold, silver, 
lead, zinc, iron, and copper are all jjroduced, the silver product 
beinff the most valu- 



able. Copper yields 
3,700,000 tons in a 
year. The output 
of bullion, in 1889, 
including silver and 
gold, was over $8,- 
000,000. A large 
proportion of the 
population are Mex- 
icans, and the de- 
scendants of the 
Pueblo race still oc- 
cupy many of tlie 
ancient towns and 
villages. They have 
their own village 
governments and are 
famous for the fine 
blankets which they 
sell to tourists. 

There are several tribes of Indians in the Territory. The ruins 
of the ancient cities of the Zunis are of absorbing interest to 
travellers. 

The population of New Mexico in 1880 was 119,565 ; in 1890, 
153,593. The taxable property in 1889 was 147,000,000; the 
manufactures amounted to -tl, 300, 000 ; the farm lands numbered 
631,131 acres, valued at 15,500,000; the farm products were 
worth 12,000,000 ; the school attendance was 12,300. There 
were in 1890 1,324 miles of railroad, and the newspapers num- 
bered thirty-nine. 




^^T^^^'t* ^zl 



ON THE SANTA FE TRAIL. 



232 



NEW YORK. 



The chief city, Santa Fe, is situated 7,000 feet above the 
sea in the heart oi the mountains. The city is attractive by 
reason of its quaint adobe houses, and narrow streets. The 
ancient pakxce, which has for two centuries been the seat of 
government, is the principal point of interest. The second city is 
Albu(]uerq\ie, whicli is a raih'oad centre, and carries on a vahi- 
able trade with the surrounding country ; it has a population of 
7,000. Tlie third city is Las Vegas with a population of G,000. 
L. Bradford Prince (Kepublican) is Governor of New INIexico 
Territory. His term expires April 17, 1893. The governor is 
appointed by the President. 

New York.— The State was settled at Xew York City in 
1623 b}' the Dutch under the command of Henry Hudson, who 

landed on the coast at New York 
while on an exploring expedition in 
the service of the East India Com- 
pany. The State has ahvays been 
intimately associated with the history 
of the countr}'^, and the scenes of 
some of the most famous battles of 
the early colonial wars and of the 
Kevolutionai-y War are within its 
contines. Her statesmen had much to 
do with the prosecution of the Civil 
War, and in shaping the attitude of 
the government toward the South. 
The State has extraordinary Fa- 
it borders on Lakes Ontario and Erie, 
and has many large canals which are used in the transportation 
of her products, besides many noble rivers and streams. The 
important rivers are the Hudson, the "Rhine of America," 
the Oswego, Genesee, Alleghany, Delaware, Saginaw, and Mo- 
hawk ; while the great St. Lawrence l\iver, which receives the 
outflow of the great lakes, flows for a hundred miles along her 
northern boundary. The State has also numerous large lakes ; 
of which the more important are Lake Chanii)lain, Otsego, Onon- 
daga, Oneida, Skaneateles, Cayuga, Seneca, Canandaigua, Keuka, 
Chautauqua, Cattaraugus, besides several hundred lakes in the 
picturesque Adirondack region. This magniflcent mountain 
and forest region is a Milderness extending to the Canadian line, 
and has a large number of lofty mountain peaks, the highest of 
Avhich are from 4,500 to 5,400 feet in height. The other chief 
mountain ranges are the Catskills, whose beautiful glens and 
romantic traditions have been innnortalized by Irving, the 
Shawangunk, the Delaware mountains, and the Helderbergs. 




GREAT sr w I . NEW VOKK. 

cilities for Commerce 



NEAV YOKK. 



233 



Another of the State's natural beauties is tlie Nvorld-famous 
Niagara Falls, which fall into the St. Lawrence River, a per- 
pendicular length of 154 feet, and 2,000 feet wide ; another fall 
is IGO feet high and 111 feet wide. Millions of tons of Avater 
pour in a resistless torrent into the river every hour. 

Whde New York is the first State in manufactures, it is also 
the Second State in agricultural products, of Avhich it yields 
annually -i^l 78,000,000 worth. It produces more hay than any 
other State, and more potatoes, while its fruit industry is one of the 
most valuable of any State. It produces oO, 000, 000 bushels of 
potatoes, 5,000,000 tons of hay, 8;"),000,000 bushels of oats, 20,- 
000,000 bushels of grain, 9,000,000 of wheat, 7,000,000 of barley, 
3,000,000 of rye, and 6.500,000 pounds of tobacco ; it i)roduces 
in large quantities buckwheat and hoj^s. 

The total value of its Manufactures is over 11,000,000,000 a 
year, emploving 600,000 persons whose yearly wages are over 
$200,000,1 »ob. The 



manufactures include 
practically everything 
needed for human life 
and luxury. Being 
the Empire State, it 
is also the tinancial 
and speculative centre 
of the Union. Its 
financial institutions 
are the most substan- 
tial and powerful in 
the country, and liave 
international coimec- 
tions. Its educational 
institutions have a" 
high standing of ex- 
cellence, including eighteen universities for the higher c<lncation of 
young men, many normal schools, neaily three hundred acade- 
mies, thirty Indian schools, six colleges for women, including the 
foremost American college for women. Its libraries, its churches, 
its charitable institutions, its {)risons and reformatories are among 
the best in the country. 

At West Point, on the Hudson IJiver, is the United States 
Military Aca<lemy. (See Armv, the United States.) Other 
United States institutions are the Navy Yard, at Brooklyn, 
which is the largest naval station of the government ; the arsenal 
at Watervliet, the forts in New York IIar])or, protec-ting the city, 
Wadsworth, Tompkins, Hamilton, Lafayette, Columbus, (Jibson, 




NIAGARA FALLS. 



234 NEW YORK. 

aiul Wood ; on the Grea^ Lakes, Fort Ontario and Fort Niagara, 
besides several barracks for United States troops. 

The Canals of New York are among its most famous public 
works. The Erie Canal, begun in 1817 and completed in 1825, 
traverses the State from Buffalo to Albany, and by way of it 
thousands of vessels carry millions of tons of freight from the 
Great Lakes to the Hudson River, and thence to the sea. The 
total length of the canal is 364 miles; it is seven feet deep, and 
over seventy to eighty feet Avide. It cost $50,000,000 to build, 
and since 1882 has been free to the public. The other canals are 
the Delaware and Hudson, Chenango, Champlain, the Black River, 
Chemung, Cayuga, the Crooked Lake, the Genesee Valley, and 
the Oneida Lake, the total cost of all the canals having been 
1100,000,000. The annual canal tonnage is over 5,000,000 
tons. 

The Bridges of the State include some of the most notable en- 
gineering triumphs of the country. (See Railroads and Bridges.) 
The population of New York in 1880 was 5,082,871 ; in 1890 it was 
5,997,853 ; the real property was valued at over 1)3,000,000,000 ; 
the personal property at 1836,000,000 ; the acreage of farm lands 
was 23,780,754, valued at $1,056,176,171; the daily school 
attendance was 637,487. In 1890 there Avere 67,660 miles of 
railroad, and in 1892 there were 1,958 newspapers. 

The city of New York is the greatest manufacturing and 
commercial centre on this continent. The imports and the ex- 
ports include two thirds of the whole import and export business 
of the country. It has 11,000 factories producing annually nearl}^ 
$500,000,000\vorth of goods, and employing over 200,000 per- 
sons. The AM)lunie of its clearing house operations has exceeded 
$50,000,000,000 in one year. Its Stock Exchange is the cen- 
tre of the financial and speculative interests of the coiintry. 
Among its jiublic buildings are the Produce, Stock, and Cotton 
Exchanges, the prisons and asylums for the insane on Black- 
well's, Randall's, and Ward's Islands, the City Hall, the Custom 
House, the Sub-Treasi;ry, the United States Assay OfHce, and the 
Metropolitan Museum of Art, A\hile its churches and cathedrals, 
its hospitals (over sixty in number), its colleges and schools, club- 
houses and private residences, hotels, theatres, and newspaper 
offices are the most costly, and in many instances the finest archi- 
tecturally of any city in the country. 

There are twenty-two parks, the most beautiful of which is 
Central Park, which covers 862 acres, of which 185 are in 
lakes and reservoirs, and 400 in forests, wherein over 500,000 
trees and shrubs have been planted. This magnificent public 
breathing place has nine miles of roads, five miles of bridle jtaths. 



NKW Vulllv. 



235 



and twenty-ciglit of walks. Its Zoolo.o-iral Gardens and the 
-Egyptian Obelisk are among the more interesting features. 

The Elevated Railroads of New York, carrying 525,000 
passengers daily, are no less Avonderful in construction than they 
are convenient m the every-day life of the people. The great 
Croton Aqueduct, the Bartholdi Statue in New York HarborJ the 
immense docks, and the ships and ocean steamers are other nota- 
ble features of the Metropolis. The city is fifteen miles long, and 
had in 1892 a population approximating 1,700,000 people. CSee 
Jropulation and Area.) i i v 

The second city in size is Brooklyn, situated opposite New 




CITY HALL AT NEW YORK. 

York on the East River; here thousands of people who do 
business m New York have their homes. It has a fine 

Z^^ f '""i r1 ^^1'^' f'"-" ^^"^^- ^" manufactures it 
stands fourth of the American cities, its annual products bein^ 
valued at |180,0r)0,000 a year. The Prospect Park, cover!n| 
over SIX hundred acres, the Greenwood Cemetery, and the ele- 
vated railroads are among its more attractive points of interest. 



236 



NEW YORK. 



The population of Brooklyn in 1890 was 806,343. The Navy 
Yard is situated here, and the government keeps constantly em- 
ployed a large force of men and engineer in the construction of 
vessels for the new navy. The Brooklyn Bridge (see Rail- 
roads and Bridges) connects the two cities, and there is a cable 
road running across the bridge at a height of 135 feet, which 
carries in the course of a year millions of passengei s. 

The third city is Buffalo, situated on Lake Erie and having a 
population in 1890 of 255,664; it is an important manufacturing 
centre, its chief industries being iron and steel manufacturing, 
with an annual product of 155,000,000, brewing, leather, oil 
refineries, and flour, having yearly products of 145,000,000. It 
is the centre of twenty railroads, and from it run regularly five 
steamship lines with a fleet of sixty large steamers .destined for 
the ports of the Great Lakes. Buffalo receives in a year up- 
wards of 90',000,000 
bushels of corn, while 
its shipments of coal, 
lumber, livestock, etc., 
aggregate many mil- 
lions. It has a fine 
Music Hall, a costly 
Librarj^, and a City 
and County Hall which 
cost to build 11,350,- 
000. 

The fourth city is 
Rochester, Avith a 
population in 1890 of 138,896. Albany, Syracuse, Troy^ Bing- 
hamton, are all important centres for manufacturmg. There 
are upAvards of twenty-four other important cities in this Avonder- 
ful State. The Governor of New York is RosAvell P. Flower 
(Democrat), Avhose term expires Jan. 1, 1896. The State was 
carried by Tilden (Democrat) in 1876, and by Garfield (Repub- 
lican) in 1880. Cleveland (Democrat) carried the State in 1884, 
and Harrison (Republican) in 1888. 

Newspapers.— The evolution of the American ncAvspaper has 
been even more Avonderful, if possible, than that of the American 
railroad, or steamboat, or the agricultural resources of the coun- 
try. Its achievements have been not only along the hne of more 
perfect mechanical and typographical construction, but also in the 
gathering and dissemination of the happenings of the world. 
Two agencies have contributed, the one no more than the other 
probably, to the accomplishment of this result, the modern print- 
ing-press, and the telegraph. No machinery invented surpasses 




PRODUCE EXCHANGE AT NEW A'ORK. 



NEWSPAPERS. 



237 



f 

■■J 



the Web Perfecting Press in the intricate simplicity of its 
mechanism ; a hundred parts of iron and steel fashioned together 
in an upright mass, each mutually dependent upon the others, 
taking the paper from a roll of indefinite length, printing it on 
both sides at one and the same instant, cutting the sheets to their 
correct size, folding them three times and depositing them ready 
for the news-stand as fast as a man can pick them out. This is 
done by the mightiest presses at the rate of 90,000 fox;r-page 
papers in an hour, or twenty-five a second. That is to say, from 
a roll of white paper, a four-page printed pajjer may be made in 
one twenty-fifth of a second ! Six, eight, ten, or twelve pages are 
printed, cut, and folded at the same rate of speed. Such a press 
as this occu]>ies a year to build, and costs upwards of $40,000. 
This remarkable rapidity 
in printing is made possi- 
ble by the use of stereo- 
type plates of metal. 

Ordinary Type 
would not stand the strain 
of such rapid execution. /:>/ 
So the metal plate, which ■<V=^i- 
by the stereotyping pio- 
cess receives on its sur-^' 
face a perfect impressiour^^ 
of each piece of type as^* 
set by the printer, is 
made, turned to cylindri- 
cal form, and locked firm 
and fast in the press, 
where in common with 
its fellows, one for each page of the paper, it revolves beneath 
an overhanging roll of white paper faster than the eye can fol- 
low it. 

The Telegraph in journalism brings the ends of the earth 
within speaking distance of tJ i editor. The larger part of the 
messages transmitted by the telegraph companies are what is 
called " press matter." If sent at night, that is, after 6 p. m., it 
costs the newspaper one half cent a word for an average of three 
hundred miles. It is not an uncommon thing for a metropolitan 
newspaper to receive in a night from thirty thousand to forty 
thousands words by telegraph. All the large pa])ers control 
Special Wires, used only by themselves, connecting the edi- 
torial sanctum with correspondents in the large cities. New 
York, Chicago, Boston, Philadelphia, St. Louis, and papers in 
other large centres have bureaus in Washington, where one or 




THE NEWSPAPER PHOTOGUAl'HEU. 



238 



NEWSPAPEBS. 



more correspondents are maintained tlie year round, with special 
wires for their despatclies. New York being the fountain head 
of the foreign and the hirger part of tlie important domestic news, 
all well-equipped newspapers in outside cities are connected with 
it by special wires. Thus an event happening in New York at 
midnight is published in Chicago in next morning's paper. 

Another agency in the collection and dissemination of telegraph 
news is the Associated Press. Tliis corporation controls or 
owns wires connecting New York, its headquarters, with every 
town or city of consequence in the United States and Can- 
ada. Its foreign service is especially good, and nine important 
papers in ten depend upon it for their 
foreign news. Tlie leading New York 
newspaper proprietors control it. Its 
franchise, that is, the right to Ijublish its 
news, is very valuable. While a large 
part of its news is original with its own 
staff members, most of it comes from 
newspapers receiving its service ; by the 
terms of the contract the Associated 
Press is entitled to any news a member 
may have on its proofs, that is, not yet 
printed, Avhich may be telegraphed to 
and published simultaneously in another 
city. The Associated Press originated 
from the competition of Boston news- 
pa])ers, about 1845, in the receipt of 
foreign news. Pepresentatives of one of 
them intercepted an inbound European 
steamer in Boston harbor, and on re- 
ceiving from the passengers the latest 
English pajjers, released Carrier Pig- 
eons which carried the newspapers to 
the editorial office in Boston, where 
columns of European news were "scis- 
sored out" and published hours in ad- 
vance of the rival paper. The New York 
papers soon entered into competition 
with each, other in the same Avay, even to the extent of sending 
to Boston a complete printing oiittit, as the New York Herald did, 
to set lip foreign news on the return trip. It was not many years 
before combinations were made between the papers, the ultimate 
outcome of which was the organization of the Associated Press. 

The First American Newspaper was published at Boston 
on September 25, 1G90. The printer was Kichard Pierce and 




THE " WORLD " BITILDIXG 
AT NEW YORK. 



KEWSPAPERS. 



239 



the publisher Benjamin Harris. It was a monthly publication, 
but did not live long, being supj)ressed. It was headed " Pub- 
lick Occurrences, Both Foreign and Domestick." The only copy 
in existence is in the State Paper Office at London. The Boston 
"News Letter" was published first on April 24, 1704, by 
James Campbell, and continued to be published until 1776. 
The third newspaper was the " Boston Gazette," the first 
issue of which appeared on December 21, 1719. The next day 
in Philadelphia, William Brodhead bought out the " American 
Weekly Mercurie." Benjamin Franklin's brother, James 
Franklin, ininted and published the " New England Cour- 
ant," a weekly, in August, 1721. It engaged in a violent con- 
troversy with Rev. Increase Mather, who exercised a censorship 
over its columns. This proving irksome to the editor, he discon- 
tinued its publication in his own 
name, and published it under that 
of Benjamin Franklin, who now be- 
came the editor. In 1776, there 
were thirty-seven newspajjers in the 
country, four in Boston, four in 
New York, four in Connecticut, one 
in New Hampshire, two in Rhode 
Island, six in Massachusetts outside 
of Boston, six in Pennsylvania, two 
each in Maryland, Vn-ginia, and 
North Carolina, three in South Caro- 
lina, and one in Georgia. 

With the progress in the art of 
printing and in the construction of 
presses, the possibilities of large edi- 
tions have been multiplied year by 
year, at a constantly diminishing 
cost of production, so that nowa- 
days every town of 1,500 irdiabitants 
has its own newspaper, while twenty large cities each support 
from six to fifteen daily. In 1S91, there were 1,791 daily publi- 
cations, 14,000 weekly, 2,625 monthly, 827 semi-monthly, 288 semi- 
weekly, 180 quarterly, 90 bi-weekly, 76 bi-monthly, 76 tri-weekly, 
total, 19,373. The number of newspapers published in the world 
is estimated at 47,000 ; of these over 19,000 are published in the 
United States and Canada, 7,000 in Great Britain, 6,000 in Ger- 
many, 4,300 in France, 2,000 in Japan, 800 in Russia. Half of 
them are printed in English. 

Nicknames of Famous Americans. (For nicknames of 
Presidents, see rPresidents of the United States.) — A characteristic 




THE SAN FRANCISCO "CHRONICLE" 
BUILDING. 



240 



NICKNAMES OP FAMOUS AMERICANS. 



trait of the American people is their habit of applying nicknames 
to their leaders. The homelier, that is to say, the nearer to the 
level of the common people a nickname is, the greater its political 
advantage to the man who receives it, for it cannot be questioned 
that nicknames of a certain kind are a positive help to a candidate 
for office. Political managers recognize this, and try to invent a 
catching sobriquet for their nominee. It is a suggestive fact that 
most of the great men of the nation have had nicknames of an 
endearing nature. The right kind of a nickname is quite a« effi- 
cacious in winning votes as the average party platform. In the 
following category are given some of the more common sobri- 
quets of famous Americans : ■ — 

Alexander the Coppersmith. — The first coinage of cop- 
per money, half cents, one cent, and two-cent pieces, was not 

liked by the people. They had been 
coined under Alexander Hamilton's 
Secretaiyship of the Treasury, in 
1793 ; hence the nickname was apj^lied 
to Hamilton. 

Aliunde Joe.— In the Electoral 
Commission of 1877, appointed to 
decide the Pi-esidential election, there 
Avas a tie, and it devolved upon Justice 
Joseph P. Bradley, of the United 
States Supreme Court, to cast the de- 
ciding vote. He cast it in favor of the 
Pepublican candidate, Hayes. His 
fellow-Republican commissioners took 
the ground that it was not possible 
to consider evidence alhmde^ that is, 
foreign to the certiticates. As the le- 
gality of this position depended upon 
the vote of Justice Bradley, his legal 
brethren dubbed him " Aliunde Joe." 
The Latin word was a favorite with the 
Justice, and he used it frequently in writing his opinions. As relat- 
ing to the decision of the Commission, it was a legal expression of 
the principle that the Commission could not " go behhid the re- 
turns." (See Electoral Commission.) 

American Cato. — A nickname for Sam Adams. 
American Chatham. — A name given to Patrick Henry 
because of his oratorical abilities, which were regarded in America 
as equal to those of Lord Chatham, the English statesman. Henry 




'EVENING post" BUILDING 
AT NEW YORK. 



was also called the " Colossus of debate." 
Ancient Mariner of the Wabash.- 



Kobert W. Thomp- 



NlCKNAiAIES OF FAMOUS AMERICANS. 241 

son, who was Secretary of the Navy under President Hayes, was 
thus playfully styled by the political wags, because he lived in 
West Virginia, an inland State. 

Black Eagle. — ^The " grand old Black Eagle of Illinois " — 
such was the characterization of Gen. John A. Logan by an 
orator Avho had nominated him for President in the Republican 
National Convention of 1884. He was also called " Black 
Jack." 

Blue Jeans Williams. — Governor James D, Williams, of 
Indiana, wore clothing made of blue jeans, a po])ular article of 
wearing apparel among the farmers in Southern Indiana. This 
part of the State is frequently spoken of as the " Blue Jeans " 
District, and a play which portrays the every-day life of the 
people there has been produced with great success. It is called 
« Blue Jeans." 

Boy Mayor. — Governor William E. Russell, of Massachu- 
setts, was elected mayor of Cambridge, Mass., when he was but 
twenty-nine years old. This fact, together with his youthful 
appearance, gave bu-th to the appellation. His political enemies 
sometimes speak of him as " Billy the Kid," and as 
" Willie." 

Calico Charley.— Secretary of the Treasury Charles Fos- 
ter, in his young manhood conducted a dry-goods business, and 
among his intimates was known as " Calico Charley." 

Czar. — -Owing to his attitude in the Fifty-First Congress on 
the quorum question (see House of Representatives under Fed- 
eral Government), Speaker Thomas B. Reed was called Czar by 
the Democrats, and generally by the Democratic press. The name 
was first applied to him by Congressman Breckenridge of Kentucky. 

Defender of the Constitution. — This characterization was 
made of Daniel Webster at the time of his speech in reply to 
Hayne in the Senate. Webster was also called the " Great 
Expounder," of the Constitution. His friends familiarly 
spoke of him as " Black Dan." 

Farmer's Dick. — Richard J. Oglesby, of Illinois, was thus 
familiarly called by his admirers on account of his popularity with 
the farmers. 

Fighting Joe. — Gen. Joseph Hooker, on account of his 
well-known qualities as a fighting commander, was thus styled. 

Fire Alarm Foraker. — A nickname applied by the New 
York Sun to ex-Governor Foraker, of Ohio, who used to talk often, 
but more especially alarmingly of the political conditions at the 
South. 

Fuss and Feathers. — A suggestive nickname for Gen. 
Winfield Scott, used by his enemies. 



242 NICKNAMES OF FAMOUS AMERICANS. 

Gentleman George. — A name for tlie late George H. 
Pendleton, of Ohio, who was noted for liis polished naanners and 
elegant attire. 

Gladstone of the West. — Gen. John W. Palmer, of Illi- 
nois, is sometimes spoken of by this appellation by the Democrats 
of his State. Like tlie great English leader. General Palmer is 
an old man, but the resemblance ends there. 

Headsman Clarkson. — James R. Clarkson, the Chairman 
of the Republican National Committee, from the fact that he 
favored wholesale removals of Democrats from office, and declared 
the Civil Service laws a failure, was dubbed by the Democratic 
press " Headsman '^ Clarkson, the allusion being derived from the 
notion that when removals are made, official heads are cut off, 
and fall into a capacious basket, after the manner of a guillotine. 

Honest John. — A popular name in Ohio for Senator John 
Sherman. 

Horizontal Bill. — A nickname of ex-Congressman William 
R. Morri-^on, derived from his tariff bill introduced in the Forty- 
Eighth Congress, which was known as the Horizontal Bill, because 
it provided for reductions in duties affecting practically every 
import, a horizontal reduction, as it were. 

Jack the Giant-Killer. — A nickname applied to John 
Randolph, of Virginia, because in debate he compared himself to 
David and his opponent to Goliath. 

Law Partner Miller. — Attorney- General W. H. Miller, 
who was a law partner at Indianapolis of President Benjamin 
Harrison. The latter used to speak of him as " Partner Mil- 
ler." 

Little David. — This was a nickname of John Randolph 
of Virginia, applied to him for the reason that once in a debate 
he compared himself to David and his opponent to Goliath. 

Little Giant. — ■ Stephen A. Douglas, who was small in stature 
but a giant in intellect. 

Little Mac. — This nickname originated with the soldiers 
serving under Gen. George B. McC^lellan, and was applied b}'- 
them to their leader, whom they held in high esteem. 

Mad Anthony. — Gen. Anthony Wayne was so called be- 
cause of a sudden impetuosity and reckless bi-avery in battle. 

Man of the Town Meeting. — Prof. James K. Hosmer, in 
his biography of Samuel Adams, happily describes the Revolution- 
ary patriot as the " man of the town meeting," a designation 
which has been quite generally adopted by other writers since 
then. 

Me Too. — This term was applied to Thomas C. Piatt, in 
1881, in a political cartoon. Piatt and Roscoe Conkling were 



NICKNAMES OP FAMOUS AMERICANS. 243 

Senators from New York, and when President Garfield made his 
own choice of Federal officers of the State, in violation of what 
had always been recognized as Senatorial courtesy, both Sena- 
tors resigned. This action compassed their political death, and 
one of the comic papers printed a cartoon representing a large 
tombstone, with Conkling's name inscribed on it. Alongside was 
a much smaller stone, inscribed as follows : " Me too. T. Piatt." 
Mill Boy of the Slashes. — In his youth Henry Clay 
worked in a mill at a place called " the Slashes." The nickname 
was applied to him when her an for the Presidency. Another 
name for Clay was the " Great Commoner." 

Napoleon of Protection. — The New York Sun made this 
a popular name for Congressman William McKinley, of Ohio, on 
account of his liaving fathered the most comprehensive protective 
tariff bill in the history of the country. 

Natick Cobbler, The. — A nickname, especially in Massa- 
chusetts, of Henry Wilson, Vice-President of the United States, 
187*2-1876. In his youth he learned the trade of a shoemaker at 
Natick, Mass. 

Noblest Roman of Them All This was a popular 

appellation applied to Allan G. Thurman, of Ohio, and was espe- 
cially quoted during the campaign in 1888, when he was the can- 
didate for Vice-President on the Democratic ticket. " Old 
Roman " was another of his nicknames. 

Old Bullion. — Thomas H. Benton, of Missouri, at the time of 
the discussion of the renewal of the charter for the United 
States Bank, was a prominent advocate of a gold and silver 
standard for the currency, and his opponents used to call him 
" Old Bullion " in consequence. 

Old Saddle-Bags. — The nickname applied to Joseph E. 
McDonald, of Indiana. 

Ossawattomie Brown. — This was a nickname of John 
Brown, bestowed upon him because of his having lived at Ossa- 
wattomie during the insurrection in Kansas, growing out of the 
abolition troubles. (See John Brown's Raid.) 

Our Own Evarts. — The characterization of Senator Wil- 
liam JM. Evarts, of New York, originating with the opposition 
press. 

Pathfinder. — Gen. John C. Fremont, by reason of his 
achievements in exploring the I\ar West, Avas in the Presidential 
campaign of 1856 called " The Pathfinder." (See Cami)aign 
Songs.) 

Peacock Senator. — A derisive name for the late Senator 
Roscoe Conkling, of New York, which arose in the celebrated 
contest between him and Senator Blaine, in the United States 



244 NICKNAMES OF FAMOUS AMERICANS. 

Senate, during which Blaine made a speech in which lie com- 
pared the Senator to a peacock. 

Plumed Knight. — In nominating James G. Blaine for the 
Presidency at the Republican National Convention in 1876, Col. 
Robert J. IngersoU said of Mr. Blaine : " Like an armed warrior, 
like a plumed knight, James G. Blaine marched down the hails of 
the American Congress and threw his shining lance full and fair 
against the brazen forehead of every defamer of this country 
and maligner of its honor." At once the name of " Plumed. 
Knight " was applied to Mr. Blaine, and has ever since clung 
to him. In the 1884 campaign, plumed knight clubs were formed, 
and wore plumes in their hats as they marched in the campaign 
parades. (See Torchlight Processions.) The " Man from 
Maine," (a favorite alliterati(in), the " Uncrowned King" 
(on account of the popular idea tliat he was the power behind 
the throne in the Harrison administration), and the " Magnetic 
Man " (owing to his winning personality), are other nicknames 
of Mr. Blaine. As Secretary of State, he also wore the title of 
" Premier." In the Blaine-Cleveland campaign of 188-4, he 
was called the " Tattooed Man." One of the illustrated 
weeklies of New York printed a cartoon representing ]\[r. Blaine 
as Pliryne, before the Athenian judges, and tattooed with the 
names of the jiolitical scandals with which his name had been 
connected. By some it was thought that in this cartoon the 
liberty of the press had been transcended, but as the camjiaign 
was notewortliy for the bitter personalities which crept into it, 
the cartoon had no other than a temporary effect. During the 
campaign, Mr. Blaine was sometimes derisively spoken of as 
the tattooed candidate, but since then the appellation has been 
dropped, having run its course. 

Poker Charley. — Senator Charles B. Farwell, of lUinois, 
was fre<piently called " Poker Charley " from the fact that he 
was su])posed to l)e an adept at poker. The Senator, however, 
disclaimed any knowledge of the game, and denied the right to 
wear the title. The man who originated the term was called by 
the Senator a " miserable skeezicks." 

Pre- Adamite, — This name was given by the New York 
Sun to Senator George F. Hoar, of Massachusetts. The Boston 
Globe has frequently playfully referred to the Senator as 
" Gran'ther Hoar," and as "Uncle George." He has 
also been called the «' Moon-Faced Senator from Wor- 
cester." 

Rise-Up-William-Allen. — This was a familiar name in 
Ohio for Governor William Allen, about 1874-76. The Demo- 
cratic party being in need of a candidate for governor, one of the 



NICKNAMES OF FAMOUS AMERICANS. 



245 




MILITARY HEKOHS OF IDE KEBF.LLION. 



246 NICKNAMES OF FAMOUS AMERICANS. 

newspapers published an editorial which ended with the exhorta- 
tion, " Rise lip, William Allen," the object being to call him from 
private life to take up the party cause. He was sometimes called 
the " Old Roman," and was the first to wear that proud title. 
He was the uncle of Allan G. Thurraan, and after Allen's death, 
Thurraan succeed to the title. 

Seven Mule Barnum The late William A. Barn um, of 

Connecticut, as chairman of the Democratic National Committee, 
in 1876, is said to have sent a desi)atch, in cipher, in which he 
used the words " seven mules," each mule, it is understood, 
having represented |1,000. 

Sitting Bull. — The late Senator Oliver P. Morton, of 
Indiana, was thus styled by his enemies on account of the fact 
that he used to sit during liis term as Senator, being unable to 
rise becanse of paralysis. This did not, however, interfere 
with his making gallant fight against the Democrats. In one 
of the campaigns in Indiana, tlie Democrats nominated for 
Governor against Mr. Morton the famous " Blue Jeans Williams," 
and one of their campaign songs ran thus : 

In Hoosierdom they placed a pair of pants in nomination, 
But, Ah, the truth, though late revealed, 

A pi-ecious lesson teaches. 
They may find a golden calf concealed, 
Within those blue-jeans breeches. 

The Republicans quickly retorted with the following verse : 

A golden calf and homespun blue 

Perhaps would be a blessing; 
But better far the Sitting Bull 

Than any kind of dressing. 

Slippery Sam. — This was applied to the late Samuel J. 
Tilden by his enemies, on account of his, political craftiness. They 
also called him " Old Usufruct." When he was nominated 
in 1876, as the Democratic candidate for President, he wrote in 
his letter of acceptance the word « usufruct," in a political signifi- 
cation. Thomas Nast, the cartoonist of Harper's Weeliij at that 
time, drew a cartoon caricaturing Tilden and used " usufruct" as a 
text. The cartoon immensely amused the Republicans, who there- 
upon called Tilden "Old Usufruct." "Sage of Gramercy 
Park" and "Sage of Greystone " were other more 
dignified names for Tilden. 

Sockless Jerry. — Congressman Jeremiah Simpson, of Kan- 
sas. He was elected on the Farmers' Alliance ticket, and " the . 
first reports from Kansas were that he did not wear socks, a fic- 
tion which he has since publicly contradicted. 



NICKNAMES OF FAMOUS AMERICANS. 



247 



St. Jerome. — Ex-Scnator Edmunds, of Vermo'it, was thus 
styled "by the press on account of his su])posed resemblance to 
the pictures of St. Jerome, 

Sunset Cox. — The late Congressman Samuel S. Cox was 
thus styled in consequence of having written a picturesque 
description of a sunset, wliile he was a journalist, in early life. 

Sycamore of the Wabash, Tall. — A nickname for Sen- 
ator Daniel W. Yoorhees, uf Indiana. 

Superb, The. This was a derisive name applied during the 
war to General W. S. Hancock. It 
during Hancock's candidature in 1880, 
licans caricatured it by representing 
plume dropping. 




was resurrected 
and the Repub- 
Hancock with his 







liOAHD OV TRADK, CUICAGO. 



Uncle Jerry. — This is a familiar name for Secretary of 
Agriculture, Jeremiah IJusk. 

Watchdog of the Treasury. — Congressman William T. 
Holman, of Indiana, on account of his ])ersistent opposition to 
the extravagant appro] )riat ion of the public money. 

Wood-Pulp Miller. — This name Avas applied by the Demo- 



248 



NORTH CAROLINA. 



cratic press of New York to Senator Warner Miller, who is an 
extensive manufacturer of paper made from wood pulp. 

Young Hickory. — In the spring of 1892, some of Senator 
David B. Hill's admirers nicknamed him " Young Hickory," in 
consequence of the similarity of his views on the " spoils sys- 
tem " with those of Andrew Jackson. The nickname arose from 
the Senator's having said something to the effect that there Avas 
still some old hickory in the Democratic party. He has also 
been called the " Bachelor Governor." 

Nicknames of People of States. (See JMottoes of States 

and Territories.) 

Nickliaiues of the States. (See Mottoes of States and Ter- 
ritories.) 

Noblest Roman of Them All. (See Nicknames of Famous 

Americans.) 

Non-Intercourse. — This is a name given to the suspension of 
trade relations with a nation. In 1809 this government passed 
a Non-Intercourse Act as a substitute for the Embargo Act 
(which see). The act prohibited commerce with England and 
France and prohibited their vessels or goods from entrance into 
the United States. Non-intercourse is a weapon of the govern- 
ment which is used by way of retaliation for Avrongs done by a 
foreign country. 

Non-interference. — A name applied to the doctrine of 
Calhoun, that Congress had no right to interfere Avith slavery in 
the States and Territories. 

North Carolina. — The State was settled at Roanoke Island 
in 1585 by the English, and it was 
one of the thirteen original States. It 
was the last of the Southern States to 
join the Confederacy, and did not do 
so until Lincoln demanded of her a 
force of troops for the Union army. 
She sent out more troops in the cause 
of the Confederacy and lost more 
than any other Southern State. North 
Carolina was an important fighting 
ground throughout the Avar. 

The rich Mineral Resources of 

the State are in process of promising 

development. Among them are gold, 

of Avhich the State has produced over 

,000,000 Avortli, copper, coal, zinc in large quantities, mica, 




G14EAT SEAL OK XUUTll t'AKO- 
LISA. 



NORTH DAKOTA. 249 

marble, granite, soapstone, and sandstone, wliilo its phospliate 
beds are very extensive and are valuable as fertilizers. 

It raises in a year 400,000 bales of Cotton, 35,000,000 pounds 
of Tobacco, 6,000,000 pounds of rice, 35,000,000 busliels of corn, 
5,000,000 of Avheat, oats, atid sweet potatoes, besides a large crop 
of peanuts. The gra]»e-growing industry is an iin})ortant one, 
and the native graj^es make excellent Aviue. 

The Fisheries of the State produce 100,000 bushels of fish 
yearly; the 03'ster catch reaches 170,000,000 bushels a year. 
The mountains of North Carolina are in the middle and western 
part. The Blue IJidge, part of the Alleghony, and the great 
Smoke Range are the important ranges. In the latter are 
twenty -thi-ee peaks over 6,000 feet high. The State has upwards 
of sixty peaks 5,000 to 6,500 feet in height. 

In the western part of the State is the famous " Land of the 
Sky " where there is beautiful mountain scenery. The region 
is attractive as a summer resort for Southerners, and as a winter 
resort for Northerners. The population of North Carolina in 
1.S80 was 1,399,750; in 1890 it was 1,617,340; the net State 
debt was $7,538,567 ; the real property was valued at $12:2,000,- 
000 ; the personal property at $81,000,000; the manufactures 
aggregated $20,084,237 ; the acreage of farm lands was 22,639,- 
644, valued at $135,793,602; the farm products were worth 
$51,729,611; the school attendance was 208,657 ; there were in 
1800 3,000 miles of railroad, and in 1892, 205 newspapers. 

The chief city is Wilmington, situated on Cape Fnir, and 
having a large commerce. The city is connected by steamship 
lines with New York, Baltimore, and Philadeli)hia. The popu- 
lation in 1890 was 20,008. The second city is Kaleigh, which is 
the capital, and is situated in the heart of the State on an eleva- 
tion. The population m 1890 was 12,798. Charlotte, the third 
city, with a population of 11,555, is also in the interior. Ashe- 
ville, the fourth city, Avith a population of 10,433, is situated in a 
mountainous country in the West. Durham, in the interior, is a 
small town, and one of the largest tobacco manufacturing places 
in the Avorld. The Governor of North Carolina is Thouias M. 
Holt (Republican), whose term expires January 1, 1893. The 
State is Democratic. 

North Dakota. — The State was a part of the Louisiana 
Purchase. It was settled at Pembina by French Canadians in 
1780. It is a great wheat-producing country and has some of the 
largest farms in the world. It is watered by the Missouri and 
several other large rivers. Its Red River valley is famous for the 
fertility of its soil, and the larger ])art of it is uiuler cultivation. 



250 



NORTHWEST CONSPIRACY. 




GREAT SEAL OF NORTH DAKOTA. 



In the proJuction of Wheat, Dakota (North and South) is 
first of all the States ; it raises upwards of 55,0U0,0U0 bushels an- 
nually. There are flour mills in the 
State which ship direct to London. 
There are 400,000 sheep in the State. 
The planting of groves and orchards 
has been carried on through a large 
part of the State, and in North Dakota 
and South Dakota upwards of 50,000,- 
000 trees have been planted in recent 
yeai's. 

The Population of North Dakota 
in 1890 was 182,719. The assessed 
value of property in 1889 was 167,- 
000,000 ; there are 1,485 public schools, 
30,000 school children, 2,100 miles of 
railroad, and 125 newspapers. There are over 25,000 Indians in 
North and South Dakota, most of them Sioux. North Dakota 
was admitted to the Union as a State in November, 1889. 

Fargo is the chief city, and had a population in 1890 of 8,000. 
It is the leading commercial centre of the State, and has impor- 
tant manufacturing industries. The second city is Grand Forks, 
situated on the Red River, and is the centre of the flour and lum- 
ber industry. The population in 1890 was (3,500. The third city 
and the capital is Bismarck, situated on the Missouri River, which 
has a fine steamboat commerce ; it had a population in 1 890 of 
4,000. The railway shops of several important railroads are here, 
and the Northern Pacific Railroad has constructed a bridge across 
the river made of steel, at a cost of ^1,000,000. The Governor of 
North Dakota is Andrew H. Burke (Republican), whose term ex- 
pires Jan. 3, 1893. 

Northwest Conspiracy. — During the Civil "War a plot Avas 
conceived by Southern sympathizers at the North, who com- 
bined for the purpose of inciting an insurrection in the Noi'th, 
which it was expected would operate to the advantage of the 
South. The headquarters of this conspiracy, which was called 
the Northwest Conspiracy, was in Illinois; in 1804 its leaders 
were exposed and arrested. 

Nulliflcation, and Nnllification Ordinance. — The expo- 
nents of the doctrine of Nullification were Calhoun and Hayne, 
the former maintaining that tlie right to nullify resided in the 
people of a State, the latter that it resided in the legislature. 
The doctrine first took definite form after the tariffs of 1828 
and 1832 went into effect. Both tariffs were obnoxious to the 



i 



OHIO. 251 

South, where there was no niamifacturing. (See Tariffs of the 
United States.) South Carolina was the hotbed of the nullification 
sentiment, and on November 24, ISo^, a State convention passed 
the famous Nullification Ordinance, which declared the United 
States Tariff "null, void, and no law, nor binding upon on this 
State, its officers, or citizens," forbade the payment of duty 
under the tariff, made it contempt of the State Court to appeal 
to the United States Supreme Court, caused jurors and State 
officers to swear support to the Ordinance, and added that if the 
government used force against her, she would secede from the 
Union. President Jackson promptly declared millification (" dis- 
union by armed force ") to be treason, sent (leneral Scott to 
Charleston, and a naval force to its harbor, with instructions to 
aid the collector in the collection of duties. The nuUifiers, at 
this show of determination by the government, Avithdrew from 
their position, and the following year a State convention repealed 
the ordinance. 

0. K. — This is a common abbreviation for " all right." It is 
supposed to have originated with Andrew Jackson, who puzzled 
his secretary by endorsing these letters on official papers. It is 
said that the hero of New Orleans declared that the letters stood 
for " all correct." However, this story is probably a gross exag- 
geration. 

Oats, Production of. (See Agriculture.) 

Occupatious of the People of the United States. (See 
Population and Area.) 

Ocean Disasters. (See Ship Building.; 

Ocean Steamers. (See Ship Building.) 

Odd Fellows. (See Secret Societies.) 

OfiPensive Partisans. (See Slang of Politics.) 

Office of President is Essentially Executive in Its 
Nature. (See Sayings of Famous Americans.) 

Ohio. — The territory now included in the State of Ohio was 
first explored by La Salle in 1679. It was settled by New Eng- 
landers at Marietta in 1788, and many of the inhabitants are of 
New England ancestry. 

The Ohio is the principal river, and has a course of 480 miles 
on the southern and eastern border. It iiows through a lovely 
valley, with wooded hills rising to a height of 500 to 600 feet, 
and is one of the most beautiful of American streams. The 
Muskingum, Scioto, Hockhocking, Mahoning, and Great and 
Little Miami are the next in importance, and all fiow south into 



252 



OHIO. 




GREAT SEAL OF OUIO. 



the Ohio, On tlie north tliere are smaller streams which drain 
into Lake Erie. 

In point of Population and Wealth Ohio is the fourth 
State of the Union. Agriculture is the chief industry, although 

in manufactures and mining the 
State holds a high rank. The soil 
is very fertile, and has been produc- 
tive of large harvests ever since the 
land was tilled. There are upwards 
of 10,000,000 acres of land under 
cultivation, the chief product of 
which is corn, of which Ohio raises 
100,000,000 bushels a year. The 
Wheat crop averages 35,000,000 
bushels, the oat crop 35,000,000, 
potatoes 12,000,000, tobacco 35,- 
000,000 pounds, hay 3,000,000 tons. 
The whole agricultural product is 
worth upwards of $100,000,000 a 
year. There are 500,000 acres of orchards, yielding 30,000,000 
bushels of apples, 1,500,000 of peaches, and 250,000 of pears. 
Large quantities of strawberries and grajjcs are also produced. 
Tlie acreage in bearing vines iii 1890 was 28,087. There are 
10,000 square miles of coal-fields, yielding in 1889 9,976,787 tons, 
Ohio being third among the coal-producing States. 

The Iron and Steel business is worth i;35,000,000 a year, 
producing about 250,000 tons, and employing 100 furnaces and 
20,000 men. As a wool-producing State Ohio is second only to 
Texas; it has 4,000,000 sheep. Salt to the amount of 400,000 
bushels, fire-clay to the amoixnt of 500,000 tons, lime of 600,000 
tons, are also produced. Limestone, sandstone, building-stone, 
and various other stones are produced in abundance. The oil- 
wells of Ohio produce upwards of 5,000,000 barrels a year. The 
Natural Gas wells are famous the country over. 

The State expends $11,000,000 a year on Education for up- 
wards of 780,000 school children, with 2,500 teachers. It has 37 
universities, colleges, and professional schools, having 11,000 stu- 
dents. The population of Ohio in 1880 was 3,198,062; in 1890, 
3,672,316; the net State debt was 17,014,767 ; the real j^roperty 
was valued at $1,185,000,000 ; the personal property at 1500,000,- 
000; tlie manufactures were worth $348,305,000; the farm lands 
covered 24,529,226 acres, valued at $1,127,497,353; the farm 
products were worth $156,771,152. The railroads, in 1890, had 
a mileage of 7,911, and there Avere 1,139 newspapers. 

The chief city is Cincinnati, which is situated at a fine loca- 



OHIO. 



253 



tion on the Ohio River ; it has numerous fine buildings, including 
the great Exposition Building and Music Hall, the Chamber of 
Commerce, and several costly public buildings. There are beau- 
tiful parks, noble bridges, and charming suburbs. The manu- 
factures of Cincinnati produce yearly more than $200,000,000 
worth of goods, and employ 100,000 operatives. The population 
in 1890 was 296,908. 

The second city is Cleveland, which is situated on Lake 
Erie, and has a fine harbor and breakwater and substantial piers. 
It is an importing centre for lumber and iron ore, and an export- 
ing centre for coal. It has over four hundred manufactories. 
The iron and steel manufacturing business of the city produces 
135,000,000 annually. There are extensive ship-yards and im- 




mense oil-works. It is a most important centre for steamboats 
and railways. The profusion of trees and the handsome parks 
of the city have entitled it to be called "The Forest City." It 
has numerous fine statues and some of the finest residence streets 
in the world, the more famous of which is Euclid Avenue. Lake- 
view Cemetery is one of the most beautiful in the country. The 
population of Cleveland in 1890 was 261,353. 

Columbus, tlTe capital, is the third city and is an important 
manufacturing centre ; it has Avide streets and extensive parks, 
and three colleges are located here. The population in 1890 was 
88,150. The other important cities of Ohio are Toledo, which is 
a great railway and shipi)ing point, having a poi)ulation of 81,434. 
Dayton, on the Big Miami, is also a busy manufacturing centre, 
with a population of 61,000. Sandusky, on Lake Erie, has a 



254 



OKLAHOMA. 



large shipping trade, and does the largest business in fresh- water 
fish in the country, aggregating f 1,500,000 a year. The Gov- 
ernor of Ohio is WiUiain McKinley (Republican), Avhose term 
expires January 8, 1894. The State is Republican. 

Oklahoma. — Oklahoma was originally part of the Indian 
Territorj^ but the government purchased a section of the unused 
lands in the Territory, part of Avhich was known as Oklahoma 
and covered 2,000,000 acres. In 1889 the President proclaimed 
the greater part of this Territory open for settlement ; the 
Boomers crowded in by thousands, pre-empted the lands, and 
built the city of Guthrie in less than a day. In A])ril, 1892, 
another large section was similarly opened to the settlers. The 

greater part of Oklahoma 
is still inhabited by In- 
dians, who receive regular 
supi^lies of money, cloth- 
ing, and provisions from 
the government, and are 
under the immediate su- 
pervision of Indian agents 
and the troops of the 
United States forts. 

The chief inhabited 
places are Guthrie, with a 
population of 7,000, Okla- 
homa City with a popula- 
tion of 2,500, and Kingfisher and Norman with a population of 
1,000 each. The population of the Territory in 1890 was 61,- 
701, of whom 5,689 were Indians. Abraham J. Seay (Republi- 
can) is Governor of Oklahoma Territory. His term expires May 
15, 1894. The governor is appointed by the President. 

Oklahoma Boomers. — This was the name given to the men 
who settled in the Oklahoma lands in Indian Territory in 1889. 
The name was of local origin, but it passed into common use. 
(See Oklahoma.) The boomers waited for months on the 
boundary line, and when, at a word from the government land 
agent, the Territory was declared open to settlers, a mad rush for 
the best lands took place. 

Old Buck. (See Presidents of the United States.) 

01(1 Buena Vista. (See Presidents of the United States.) 

01(1 Bullion. (See Nicknames of Famous Americans.) 

Old Hickory. (See Presidents of the United States.) 

Old Mau Eloquent. (See Presidents of the United States.) 




AN OKLAHOajA BOOMER'S CABIN. 



OMNIBUS BILL. 255 

Old Public Functionary. (!^ee Presidents of the United 
States.) 

Old Rough and Keady. (See Presidents of the United 

States,) 

Old Saddle-Bags. (See Nicknames of Famous Americans.) 
Old Three Stars. (See Presidents of the United States.) 
Old Tip. (See Presidents of the United States.) 
Old Usufruct. (See Nicknames of Famous Americans.) 
Omnibus Bill. ^ The hand of Henry Clay was instrumental 
in shaping this bill, which actually formed the basis of the con- 
test over the Kansas-Nebraska bill (which see) in 1854, a contest 
in which the defeat of the Whigs and the drawing of the lines 
between North and South gave birth to the Republican party. 
California applied for admission as a State on February 13, 1850. 
The issue Avas whether the territory acquired from Mexico should 
be organized on the plan of the Wilmot proviso (which proposed 
to exclude slavery from territory to be purchased of Mexico), or 
the Missouri compromise; or whether the doctrine of " Squatter 
Sovereignty" (which see) should prevail in it,, which was to 
open the territory for settlement, and let the settlers determine 
among themselves whether the States in it should ultimately be 
free or slave States. 

The South openly acknoAvledged that the annexation of Texas 
was a Southern measure, adopted for the express purpose of add- 
ing slave territory to the South. Calhoun contended that the 
Constitution was the supreme law of the land ; and, inasmuch as 
it recognized slavery, any settler should be permitted to take his 
slaves to such Territory, and be protected in holding them. 
Daniel Webster replied that "the Constitution did not bind 
Territories till they had been created into States," and, while it 
provided the forms by which this could be done, " Avas inopera- 
tive as to the exei-cise of power over the Territory." " It could 
not exercise its functions even over a State without acts of Con- 
gress to enforce it." The bills on the calendar were : A bill for 
the admission of California as a free State ; a bill for the organi- 
zation of Utah and New Mexico as Territories, subject to become 
either free or slave States ; a bill to abolish slavery in the Dis- 
trict of Columbia, and a stringent Fugitive Slave Bill, besides some 
others of less importance. Henry Clay undertook the task of 
embodying them all, excejtt the one for the abolition of slavery 
in the District of Columbia, into one " Omnibus Bill," and 
passing them through both houses at a single balloting. 

Jefferson Davis proposed the extension of the Missouri 



256 



OREGON. 



compromise line to the Pacific. Mr. Seward proposed the Wilmot 
proviso (M'hich see) to cover the territory' in question. CaU- 
foriiia became a State September 9, 1850, and was admitted with- 
out slavery- New ^Mexico and Utah were organized as Territo- 
ries without the Wilmot proviso, and the Fugitive-Slave Bill was 
passed. The South settled into an ill -concealed tranquility, and 
the North acquiesced with equal grace, except the Anti-Slavciy 
party, Avho Avere more dissatisfied than ever with the Fugitive 
Slave Law, which required any private citizen, if called upon, to 
assist in the capture and rendition of slaves, on penalty of fine 
and imprisonment. 

Oil the Fence. (See Slang of Politics.) 

On to Riehinond. (See Sayings of Famous Americans.) 

One Man Power. (See Slang of Politics.) 

Only Good Indian is a Dead Indian. (See Sayings of 
Famous Americans.) 

Oregon.— The State was settled at Astoria in 1811 by Ameri- 
cans. There has always been some question as to whether this 

domain was included in the Louisiana 
Purchase ; at all events, it ultimately 
became a part of the United States, 
and was admitted to the Union as a 
State in, 1859. 

The Cascade Mountains, which 
cross the State from north to south, 
dividing Oregon into two unequal 
parts, known as Eastern and Western 
Oregon, range from four thousand to 
ten thousand feet in height, reaching 
the region of perpetual snow. The 
principal peaks are Mt. Hood, 11,225 
feet; Mt. Jel^'erson, 10,200 feet; the 
Three Sisters and Diamond Peak, each 9,420 feet; and Mt. 
McLaughlin, 11,000 feet. The principal harbors are at the 
mouths^of the Columbia and Rogue Rivers. There are many 
other rivers, most of them navigable. The Columbia rises in the 
Rocky Mountains, and is navigable for ships one hundred and 
fifteen miles from the sea, and for steamers one hundred and 
sixty-five miles. It is a rapid stream, and receives nearly all the 
rivers of Oregon. The Columbia is thirteen hundred miles in 
length. Its "numerous cascades, canons, narroAvs, and rapids 
enhance the beauty of the scenery. 

One of the most important industries of Oregon is the Colum- 




GBEAT SEAL OF OKEGOX. 



!l 



OKEGOX. 



257 



bia River Salmon Fisheries, wliich yield upwards of 450,000 
i-ases of tisli, iiioliuliiig tresh Hsii, annually. The river is stocked 
from the government hatchery, which now puts 5,000,000 young- 
salmon into the river each year. The chief agricultural product 
is wheat, of which fifteen million bushels have been produced in a 
year ; the product of oats is about six million bushels, and hops, 
corn, iiax, rye, barley, and buckwheat, ai-e raised in large 
quantities. Fruit trees have been extensively planted in the last 
six years. Cattle-raising is one of the most important industries 
and the State has over five hundred thousand head, the equable 
climate being especially adapted to the fattening of. cattle. 
There are on the , 

ranges 2,500,000 ( ' ' ^^ - , 

sheep, yielding six- 
teen million pounds 
of wool in a year. 

The Lumber- 
ing interests are 
V e r y extensive, 
there being over 
twenty- five thou- 
sand square miles of 
woodland, including 
pine, red fir, red and 
white cedar, hem- 
lock, oak, maple, 
cotton-wood, and 
ash. The mills are 
all in prosperous 
condition and are 
kept busy nearly all the time. Gold and silver, in comparatively 
small amounts, are produced, also coal, iron ore, nickel, numga- 
nese, lime, granite, marble, sandstone, and clay. 

The chief city is Portland, on the Willamette River, which 
has a fine location for an extensive ship[)ing trade. The export 
business to China, Japan, and South America has in a single 
\x\ar amounted to 5,000,000 bushels of wheat and 500,000 bar- 
rels of flour, besides large quantities of lumber. The manufac- 
tures amount to '$;2S,000,000 a year and the total vohnue of busi- 
m-ss to 1130,000,000. The exports are about $12,000,000 a year. 
Steamship lines run to Japan, British Columbia, Alaska, and 
San Francisco, and there are several lines of coast steamers. 
Sailing vessels leave Portland for China, South America, New 
York, and all parts of the United Kingdom. Part of the city 
is 1,000 feet above the sea level. Among its prominent buildings 




■pGf^J^»:J[|i-. 



VIEW OF PORTLANP, OREGON. 



258 



PAN ELECTRIC SCANDAL. 



are the Industrial Exposition buildings, three large hotels, an 
Opera House which cost $700,000, the Masonic Temple, and the 
schools, colleges, and churches. Tlie population of Portland in 
1890 was 46,885 ; East Portland in ISUO had 10,53::. 

Another important business centre is Astoria, Avhich is sit- 
uated on the Columbia River; it had a population in 1800 of 
8,090. Sylvester Pennoyer (Democrat) is governor of Oregon, 
His term expires January 13, 1895. The State is Republican. 

Ossawatomie Brown. (See Nicknames of Famous Ameri- 
cans.) 

Our Own Evarts. (See Nicknames of Famous Americans.) 
l*aeittc Railroads. (See Railroads and Bridges.) 
Pair Oft'. (See Slang of Politics.) 

Pan Electric Scandal. — In the administration of President 

Cleveland the Pan P^lectric 
Company brought suit in the 
United States Supreme Court 
on behalf of the United States 
Gt)vernment, for the annul- 
ment of the Bell telephone 
patents, the Pan Electric 
Company claiming patents 
which would be valuable if 
the Bell telephone [latents 
were tieclared invalid. It 
■ Avas asserted that Attorney- 
General Garland had re- 
ceived some of the stock of 
the company. This declara- 
tion caused a scandal which created so much talk that Garland 
resigned. 

Panics, Financial. — Ex}ierts in the monetary science show 
with much plausibility that panics are of periodic occurrence ; 
that there is an interval between them Avhich is marked by an 
era of gi-eat prosperity inevitably to be followed by a depression 
culminating in a panic. In the United States, tliere have been 
live panics traceable to this law, if law it may be called, and one 
other ]>anic, known as Black Friday (which see), which was due 
to manipulation of the gold market, and liad, therefore, an arti- 
ficial origin. In 1819, 1837, 1857, 1873, and 1884, stringency in 
the money market occurred, in each instance resulting in great 
conuuercial depression, accompanied by business failures. The 
money Stringency of 1819 was due to the expense incurred 




I^Si^ 



CHANaKR OV COMMERCE, roKlLAND, DUKtiON. 



I 



PANICS. 259 

in carrying on the war of 181:1, and to the call by the government 
upon tlie Bank of the United States for over $7,0(10,000 in 
funds to meet the payments due for the Louisiana Purchase. 
'I'lie Bank )>aid the money, l>ut was compelle(l to curtail its 
discounts, and the commercial interi'sts felt it. 

Tiie speculation iu Western lands about 18oo was the chief 
cause of the Panic of 1837, which involved the country iu 
great depression. A contributing cause of this speculation was an 
act of Congress, in 1830, whicli authorized the distribution among 
the States as a loan of upwards of $35,000,000 of the government 
surplus. The receipt of this large sura of money by the States 
led to inflation in all kinds of linancial enterprises. The State 
Banks were I'aying for public lands in notes which the govern- 
ment regai'ded as of doubtful value, and President Jackson issued 
a Specie Circular, ordering government agents to accept only 
gold and silver in payment for the lands. The effect of this was 
a great demand for specie, in meeting which the banks containing 
the specie were seriously embarrassed, and many of them went 
under. Many of these banks were State banks, where govern- 
ment money was at that time largely deposited, and were known 
as " Pet Banks." Hundreds of other banks, which had sprung 
into existence with the disaj^pearance of the Bank of the United 
States, and Avhich hatl encouraged and participated in the wild 
speculation in public lands, were forced under. The State banks 
suspeiuled specie payments, and the crisis was at hand. The 
New York banks refused to p;iy gold or silver for their own 
notes, and the legislature of the State authorized the suspension 
of specie payments for one year. President Van Buren called a 
s])ecial session of Congress to consider the situation, the upshot 
of which was Van Buren's proposal to establish Sub-Treasuries 
in important mone}'^ centres, but the proposition was rejected. 
Acts were passed by way of compromise to cease distriljution of 
reveJiue among the States, and to authorize the issue of ^1(*,000,- 
000 of treasury notes, and an extensioji of time to merchants on 
their revenue bonds. By A])ril, 1838, specie payments were 
resumed. 

Specie Payments were also suspended in October, 1857, 
and sixty days afterwards they were resumed, but meantime, 
several thousatnl business houses went to the wall. In Decem- 
ber, 1S61, s|)ecie payments were sus])cnded by the government 
and by the banks in consequence of the outlay ini-urred by the 
Civil War, and gold sold as high as 285. The following year the 
first issue of greenbacks as paper currency was made. Specie 
payments were not resumed until January 1, 1879, when the 
greenbacks were redeemed for coin at par. 



260 PATKNT OFFICE. 

The Panic of 1873 was due cliiefly to the fact that millions 
of capital was locked up in railroads, which were bviilt about this 
time far beyond the needs of the country. There was another 
decline in prices in 1884, when money was worth three per cent, 
a day. But the ditliculty was happily tided over, and its conse- 
quences were not permanent. 

Parades, Political. (See Torchlight Processions.) 

Parties, Political. (See Political Parties.) 

Pasters. (See Slang of Polities.) 

Patent Office, The. — The Patent Office, under the system of 
patents, is designed to aid the inventor in the protection of his 
invention. The patent continues for a term of seventeen years, 
during which the patentee, or his heirs or assigns, may have 
exclusive right to the use, production, or sale of his invention in 
this country. To Secure a Patent, api)lication must be made 
in writing to the Commissioner of Patents, accompanied by a writ- 
ten description of the invention, full and exact details as to the 
manner and process of makhig it and using it, a full explanation 
of any principle of science or mechanics there may be under- 
lying it, and these specifications must be signed by the inventor 
and attested by two witnesses. If possible the inventor must 
submit drawings signed by himself and attested by two witnesses, 
to be placed on tile in the Patent Office ; he must also make oath 
to his belief that he is the original inventor of the article or sub- 
stance which he proposes to patent. He must also pay, in ad- 
vance, fees as follows : On filing application, fifteen dollars ; on 
issuing each original patent, twenty dollars. There are also 
other fees for other patents; for reissuing of a patent, the fee is 
thirty dollars. 

Caveat is a notification to the Patent Office of original claim 
as an inventor, b}^ wdiich the inventor is protec!ted from the gi-ant- 
ing of a patent to some one else for the same invention. If the 
inventor desires further time to mature and perfect his invention, 
he can do so by filing the caveat with a description of the invention. 
The Patent Office will take his caveat and keep it secret in the 
archives of the office for one year after it has been filed. During 
the fiscal year ending 1891, the Number of Applications for 
patents was 39,696 ; the number of caveats was 2,333 ; the 
number of patents granted, including reissue and designs, trade- 
marks, labels, etc., was 27,340 ; the luimber of patents that 
expired was 12,383. The receipts of the Patent Office were 
$1,302,795. The total number of applications for patents in 
fifty-five years has been 786,199; the number of patents issued 
has been 503,125. 



PENNSYT,VANIA. 



261 



Particularists. (See Political Parties.) 
Pathliuder. (See Nicknames of Famous Americans.) 
Pay Table, Army. (See Army, United States.) 

Peace Congress. The Peace Congress was convened for the 
purpose of devising some plan by which the troubles between 
North and South in 18G0 might be settled without an appeal to 
arms. Virginia issued the call, and in February, 1861, the Con- 
gress met at Washington, fourteen free States and seven slave 
States being represented. The majority report of a general com- 
mittee recommended, liy way of a solution of the difficulties, amend- 
ments to the Constitution to the effect that north of 36° 30' 
slavery should be prohibited ; that south of that "line it should 
continue undisturbed ; that neither the Constitution nor any 
amendment thereof was to be construed as giving Congress 
power to interfere with slavery in any State; that no new ter- 
ritory was to be acquired except by discovery or for naval and 
commercial stations or depots, without the concurrence of a 
majority of the Senators fi'om the free States and a majority-4>f the 
Senators from the slave States. These propositions were submitted 
to both the Senate and the House, but were straightway rejected. 

Peacock Senator. (See Nicknames of Famous Americans.) 

Peanut Politics. (See Slang of Politics.) 

Pedestal for This Colossal Heresy. (See Sayings of 

Famous Americans.) 

Pennsylvania. — The State was settled in 1643 at what is 
now the citj'^ of Chester, by the Swedes, although the Dutch 

claimed the soil from the fact of the 
discovery of Delaware Bay by 
Henry Hudson, in 1609. The ter- 
ritory eventually passed into the 
power of Great Britain, and in 1681, 
William Penn, who had received an 
extensive grant from Charles II., 
became absolutes proprietor of the 
new province. During the first fifty 
years of its existence, thousands of 
Germans and Swiss settlers immi- 
grated to Pennsylvania, and formed 
the bulk of the population, and from 
that day to this " I^ennsylvania 
Dutch " has been the byword in 
speaking of its people. At the same time there was a heavy 
immigration of Quakers and Scotch-Irish. 




GREAT SE.\L OF PENNSYLVANIA. 



•202 



PENNSYLVANIA. 



Pennsylvania rallied to the Cause of Independence and 
her sons played a ])rominent part in the Ivevolution, It was in 
Philadeljdiia that the Continental Cono-i-ess assembled, and it wa:: 
here that the Declaration of Inde))endeiiee was siii;ned. Phila- 
delphia was originally the ea2)ital, hnt in 1799 the seat of govern- 
ment was ti-ansferred to Lancaster, and in iSl'i to llarrisburg, 
where it still remains. 

The State is remarkable for its great beauty. The Cumber- 
land Valley forms a part of the great dei)ression which extends 
through the entire length of the Appalachian system as far 
south as Alabama. The Sus(piehanna drains nearly one half the 
area of the State. Its chief ti-ibutary is the Juniata. The Dela- 
ware, Avhich . rises in the Catskill ]\Ionntains in New York, is a 
tidal stream 132 
miles from the sea, 
at Trenton. The 
Allegha"y i-i-*'^'* i" 
the "oil countiN," 
and at Pittsbuig 




pniLADELrnr.v city hall. 



forms a junction Avith tlie INfonongahela. The Ohio, l^elow their 
junction, is a great thoroughfare for steam navigation. 

The State is one of the first in Manufactures and in Agri- 
culture, besides being the first in Coal Production and 
Iron Manufacturing. Fpwards of 300,0(»0 of her citi/.ens 
are engaged in agriculture. The farms number 200,000, with an 
acreage of 20,060,455 in 1S90, valucl at over !?;1, 000,000,000. The 



PENNSYLVANIA. 263 

t'ann jiroducts are worth $150,000,000 a year. The product of 
oorn amounts to 40,000,000 Ituslu'ls a year ; of oats, 30,000,000 ; 
of wheat, 17,000,000; of rye, 5,000,000 ; of potatoes, 15,000,000; 
of hay, 3,000,000 tons; while the k>af tobacco industry is no less 
important, the ])roduction averaging about '24,000,000 pounds a 
year. There are between 4,50(1,000 and 5,000,000 head of live- 
stock, of Avhich 1,500,000 are slieep, 1,600,000 are cattle, 1,000,- 
000 liogs, and 500,000 horses. 

In the manufacturing of Iron, Pennsylvania produces as mucli 
as all the other States combined. It has been an industry in 
this State ever since 1688, wlien William Penn put in o|)eration 
the first blast-furnace. In the year ending June 30, 1890, the 
output of iron in her anthracite furnaces was 1,842,000 tons. In 
the coke and bituminous furnaces the output was 2,847,000 tons. 
The State makes Ujnvards of 800,000 tons of steel rails, 35,000 
tons of iron rails, and 130,000 tons of steel ingots. The deposits 
of iron ore seem to be without limit, although nearly 9,000,000 
tons of the ore have been taken out since 1740. 

The State produces as much Coal as all the other States and 
Territories combined. The anthracite coal-beds cover seven 
districts of the State ; the output of anthracite in 1889-90 was 
45,544,970 tons. Tlie l)ituminous coal fields cover over 12,000 
square miles, yielding in 1889-90 36,174,089 tons. The State 
also produces large quantities of oil, zinc, coke, sandstone, mar- 
ble, bluestone, lead, nickel, some cop]>er, besides graphite, salt, 
kaolin, tire-clay, mineral ])aint, etc. 

The imi)ortant United Slates Institutions in Pennsylvania 
are the maguiticent Post-OtHce in Philadelpliia, built entirely (tf 
grarnte at a cost of ^8,(10(1,000 ; the wliite marble Custom Ilovise 
at Philadelphia, patterned after the Parthenon, besides tine build- 
ings at Pittsburg and other cities; Fort JMifflin, on the Delaware 
River; the Schuylkill Arsenal, whei-e hundreds of men and 
women are engaged constantly making clothing, bedding, tents, 
and various other useful su))|)lies f(n' the United States Navy ; 
the Frankfort Arsenal at Philadelphia, with fine grounds and 
venerable trees, which is used as a factory for making cartridges; 
the All(\ghany Arsenal, at Pittsburg, which is used for storing 
ordnance; the Navy Yard at League Island,^ at the junction of 
the Delaware and Seliuylkill Pi\ers, covering over nine hundred 
acres; the Indian Training School at Carlisle, Avhere young 
Indians of the savage tribes to the number of eight hundred are 
educated ; the United States Naval Asylum at Philadelphia, 
where disabled officers and sailors are furnished with the com- 
forts of life, ami the Naval Hospital at the same point. Some of 
the oldest and most inlluential of tlu' educational institutions of 



264 



PEXNSYI TAXIA. 



the country are in Pennsylvania. There is a fine system of 
canals, upwards of tAventy-tive in number, built at a cost of 
$50,000,000, with a total m'ileage of 770 miles, which in the course 
of a year move millions of tons of coal, lumber, lime, and other 
chief products. The manufactures of Pennsylvania liave an 
invested capital of .s500,000,000, employing- 400,000 persons in 
35,000 factories, and making U[.wards of §(900,000,000 in manu- 
factured goods. A large percentage of the mechanics are 
skilled, and nearly all of "them are Americans. 

The Railroads of Pennsylvania, in 1890, had a mjleage of 
over 9,000 miles, with a paid-up capital stock of over ^700,000,- 
000, with roads and equipments valued at $1,000,000,000, an 
aimual freight tonnage in a year of 140,000,000 tons, and 90,000 




MKMOKIAI. UALL AT PUILAPKLPllIA. 




papers.' Tlu^ Governor of Pennsylvania is Pobert E. Pattison 
(Democrat), Avhose term exjtires January 10, 1895. The State is 
Republican. 

The chief city of the State is Philadelphia, beautifully 
situated between the Delaware and Sihuylkill Kivers, having 
upwards, of two thousand miles of spacious streets, excellent 



PKNXSYl.YANIA. 



265 



water facilities, and precious historical associations. One of the 
notal")le features of the life of the people is the vast army of 
artisans and mechanics who own their own houses, which they 
are able to do hy reason of the co-o])erative building associations 
which in Philadelphia are especially strong. riiilacU'lphia manu- ' 
factures 1^500,000,000 worth of goods every year, emplo^'ing 
250,000 persons. The more conspicuous public buildings are 
Independence Hall, Carpenters' Hall, and Christ Church, which 
Washington attended, and in whose graveyard the remains of 
Philadelphia's a<loj)ted son, Benjamin Franklin, are interred ; 
the ten million dollar ])ublic building (now in process of con- 
struction), a magnitii'cnt tire-proof struc- 
ture, to be built of Massacluisclts marble, 
with a tower 537 feet high, surmounted 
by a large bronze statue of William 
Penn, thirty-six feet in height; the 
Masonic Temple, which cost to build 
$1,500,000; the raagniticent bridges over 
the Schuylkill River, the Academy of 
Music, the Academy of Fine Arts, the 
Academy of Natural Sciences, and the 
club-houses. The population of Phila- 
delphia in 1890 was 1,04(3,964. 

The second city is Pittsburg (popu- 
lation 238,617), which is situated at the 
junction of the Alleghany and Monon- 
gahela Rivers, in the western part of the 
State. It is one of the leading manu- 
facturing centres of the country; its in- 
dustries include iron and steel, brass, 
copper, glass, cotton, paper, coke, ships, 
steam-boats, flour, and oil. The city of 
Reading (population 58,661") is an im- 
portant railroad centre, having extensive repair shops, besides 
blast-furnaces, steel and brass works, and large rolling mills. 
Scranton (population 75,215) is famous for its collieries and steel 
works. AYilkesbarre ([)opulation 37,718) is the centre of a rich 
coal region. Lancaster (population 32,011) is the centre of a 
rich farming country. Harrisburg (population 39,385), which is 
the capital, is noted for its rolling-mills and various manufactories. 
Alleghany City (population 105,287), opposite Pittsburg, has 
large and busy fat^tories. There are upwards of twenty other 
large cities in this great State. 

Pension Office, The. — The pension system Avas introduced 
in 1806, when surviving officers and soldiers of the Revolutionary 




PHILADELPHIA " RKCOBD " 
OFFICE. 



206 PENSION OFFICE. 

"War were put on the pension list, officers receiving one half their 
monthly pay, and privates eight dollars a month. Later the 
pensions were reduced in the case of officers to .twenty dollars a 
month, and of ]>rivates to five dollars a month. This applied to 
(VJ,009 men who had served in the licvolution, to 60,670 officers and 
soldiers of the War of lSli2, and to 21,724 of the Mexican War. 
Widows of soldiers did not receive pensions until 1861, when the 
svsteni of pensions of the present day Avas begun. The tendency 
of the government has been to make these laws more and more 
generous to the veteran, hut not without calling forth oi)position 
in many quarters. The " Arrears of Pensions Act," which 
became a law in 1879, provided for the payment of pensions 
from the date of discharge or disability, and not from the date of 
application, as ]>revious laws liad jirovided in case the claim was 
not made within a certain time. On June 30, 1891, there were 
676,16t» pensioners borne on the rolls of the bureau, being 138,216 
more than were carried on the rolls at the close of the fiscal year 
1890. They are classified as f«illows : AVidows and daughters of 
Revolutionary soldiers, 23; army invalid pensioners, 413,o97 ; 
army widows, minor children, etc., lt»8.;"):)7 ; navy invalid pen- 
sioners, 5,449 ; navy widows, minor children, etc., 2,568 ; sur- 
vivors of the war of 1812, 7,590; survivors of the Mexican 
War, 16,379; widoAvs of soldiers of the Mexican War, 6.976. 

The aggregate Annual Value of the 676,160 pensions on the 
rolls June 31, 1891, was §^89, 247, 2(10 and the average annual 
value of each pension was 8139.99; the average annual value 
of each pension under the act of June 27, 1890, was 81-1.51. 
The total amount disbursed on account of pensions, expenses, 
etc., during 1891 Avas 8118,548,959.71 as compared Avith 8106,- 
493,890.19 disbursed during the preceding fiscal year, 889,131,968 
in 1889, 833,780,526 in 18^9 and 8-28,422,884 in 1869. 

The Age of the greatest number of pensioners under both the 
old and new law Avas forty-seven years. There are about 1,208,- 
707 Soldiers of the Union now living, and of the survivors 
520,158 are now on the pension rolls. There are, therefore, 
688,549 survivors Avho are not pensioned, and 879,908 decease<l 
soldiers not represented on the pension rolls. Since 18(»1, the 
total disbursements for pensions has been 81 ,277,261,263.(17. 

The Widows of Revolutionary Soldiers on the pension 
rolls June 30, 1891, Avere : Lovey Aldrich, aged 91 ; Klizabctli 
Hetz, aged 88 ; Mary BroAvn, aged 86 ; Nancy Cloud, aged 78 ; 
Sarali 1>abney, aged 91 ; Esther S. Damon, aged 77 ; Jane Dun- 
more, aged 90 ; Xaiu'v A. Green, aged 73 ; Sally Heath, aged 
86 ; Nancy Jones, aged 77 ; Rebecca ^layo, aged 78 ; Olive C. 
Morton, aged 80 ; Lucy ]\[orse, aged 90 ; Nancy Rains, aged 99; 



POLITICAL PAKTIES, 267 

Patty Richardson', aged 00 ; Meiidy Sniitli, aged 86 ; ]Marv 
Snead, aged 75 ; .Vseiiath Turner, aged 86 ; Nancy Weatherman, 
aged 81 ; Anna MarLi Young, aged 99. 

The Widows of Presidents and Federal Officers on 
the pension rolls June oO, 1891, besides those of Presidents 
Grant and Garfield, who receive five thousand dollars a year, 
were : Mrs. George H. Thomas, Mrs. W. S. Hancock, Mrs. John 
A. Logan, Mrs. P>ancis P. Blair, Mrs. P. H. Sheridan, ]Mrs. John 
C. Fremont, IMrs. (ieorge B. McClellan, Mrs. (George Crook, 
who receive two thousand dollars a year ; JMrs. James 
Shields, Mrs. S. Ileintzelman, Mrs. David McDougal, Mrs. 
E. O. C. Ord, Mrs. Robert Anderson, Mrs. George I. Stannarcf, 
Mrs. Gabriel R. Paul, Mrs. James B. Ricketts, ]Mrs. J. W. 
A. Nicholson, Mrs. L, H. Rousseau, Mrs. Jolui F. llartranft, Mrs. 
Roger Jones, Mrs. G. K. Warren, wlio receive twelve hundred 
dollars a year ; and Mrs. David D. Porter, who receives twenty- 
five hundred dollars a year. 

Pernicious Activity. (Sec Sayings of Famous Americans.) 
Personal Liberty Laws. (See Fugitive Slave Law.) 
Personal Liberty Party. (See Political Parties.) 

Pet Banks. (Si'C Panics, Financial, also Bank of the 
LTnited States.) 

Pewter Muargers. (See Political Parties.) 
Pipe Layina:. (Sec Slang of Politics.) 
Plumed Kni?;ht. (See Nicknames of Famous Americans.) 
Poker Charley. (See Nit-knames of Famous Americans.) 
Polk-Walker Tariff. (See Tariffs of the Unitc.l States.) 
Political Parties. — It is a most suggestive fact that in spite 
of the large number of political parties there have been in this 
country in one hundred years of national life, the Constitution 
has remained practically unchanged. When we reflect upon the 
wide variety of issues, princi|)les, jtlatforms, etc., which have been 
the mainspring of cont'crtcd ]»olitical action, we cannot but ad- 
mire the farsightedness and sagacity of the men who (Miibodied 
in a bit of manuscript a line of civil and political conduct whii-li 
should be religiously guarded by the ])eople of aiu)thcr age and 
century. Below will be found brief outlines of the parties and 
factions of parties which have figured upon the stage of political 
action since the Constitution was ratified : 

Abolition, Abolitionists. — The movement to secure the 
aboliUon of slavery began in Pennsylvania in 1774. New York 
espoused the cause in 178;'), Rh(»do Island in 178(), Maryland in 
1789, and New Jersey, Virginia, and ('onnet-ticut in \~9'1. John 



268 POLITICAL PARTIES. 

Jay and Alexander HainiltiMi were presiilents of the New York 
society. Colonization was talked of as a solutitni of the i)roblem, 
and in 18-9 Tlte (renixs of ['tifrer,^((l lL})iancip<itioiiy a news- 
paper ail\ tH'atinu: "immediate" abolition, was published in Balti- 
more l»y "William Lloyd Garrison of IMassaoluisetts, Fined for 
one of his articles, and for non-payment of the line imprisoned, 
he soon removed to Boston, where January 1, 1831, he began the 
publication of The Liberator. He refused to recognize the Con- 
stitution, which it is said he proclahned " a coAenant with death 
and an agreement with hell." In 1833 the National Anti- 
Slavery Society was formed. From this time dates the 
existence of the ))arty o]>poscd to slavery in the United States, 
at tirst known as Abolitionists. Among them Avere the poet 
\Vliittier, Wendell Phillips, and Benjamin Lundy. Abolition 
became a national agitation, and j)ublic excitement ran high. 
IJioting Avas of frequent occurrence; in Alton, Illinois, in 1837, 
h^lijah P. Lovejoy, an abolition editor, Avas mobbed and killed, 
anii in 1838, Pennsylvania Hall in Philadelphia, AAas burned. In 
1838, a portion ot the members AvithdreAv, and formed the 
" American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society." It Avas princi: 
jtally of these that the Liberty party, organized in 1840, A\-as 
forn'ied. In 1848, the abolitionists voted Avith the Free Soil 
party, and continued Avith them until 1856, Avhen they su|>ported 
the Kepublicans. Until the " Avar Avas fairly under Avay the 
" Garrisonians" (Avhich see) Avere in favor of alloAA'ing the 
slave-holding States to Avithdraw peaceably, but Avhen fighting 
had actually begun, they Avere among the most ardent supporters 
of the Union. 

Agricultural Wheel. - The name of a political association 
of farmers in l^rairie County, Ark., organized in 188:2 for mutual 
])rotectii)n and advancenumt. It was eventually merged into the 
Farmers' Alliaiu'C (Avhich see). 

Albany Regency. — A cabal of Democrats in Xew York 
State, organized in 18'20 ior ]iolitical purposes. Among its mem- 
bers at the start Avere Martin Van Buren, .lohn A. Uix, and Silas 
Wright. 

American Knights. —Before the Civil War in the South, 
there Avas an organization known as the Knights of the Golden 
Circle, Avhose members Avere ardent opponents of the North, and 
sought to se]>arate the Southern States from the I'^nion. During 
the war this society secretly encouraged UnioTi soldiers to desert the 
Uni(Mi flag, and to aid the Confeilerates by givingthem information 
and by recruiting for their ranks. Among other jmrposes of the 
society Avas the establishment of a NortliAvestern (\)nfederacy. 
It Avas re-organized in 1864, the Federal Government having be- 



POLITICAL PARTIES. 269 

come possessed of a full knowltHloe of its operations. Under he 
re. organization its name was changed to tiie Order of Sons of 
Libei'ty, and it was conducted after strict military methods. 
Jetferson Davis, it was claimed, was one of its members, of whom 
the total number was from oOO,U(K> to 500,000. 

American Party.— ^ This was the name of the party which 
resulted from the C()nd)ination between the Whigs in 1854 and 
the Know-Nothings. The name was also applied to a party 
which was foundi'd in opposition to secret societies and which 
had a meeting at Columbus, ()., in 1872, and nominated Charles 
Francis Adams for President. The platform demanded the 
prohibition of the sale of liqui>i", tlie withdrawal of the char- 
ters of secret societies, the use of the Bible as a text-book 
in the public schools, the resumption of specie payments, 
government recognition of the Sabbath, etc. Another party of 
the same name met in convention at l^hiladelphia in 1887, and 
put forth the donctrine that America should be governed b}^ 
Americans. Among other things the ])latform declared in favor 
of the restriction of immigration, the advancement of the Amer- 
ican free-school system, the opening up of the j>ublic lands to 
American settlers, the extension of the time for naturalization to 
fourteen years' residence, and the refusal of pul)lic lands for 
sectarian uses. Curtis, the candidate for President, in 1888, of 
the American Party, polled 1,591 votes, all in California. 

Anti-Federalists. — One of the first two political parties 
under the Constitution, the outcome of the Particularists (which 
see). They were the opponents of the Constitution of the United 
States, which was then spoken of as the Federal Constitution. 

Anti-Masonic Party. — ^This party oiiginated in conse- 
quence of the great public excitement growing out of the disap- 
pearance of William Morgan, of Genesee County, N. Y., in 18'26. 
IMorgaii was about to publish a l)ook, exposing the secrets of the 
Masonic fraternity. Not long after he disappeared, and was 
never heard from thereafter. An investigation revealed the fact 
t'lat he had been taken in a closed carriage to Niagara, and the 
discovery of a dead body a few days later, which was supposed 
to be his, strengthened the belief that he was the victim of foul- 
play. (See Morgan.) Suspicion pointed to the Masons. The 
result of this was an intense public hostility and prejudice to the 
Masons. A ])arty was organized which nominated a ticket con- 
taining no Masons, and an Anti-Masonic convention was held 
which nominated a ticket pledged to opjiose Free-Masonry. The 
party increased in power, and in 1880 fought hard against 
Andrew Jackson, who was a Mason, and at that time a candidate 
for the Presidencv. Tt held a national convention in 1831, and 



liTO 



POLITICAL PARTIES. 



nominated its own ticket, receiving the electoral vote of Veimont. 
The party was eventually incorporated into the Whio- party, in 
which it IkhI considerable influence. 

Anti-Monopoly Parly. — This party came into existence in 
1884, wiien it met at Chicago and nominated Benjamin F. Butler 
for the Presidency, Its platform declared in favor of an Inter- 
State Commerce law, industrial arbitration, the establishment of 
labor bureaus, a graded personal and income tax, and of leois- 




lation for the fostering of agriculture. Among other things it 
di'iiounced t'.G tariff, and the grant of public lands ti> corporations 
of private individuals. It made a coaUtion with the Greenback 
Labor party, and the joint ticket was called the People's party. 
(.)n election day the candidate polled about 180,000 votes. On 
May -0, 1891, at a convention at Cincinnati, a ])olitical party 
calling itself the People's party, in conjunction with representa- 
tives of various industrial organizations, adopted a platform, since 
known as the platform of the l^eople's party, ratifying the 



POLITICAL PARTIES. 271 

Ocala platform (see Farmer's Alliance), favoring the abolition of 
national l.anks, and tlie issue of legal-tender notes to be loaned 
without limit upon the seeurity of non-perishabk^ products and 
upon real-estate, interest to bo paid at two per cent. })er annum, 
demanding free coinage of silver, a direct vote for President 
and United States Senators and condemning alien ownership of 
lands, etc. 

Anti-Nebraska. — This name was assumed by Northern 
Whigs, who separated from the Southern Whigs, on tlie subject 
of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 1S58, drawing reinforcements from 
Democrats opposed to slavery in the Ti'iritories. 

Anti-Poverty Society. — This was a working-man's society 
which was formed in New York in 1887 by Henry George aiul 
Father McGlynn. The latter was unfrocked by the Pa])al author- 
ities because he disobeyed a command not to speak at a political 
meeting. The doctrine of the society is " that involuntary pov- 
erty is the lesult of the human laws that allow individuals to hold 
as private pro]»erty that wliich the Creator has provided for the 
use of all." To obtain this, the members proposed "the shifting 
of all taxes from products of labor to land values. Products of 
labor being pro<luced by the individual, it is confiscation to take 
them away from him ; land values being produced by the com- 
munity as a whole, it is confiscation to take them away from the 
community." The}' opposed exclusive ownership of land, but 
upheld exclusive possession of land, and favored the taxation of 
land values, but not of land. 

Anti-Slavery. — Formed in 18"i<> in Philadeli)hia, and was 
opposed to tlie extension of slavery. (See ^Vbolitionists.) 

Aristocrats. — Applied by the Pepublicans to a section of 
the Federalists in 1796. Also called the British Party (which 
see). 

Arm-in-Arm Convention. -The Republican convention 
of 1860 was so called from the fact that the delegates from South 
Carolina and those froiu Massachusetts entered the convention 
arm in arm. 

Associated Youth. ^ — This was a body of young Federal- 
ists in 1798, who put forth addresses enunciating the principles 
of the ]iarty, and were otherwise active in furthernig its cause. 

Barnburners. — A name applied to the followers of Van 
Buren, when in 1844 the Democratic ]iarty in New York split, 
the Barnburners advocating the extermination of banks and cor- 
porations on account of their abuses. The story of a fanner that 
burned his barn, in order to free it from rats, Avas often told and 
the ])urpose of the party was likened to it. Later, they were 
known as the Softs, or Soft-Shells. Theii- opponents, whili' kjiown 



272 POI.lTlrAL PARTIES. 

as Barnburners, were tlie Hunkers ; while known as Softs, the 
Hards, or Hard-Shells. 

Black Republicans. — The attitude of the Republicans 
against slavery in liSC>(l and their espousal of the negro's cause, 
led to their being styled Black Republicans. 

Blue Light Federalists. — This was a faction of the Fed- 
eralists, who were opitosed to the War of ISlii. The name arose 
from the fact that blue lights in the harbor of New London, 
Conn., were displayed as signals to the British vessels at a time 
when Commodore Decatiir was trying to put to sea. Decatur 
claimed that the signals were the work of Federalists, who were 
tht-reafter called Blue Light Federalists. 

British Parly. — The proposition of the Federalist party, in 
1790, to concentrate and strengthen the power of the oovern- 
ment was styled by the opposition as a British idea. The oppo- 
sition raised the cry of ••'Monarch and a King," and in some 
quarters the Federalists were known as the British party. 

Buck-Tails. — The supporters of Madison in ISIG used to 
wear in their hats on political occasions a portion of the tail of 
the deer; hence they were called Buck-Tails. 

Carpet-Baggers. — During the reconstruction }>eriod many 
Northern l\epul)licans Avent to the South and settled there, and 
by the aid of negro votes, were elected to public othee. It was 
suggested that as they came in the nature of transient guests, 
they brought all their personal property in a carj)et-bag, and 
hence were called carj^et- baggers. 

Columbian Party. — The name of a new party headed by 
James Means, Esq., and other Bostonians, in 189"2, whose object 
is the advocacy of principles taken from the Democratic and 
Republican platforms. They favor " honest money, a tariff for 
revenue only, and the abolition of the spoils system." They have 
no organization and their numerical strength is veiy slight. 

County Democracy. — A Democr itic faction in New York 
City formed originally of disgruntled Tammany men. It has a 
distinct organization, nominates its own ticket, and sometimes 
makes coalitions Avith the Republicans. 

Democratic Party. (See Democratic-Republican.) — The 
Democratic party first came into power with the administration 
of Andrew Jackson, Avho was a strict constructionist. The 
party genealogy is easily traceable to Jefferson, and " Jeffersonian 
simplicity" has ever been a Avatchword Avith it. In Jackson's 
administration, 18"J9-1S33, the party had a Southern Aving con- 
sisting of a pro-slavery element, which under John C. Calhoun of 
South Carolina, atlirnied the doctrine of Nullitication (which see) 
which declared the right of any State to nullity and make A'oid 



POLITICAL PARTIES. 278 

any act of Congress which it deemed unconstitutional. This 
doctrine became the basis of tlie Secession Movement of 
1860. Jackson made himself famous by taking a firm stand 
against this lieresy ; also for his removals from oftice of all 
partisans of the previt>us administration. He Avas thus the 
father of the " Spoils System." 'I'he Whigs with William 
H. Harrison, of Ohio, as candidate, made a good fight against the 
Democrats in ISoti, but Martin Van Buren, of New York, 
the Democratic candidate', was elected. In this administration 
the Democrats lost great prestige through the ruinous financial 
policy put in operation by Jackson and carried out by Yan Buren. 
Jackson had chartered the State banks, whose notes in ])ayment 
for public lands made a large accumulation of dt»ubtfid paper 
money in the Treasury. He had directed the issue of a specie 
circular in 1886, ordering Fnited States agents to receive there- 
after only gold and silver in payment for land puivhased. This 
caused a run on the banks in which the specie was deposited, and 
many of them went under. (See Panics, Financial.) 

It appeared that the ])anks had used the specie as loans, which 
now had to be called, a fact which preci])itated the Panic of 
1837, the most disastrous in the history of the United States. 
The Whigs, therefore, with \Yilliam Harrison again as their can- 
didate, were victorious in the election of 1840, Jolm Tyler, a Cal- 
houn Democrat, being placed on the ticket with Harrison. Yan 
Buren was the Democratic candidate, Harrison having died soon 
after his inauguration, John Tyler became President, the 
pro-slavery faction of the party became uppermost, and the party 
in the convention of 1844 was committed to the annexation of 
Texas. The Democrats won again in that year, chiefly because 
the Republican candidate. Clay, was susitected of favoring the 
annexation of Texas. (See Liberty Party.) James K. Polk, 
of Tennessee, was elected. The slavery question was now the 
foremost one, and both Democrats and Whigs wei-e afraid to com- 
mit themselves decisively jn'o or con. Lewis Cass, of Michigan, 
the Democratic candidate in 1848, was defeated by Zachary 
Taylor, Whig. 

The Democrats nominated Franklin Pierce, of New Hamp- 
shire, in 1852, on the State l^ights' doctrine, and strict construc- 
tionist issue (See Constructionist, Loose and Strict), pledging 
themselves to observe the Compromise of 1850, the Fugitive 
Slave Law, and to op])Ose any agitation of the slavery question. 
The Whigs nominated Winfield Scott, of Yirginia. Pierce was 
elected. The slavery issue could not be averted, and when in 
1854, the Northern opposition to making Kansas a slave State 
became so pronounced, the Calhoun and Nullification element of 



-74 POLITICAI, PARTIES. 

the Democratic party stood forth detiantly in iiiaiiitenanoe of their 
views. Tlie power of the party in the nation at large was now 
ek'arly on the wane, ami altliougli in 1850, its eandidate, James 
Buchanan, of l^ennsylvania, was eh'eted, tlie tinal issue was not 
long postjioned. 

In the Convention of 1860, tlie famous Charleston con- 
vention, there was a stormy time, the result being a split between 
the ISouthern and Northern wings. Tiie Southerners re-athrmed 
that Congress had no power to prohibit slavery in the States or 
Territories ; the Northerners affirmed the doctrine of " popular 
sovereignty" (s(pjatter sovereignty). The Nortlierners were led 
by Stephen A. Douglas, of Illinois, whose platform was adopted, 
\vliereuj)on the Southern Democrats withdrew. They met at 
Kii'hniond, and nominated John C. Breckinridge, of Kentucky, 
and Joseph I.aiie, of Oregon. The Dc. >crats nominated 
Stephen A. Douglas, of Illinois, upon a platform which 
sought to leave the slavery question to the United States Supreme 
Court, or to the people of the States and Territories. The 
Republican party, on a platform to exclude slavery from the 
Territi>rics at any cost, nominated Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois, 
and Hannibal Hamlin, of Maine. The Constitutional Union 
party (formerly the Know-Nothing) aominated John Bell, of 
Tennessee, and Edward Everett, of Massachusetts. Lincoln 
received a majority of all the electoral votes. During the Ci\il 
War, the Democratic party opposed the government; in its j)lat- 
form of 1804, it declared the war a failmv, and asked for a 
cessation of hostilities. It nominated George B. McClellan, 
of New Jersey, who was defeated by Lincoln, who had been 
renominated by the Ivcpublicans. In 1808, the Democratic can- 
didate was Horatio Seymour, of Xew York, and the platform 
demanded the representation in Congress of tl* Southern States, 
and the power of self-government as guaranteed by the Consti- 
tution. Ulysses S. Grant, the Republican candidate, was elected. 
In 187-, the Democrats made notable gains in the North, partly 
because of the revolt of the Liberal Republicans (which see) and 
partly because of the panic of 1873. The Liberal Republicans 
nominated Horace Greeley, whom the Democratic Convention 
accepted, (irant was re-elected, however. In 1870, the election 
went into the House of Representatives, the Democratic candi- 
date, Samuel J. Tilden, of New York, having 184 undisputed 
electoral votes, and Rutherford B. Hayes, the Republican candi- 
date, having 17"2 undisputed electoral votes. The result 
depended upon the votes of Florida, Louisiana, South Carolina, 
and Chvgon. Congress appointed the Electoral Commission (see 
Electoral Commission), which on investigation declared that the 



POLITICAL parties: 




276 POLITICAL PARTIES. 

votes of all the doubtful States slioukl be cast for Hayes, wlio 
was declared elected. 

The Dsmocratic platform in 1880 was strict constructionist, 
and in favor of honest money and a tariff for revenue only, and 
denounced the "fraud of 1876." Its candidate, W in field S. 
Hancock, of Pennsylvania, was defeated by the Republican 
candidate, James A. Garfield, of Ohio. In 1884, the Democrats 
noHiinated Grover Cleveland, of New York, on a loose con- 
structionist platform, which evaded the issue of protection, and 
favored the imposition of only sufficient duties to meet the 
expenses of the government economically administered. It 
advocated Civil Service Reform, a Chinese Exchision Bill, and 
the extension of continental trade relations. The Republican 
candidate was James G. Blaine. Cleveland Avas elected ; the vote 
of New York, which was carried by him by a plurality of 1,047 
m a total vote of over 1,100,000, deciding the contest. Grover 
Cleveland was renominated in 1888, the tariff being the chief 
issue, but was defeated by Benjamin Harrison, of Indiana, Re- 
publican. 

Democratic-Republican.— This was a name originating with 
Jefferson, which designated the Anti-Federalists, when the op- 
position to the Federalists assumed formidable proportions. This 
dual name was chosen as expressing more completely the prin- 
ciples of their faith. They were Republicans in feeling, but they 
believed in strict adhei-ence to the Constitution, in the restriction 
of the power of the government, the extension of the right of 
suffrage, and in laws favorable to naturalization. Practically the 
same principles are professed by the Democratic party of the 
present day (see Democratic Party). Thomas Jefferson was 
the first President elected by the Democratic-Republicans. His 
election was brought about by the popular disapproval of laws 
passed by the Federalists, among which were the obnoxious alien 
and sedition laws (which see), the chartering of the Bank of the 
United States, the levying of a tax on spirits, the institution of 
internal improvements, and the proposition that the government 
should assume the State debts contracted in the Revolutionary 
Wai-, all of which tlie Democratic- I\ej)ublicans regarded as not 
permissible under the Constitution. They were '< strict construc- 
tionists," i. e., they believed in a strict construction of the Con- 
stitution being lived up to, whereas Hamilton and the Adamses 
were regarded as " loose constructionists." The Democratic- 
Republicans took issue with the Federalists first in 179'2, and 
in the Tbird Congress succeeded in electing their candidate for 
speakev. 

In the Election of 1800 there was no choice, and the elec- 



POLITICAL PARTIES. 277 

tion Avas settled by the House of Representatives. Of the 
electoral votes Jefferson had seventy-three, and Adams sixty-five. 
After six days' balloting, Jefferson Avas declared elected, ten States 
voting for Jefferson, four for Burr, and two casting blank votes. 
Jefferson was re-elected in 1804. The party favored strict con- 
struction, the reduction of expenses, an embargo act, and the 
purchase of Louisiana, although the two latter propositions were 
not in accord with strict construction. 

In 1808, the party elected James Madison ; it favored at 
the time a non-intercourse act, a protective tariff, a war with 
England, and opposed the re-chartering of the United States Bank. 
Yet when the War with England in 1812 embarrassed the gov- 
ernment finances, the party went back on its position of hostility 
to the bank of the United States, and now favored the project 
on the same general lines as those laid down originally by 
Alexander Hamilton. This attitude weakened its hold upon 
the people, and it was divided into two factions, strict construc- 
tionists and loose constructionists. 

The latter succeeded in electing John Quincy Adams, in 
1824, by a coaUtion, the election having been thrown into the 
House. Thereafter the Democratic-Republicans were known 
simply as Democrats, and the loose constructionists or Repub- 
licans assumed the name of National Republicans (which see). 
The Andrew Jackson Democracy were in favor of strict con- 
struction, opposing the United States Bank, but favoring the 
Sub-Treasury system. Jackson was the first President who Avas 
nominated on a Democratic platform. The hyphenated name of 
Democratic-Republicans Avas not always used, but more often 
simply " Republicans " Avas the name Avhich designated the party 
of Jefferson. With Jackson the name " Democrats " came into 
vogue, and has been in use ever since. 

Dough Faces. — This Avas the name applied to those Repub- 
licans Avlio voted in favor of excluding the slavery clause from 
the bill admitting Missouri as a State, and thereby affected the 
Missouri Compromise, The epithet Avas applied also after that to 
the friends of slavery in the North. In the South it Avas applied 
to those who were in favor of the abolition of slavery, and, gen- 
erally speaking, it is applied to all i»eople Avho fail to live up to 
Avhat are supposed to be their natural convictions. 

Equal Rights. — ^ This Avas the name of the party which in 
1884 nominated Mrs. Belva A. Lockwood for the Presidency on 
the woman suffrage platform. She polled between 2,100 and 
2,500 votes in a total vote of ten million. There Avas also a 
party of this name in 1885, in New York, made up of Democrats 
who opposed the granting of charters to the new banks which 



2r8 POLITICAL PARTIES. 

sprang quickly into being when it became known that the charter 
of the Bank of tlie United States (which see) would not be re- 
newed. They called themselves the Equal Rights Party, most of 
the nuMnl>ers being Tammany men. (See Loco-Focos.) 

Farmers' Alliance, The. — The uprising of the farmers of 
the country in recent years lias been one of the most remarkable 
of political events. The importance of the movement is admitted 
by every prominent statesman, and the leaders of the two great 
parties recognize in it the possibility of its becoming a great political 
power. The mere fact that in so short a career the organization 
has elected eight of its members to the House of Represen- 
tatives, and one of them to the United States Senate, has been 
surticient in itself to demonstrate that it is not only thoroughly 
organized, but that it proposes to place candidates of its own 
choosing in othce. The Farmers' Alliance grew out of the old 
Grange, an organization whit-h came into being for the mutual 
protection of its members, in 18G7, at St. Louis. By 1874 the 
National Grange had eight hundred thousand members, and 
twenty thousand subordinate granges or lodges. 

In 1879, the Farmer's Alliance of Texas Avas organized. 
Among tlie purpt)ses were : — *•' To labor for the education of 
the agricultural classes in the science of economical government 
m a strictly non-j)artisan spirit; to develop a better state, 
nuMitally, morally, socially, and linancially; to suppress personal, 
local, sectional, and national prejudice, all unhealthy rivalry and 
all selfish ambition."" In another part of the declaration of pur- 
poses it is stated that tlie laws of the Farmers' Alliance " are 
reason and equity ; its cardinal doctrines inspire purity of thought 
and life, and its intentions are peace on earth and good-will 
toward men." These may be regarded as the fundamental 
principles of the Farmers' Alliance. 

The Texas Alliance joined with the Farmers' I'nion of Louisi- 
ana, in 1S87, and formed an order called the " Farmers' 
Alliance and Go-operative Union of America." This 
new order spread rajudly in the States of Missouri, Kentucky, 
Tennessee, North and South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and 
Mississijipi. Al)out this time, in Arkansas, Mississippi, Kentucky, 
and Tennessee, another farmers' organization, known as the '•' Agri- 
cultural Wheel," mustered great strength. In October, 1887, the 
" Agricultural Wheel " united with the Allian -e and formed the 
"Farmers' and Laborers' Union of America." Aliout 
the same time the " National Farmers' Alliance " organized 
at Chii-ago with a membershi]> which ni a little while extended 
into the States of Illinois, Wisconsin, ]\[innesota, Iowa, JMissouri, 
Kansas, and Dakota. Their objects were stated to be " to unite 



I 

1 



POLITICAL PARTIES. 279 

the farmers for the promotion of their interests socially, politi- 
cally and finaneially ; to secure a just representation of the 
agricultural interests of the country in the national Congress and 
State legishitnres ; to dcTnand the prohibition of aUen cattle and 
land syndicates ; to oppose all forms of monopoly as being 
detrimental to the best interests of the public ; to demand of our 
representatives in Congress their votes and active influence in 
favor of the prompt passage of such laws as will protect live 
stock interests from contagious diseases; and to demand tliat 
agricultural interests shall be represented by a Cabinet officer," 

It was inevitable that these organizations, having a common 
end, shouhl come together and formulate a declaration of ])rinci- 
ples. This they did at Ocala, Fla., December 2, 1800, when 
thirty-five States and Territories were represented by 168 dele- 
gates. 

They adopted the following platform, which i« known as the 
Ocala Platform : — 

1. We tleniaiul the abolitiou of national banks; we ilemanil that the 
governmeut shall establish sub-treasuries or doj)ositorief5, in tlie several 
States (see Sub-Treasuries), which shall loan money direct to the people 
at a low rate of iuterest, not to exceeil two per cent, per annum, 'on non- 
perishable farm ])roducts^ and also upon real estate with proper limita- 
tions upon the (piantity of land and amount of money. We demand 
that the amount of the circulating medium be speedily increased to not 
less than lifty dolhus jier capita. 

2. Wc demand that C'tuigress sluill pass such laws as shall elfectually 
prevent the dealing in futures onall agricultural aud uicchanical jiroduc- 
tions, preserving a stringent procedure in trials, s>ich as shall secure 
prompt conviction aud the imposition of such penalties as shall secure 
the most perfect compliance with the law. 

3. We condemn the silver bill recently i)assed by Congress and de- 
mand in lieu thereof the free and unlimited coinage of silver. 

4. We demand the passage of laws prohibiting alien ownership of 
land, and that Congress take i)rompt action to devise some plan to 
obtain all lands ni)w owned by aliens and foreign syndicatt>s,and that all 
lands now held by railroads and other corporations in excess of such as 
are at'tually used and needed by them l)e reclainuMl by the government 
and held for actual settlers only, 

5. Believing in the doctrine of equal rights to all and special i>rivi- 
leges to none, we demand that our national legislation shall I)e so framed 
in the future as not to build up one industry at the exi)ense of another. 
Wc further demand a removal of the existing lu^avy tariff from the 
necessaries of life tliat the poor of our land must have. We further 
demand a just and e(putal)lo system of graduated tax on inconu-s. ^Vi- 
believc that the money of tiu- country sliould be ke])t, as much as jios- 
silde, in the hands of the pcojjle, and hcnci' wc demand that all national 
and State revenues shall be limited to the necessary expenses of the 
government, economically and honestly adnnnistcred, 

6. We demand the most rigid, honest, and just State and national 
government control and supervision of the uu?ans of iud)lic communica- 
tion and transpt)rtation, ami if this control ami supervision do not 



280 POLITICAL PARTIKS. 

remove the abuses now existinji, we demand the government ownership 
of such means of communication and transportation. 

In ]May, 1891, a oont'erenoe of the National Farmers' Alliance 
and the Farmers' Mutual Benetit Association was held at Indian- 
apolis, at which the National Committee of the People's Party 
sought to bring about the amalgamation of the three organiza- 
tions, but failed to do so. (See People's Party.) 

Federal Party. — The framing of the Constitution led to 
political agitati()n iu which the people took sides. Those who 
favored the adoption of the Constitution were called Federalists. 
Among them were ^Vashington, Jefferson, Hamilton, Madison, 
Jay, and Ivandolith. The Constitution was adopted, and with 
Washington as President, the Federal Party went into power. 
The financial jjrojects of Alexander Hamilton precipitated a 
strife. He proposed to pay the foreign debt in full, the conti- 
nental debt at par, and that the government should assume the 
State debts. The last proposition evoked much bitterness of 
fooling, but it Avas nltiniatoly adopted. Other measures intro- 
duced were the incorporation of the Bank of the United States, 
anrl a tax on distilled spirits. The administration also sought to 
build up the army and navy, io institute a system of Import 
Duties, and otherwise to strengthen the foundations of govern- 
ment. Jefferson had always fought against the centralization of 
too much power in the government, and the tendency in this 
direction displayed in the first eight years of life under the Con- 
stitution drove him out of the Federal party ; with him went 
Madison, Kaiulolph, and other leaders. The Federals Avere over- 
thrown in 180(\ Jefferson and Burr heading the rival ticket. A 
policy of obstruction was now pursued by the Federalists, but 
the party never regained its power, and by 18"J0 was practically 
out of existence. Its supporters became National Republicans, 
the latter ultimately adopting the political faith of the Republican 
party. (See Democratic-Republican and Democratic Parties.) 

Free Soilers. — They formed a party headed by Martin Van 
Burcn and Charles Francis Adams as a Presidential ticket in 
1848. They advocated the restriction of slavery to its limits at 
the time. The party was formed by a coalition witVi the dis- 
united Liberty party, and fought hard for its j)riiiciples, but never 
made much of a showing at election times. It was merged into 
the Rei>ublican jiarty in 1858. 

Garrisonians. — The followers of "William Lloyd Garrison. 
So radical in their views of slavery were they that they claimed 
that slavery was supported by the Constitution. (See Abolition 
and Abolitionists.) 

Grangers. — An organization of farmers, known as Patrons 



iltjlf :s4W)^:— -IP- 




H 



POLITICAL PARTIES. 281 

of Husbandry, came into existence in 1867. Its object was co- 
operation, social, commercial, and educational. Lodges called 
Granges were established in the Western farming localities, and 
grew so powerful that in 1878 and 1874 they succeeded in carry- 
ing the Illinois and Wisconsin legislatures. Legislation directed 
against railroad extortion in freight and passenger rates was 
enacted. In recent years the Grangers Avere merged into the 
Farmers' Alliance. (See Fanners' Alliance.) 

Greenbackers. — The party which favored unlimited issues 
of paper money. Paper money, issued by the government dur- 
ing the war in payment for suiijilies for the army, came to be 
resrarded in aorioultural communities with gi-eater favor than 
coin. The Greenbackers, in convention in 1874, declared in 
favor of the withdrawal of all bank currency, and of the issue 
only of national currency, in which the national debt should be 
paid instead of in gold. They opposed the resumption of specie 
payments. In 1876 the Greenbackers, adopting the name of the 
Independent party, nominated Peter Cooper, of New York, for 
the Presidency. The ]mrty polled a total of about eighty thou- 
sand votes. In 1877 the party's vote in the State elections vras 
about 185,000, About this time, hi several States the labor and 
greenback parties united. In 1878 a national convention adopted 
the name of National Party. In that year its vote rose to one 
million, and a number of national representatives were elected. 

In 1880, James B. Weaver, of Iowa, was nominated for 
President, polling a})uut three hundi-ed thoiisand votes ; in 1844 
the nominee was Benjamin F. Butler, of Massachusetts, who 
was also the Anti-Monopoly candidate, the joint ticket being 
known as the People's party, 'and the vote about one hundred 
and thirty thousand. 

Half-Breed. — A contemptuous nickname for a section of 
the New York Republican legislature of 1881, the members 
whereof refused to vote for the candidate for United States 
Senator put forward by the Stalwarts, or straight-out Republicans. 
The name was applied, also, to the opponents of Grant for a 
third term in 1880. (See Stalwarts.) 

Hardshells, Hards. — These were Hunkers, a division in 
the Van Buren Democracy of 1848, their opponents being Barn- 
burners, or Soft-shells and Softs. Hard-shell is a name fre- 
quently applied to members of the Baptist denomination. (See 
l^arnbu7-ners.) 

High- Minded Federalists A name for those F('(leralists 

who in 1820 su|)i)()rted (Governor Clinton. They made frequent 
use of the word " high-minded," hence the a]jpellation. 

Hunkers. — The con.servati\e wing of the Democratic party 



282 POLITICAL PARTIES. 

in New York 1S44-4.S, as distinguished I'miii tlie Young Democ- 
racy. The word is derived from llie ])ut(^h JioiiA\ meaning 
" home." 

Know-Nothings. — "Ned Buntline," otherwise E. Z. C. 
Judson, organized a faction of tlie American party in 1853, in 
New York, whicli acquired tliis name from tlie' fact tliat when in- 
terrogated regarding the purpose of tlieir organization, the mem- 
bers replied : " I don't know." Tlie campaign cry was " America 
must rule America" ; they were opposed to Romanism, to natu- 
ralization, to putting any but Americans in office, and were stout 
su])]jorters of the common school system. In the vicinity of 
Boston there are several " Know-Nothiiig " railroad crossings, so 
called from the Know-Nothing candidate for governor, in l!S54, 
who, when elected, ordered all trains to stop at such crossings. 

K. K. K.'s, or Ku-Klux-Klan. — This was a secret polit- 
ical society chielly in the Southern Central States, which organ- 
ized in 1868 for the intimi<hition of negro voters. The}'- com- 
mitted numerous outrages upon the negroes, most always at night. 
They Avore masks, and operated under certain cabalistic signs 
and names. They had a written constitution, from whiidi it 
appeared that their local lodges were dens ; the masters, Cyclops; 
the members, ghouls. A county was a province ; governed by 
a grand giant and four goblins. A Congressional district was a 
dominion, governed by a grand Titan and six furies. A State 
was a realm, governed by a grand dragon and eight hydras. 
The whole country was the empire, governed by a grand wizard 
and ten genii. They succeeded in their purpose of terrorizing 
the negroes, and their outrages became so numerous that the 
President wrote a message to Congress demanding their exter- 
mination. It took some time to destroy their power, and the inves- 
tigation by a Congressional committee revealed a most barbaric 
condition of affairs. It was said that in the height of their career 
they numbered 300,000. 

Liberal Republican. — In 1871 there was a revolt in the 
Repul)lican party against certain methods of administrating the 
government at Washington, which th(y claimed were designed 
more for the political advancement and perpetuity in power of 
General Grant than for the welfare of the country. ''J'hey insisted 
that the attitude of the administration toward the South tended 
to bring about a Avar of races instead of binding together the 
whites and blacks by the tie of a coinmon interest. The party 
organized and in 1S76 nominate<l Horace Greele-y for President, 
wiio ])olled 2,834,079 votes to 3,597,070 for Grant. The party 
then went to pieces. (See Ke|)ublican Party.) 

Liberty Party, The Its members were abolitionists, and 



POLITICAL I'ARTIKS. 288 

theii* platform was tlie abolition of slavery, Thoy organized in 
New York State, in 1840. Jii the Presidential election of 18-44, 
their candidates, Birney and JMorris, polled in New Yoi'k voles 
enough to defeat Henry Clay, Avho was running against Polk. It 
was said that a letter written Ly Clay expressing his desire for 
the annexation of Texas (a slave State), led to the nomination of 
a ticket l)y the Libei'ty Party, which it had been expected would 
vote for Clay. With the vote of this party, Clay would have 
cai'ried New York and have been elected, 'j'he members of the 
party afterwards became Free-Soilei's. 

Loco-Focos. — This was an ingenious appellation for the 
Equal liights ]>arty (which see), a section of tlie Tammany De- 
mocracy in 18o5, who met in New York City, and organized as a 
j)rotest to the granting of charters to new banks. Their o}»po- 
nents, straight-line Democrats and Whigs, also attended the meet- 
ing, and during a disturbance the lights were put out. The 
Eipial llightsmenreliglited tlie room, using Loco-Foco matclies. 
The o])position thereu|)on characterized them as Loco-Focos, a 
nickname which clung to them for many years thereafter, and 
was Sometimes a]>|ilied to the Democratic party as a whole. 

Martling Men. — This was a faction in the Democratic ]>arty 
in New York, in 1807, the name originating fri.'m their meetinfr 
place. 

Nationalists. — The Nationalists get their political creed from 
Edward Bellamy's "-Looking Backward," a politico-economico 
novel in which the social system of the ])resent day is bmlesqued 
and a new social state is outlined. As the result of the pul»lica- 
tion of tliis book, a small party of men organized in Boston in 
1888. The principles of the jiarty are in favor of the govern- 
ment control of all public cnterpiise.-!, such as telegraphs, tele- 
phones, railroads, express companies, etc., the government owner- 
ship of mines, oil-wells, etc., and the municipal ownershij) of 
street cars, gas-works, and electric light plants, in fact the separa- 
tion of the ownership and management of all these enterpiises 
from the individuals who now control and manage them, and the 
giving of the same into the charge of the government. The 
Nationalists maintain that under such a system the j'ublic couhl 
be more economicallv and more satisfactorily served. The pr^ttits 
gained from these enterprises shall be the property of the pe()ple, 
although the aim would be to conduct them all at cost, so that 
there would 1)e no profit. The Nationalists also would prohibit 
the enijiloyment of child-labor in factories, and would make it 
com]»ulsory that children shouhl go to school until they are 
seventeen years old. 

National Democrat. — Some of the Democrats \\itlnlrew 



284 



POLITICAL PARTIES. 



from tlie Democratic Convention of 1860, because the Conven- 
tit)n took the position that Congrese had no power to abolish 
slavery in the Territories. They took the name of National 
Democrats, but as a i)arty did not live long. 

National Prohibitionists. — ^The Prohibition party sprang 



from the Independent 
which was instituted in 
of the temperance 
eal achievement was 
as Mayor of I'ortland, 
The national organiza- 
until 1869, when a con- 
cago. The first Pro- 
for the Presidency was 
was nominated in a 
lumbus, February '22, 



Order of Good Templars, 

1851 for the furtherance 

cause. Their first politi- 

the election of Neal Dow 

Me., in 1853 and 1854. 

tion was not jierfected 

vention was lield at Chi- 

hibition candidate 

James Black, who 

convention at Co- 

1872. Since then. 




TEINITY CHURCH, BOSTON. 

the part}'' has nominated candidates for the Presidency at every 
election. Their candidate in 1888 was Clinton B. Fisk, who 
polled 249,907 votes. 

National Republicans. — They were an outgrowth of the 
disaffected elements of the Democratic-Republican party. They 
were like the Federalists^ — loose constructionists of the Constitu- 



a 



POUTICAL PARTIES. 285 

tion. They sought to put a check on the naturaUzation law, 
favored a protective tariff and internal improvements. John 
Quincy Adams and Henry Clay, by uniting their factions, brought 
the party into being ; it was later merged into the Whig i)arty 
(which see). 

Native American. — -This party organized in New York in 
1835 as the result of Democratic and other influences to combine 
into a separate organization the foreigners who had been 
naturalized, in order to capture control of the municipal govern- 
ment. The native Americans favored twenty-one years' resi- 
dence as a prerequisite for naturalization. It succeeded in 
electing a mayor of New York, but it was ultimately crushed out 
of existence by overwhelming majorities against it. 

Particularists. — This was an opposition faction to the Feder- 
alists, that along about the close of the Revolution formulated a 
docti'ine, which was in effect that there should be no central 
power in the government Avhich could compel a State to accept its 
will. They l)elieAed in a strong local self-government, and iii the 
doctrine of State IJights. 

Personal Liberty Party. ^ — This was a small party whose 
political principles were embodied in the idea that sumptuary 
laws were never effectual and were an encroachment on individ- 
ual rights and privileges. It sought to bring about the repeal of 
obnoxious portions of the excise laws. 

Pewter Muggers. — The name of a Democratic faction in 
New York in 1828, so-called from an ale-house frequented by the 
leaders, where the ale was drawn in pewter mugs. 

Progressive Labor Party. -This Avas a faction in New 
York, of the Henry George, or United Labor Paity, wliich left 
the latter in 1887, owii]g to a disagreement regarding party pur- 
pose. Its candidate for Secretary of State polled over 7,000 
votes. There is no apparent essential difference between its 
platform and that of the United Labor Party (which see). 

Quids. — A faction which supported John Itandolph, of Vir- 
ginia, in 1805, and when he fell out with the Kepublicans, was 
merged Avith the Fedeials. They weie call " Quids," because 
of the uncertainty of their attitude. 

Republican Party. — The name Hepublicaii was originally 
adopted by the Democratic party. (See Democratic- Kepublican 
party.) It originated with Thomas Jefferson, who thought it best 
represented the principles of the Anti-Federalist party, and bor- 
rowed it from the Republican movement in France during and 
after the P'rench Revolution. Tlie early Democrats, therefore, 
were called Republicans, or moie specifically, Democratic-Re]>ub- 
licans. The name Republican disa^^peared as applying to Demo- 



286 POLITICAL I'AKTIKS. 

criits in 1S2G. As appliiMl lo I{i'|»iiblic;iiis, it Avas lirst used in 
1S55, bointij adopliMl by the Anti-Nebraska men as being most 
expressive of nationality. The Kepubliean ]'arty came into exist- 
ence after the dissohition of the Whig party in 1852. It was 
made up of Whigs, National Ilepublicans, the Free-Soilers, the 
Know-Notliiiigs, and a few scattering Democrats, all of whom 
C()mbine<l in one IiDmogeneous oi"gani/,atioii, having for its pur- 
pose liostility to the slavery movement and opposition to the 
Democratii- party, which at that time was in the /enitli of its 
])o\ver. 

In 1S5(), the first National Republican Convention was held, 
when John C. Fremont, of California, was nominated for the 
I^residency. The j)latform declared against the extension of 
slavery, against the repeal of the Alissoui'i Compromise, in favor 
of the admission of Kansas as a free State, in fa\(ir of the im- 
provement of riv<M-s and hai'bors, and in favor of the construction 
of the Pacific railroads. At the election Fremont was defeated. 

At the next ehntion, in 18G0, the party was much stronger. 
The lines between the North and the South were now clearly 
drawn. The Nt)rtherners were united in the effort to restrict the 
slave })owi'r, while the Southerners were just as earnest in ex- 
tending it. The Republican j)latform in 18(51) embodied the plat- 
form of 18r)(), demanded the protective tariif, and condemned the 
Southern threats of secession. At this convention Abraham 
Lincoln, of Illinois, was nominated, and in the electi(ui received 
a majoiity of ihc electoral votes. The election of Lincoln pre- 
ceded what had been inevitable for many years, the secession of 
the slavi^ States. A Peace Congress was lieM, the i)urpose of 
which was to sm(M)th over the dillii-ulties by making various con- 
cessions to the South, but it failed of its i)urpose. (See Peace 
Congress.) In February, 18G1, the States which had seceded met 
in convention at JNIontgomery, Ala., and formed the Confederate 
States of America. Jefferson Davis, of AIississii)pi, was chosen 
President, Thus Avas the nation plunged into a civil war. Dur- 
ing the war lancohrs policy as rri'sident Avas warmly su|)ported 
by the Kepublicans, and as warmly condemned by the Democrats, 
North and South. In IStM, the Republican Convention renomi- 
nated Lincoln, and adopted a })latform declaring war upon slav- 
ery, and demaiuling that no terms should be granted to the 
rebellious States other than unconditional surrender. Lincoln 
Was Re-elected, receiving all the electoral votes except those 
of New Jersey, Delaware, and Kentucky. Soon after Lincoln's 
inauguration ho was assassinated, and Vice-President Andrew 
Johnson became President. 

Ill 18G8 Ulysses S. Grant, of Illinois, Avas nominated and 



POLITICAL rAKTIES. 287 

elected on a platform whicli declared that the Repiihliean Htates 
by isecedint^ had lost their ])()siti<)ii in the ITnion and could only 
he readmitted on terms which were satist'aetoiy to Congress. The 
])arty declared its opposition to the intimiilation of negro voters 
by Southern Democrats, and it was instrinnental in passing the 
Fifteenth Amendment to tiie Constitution, guaranteeing the liglit 
of suffrage without regard to race, color, or previous condition 
of servitude. Grant Was Renominated in 1872 on a phtt- 
forni which (lemanded coin|»h'te e<{uality for all men under tin 
Constitution, apjjroving civil service reform, and the stam|)ing on! 
of disorder in the South. At this time a revolt against the 
Ikcpublican party was developed within its own ranks. The 
members of the revolting faction were called Liberal IJepnbli- 
cans, and they organized as a protest ag:iinst the coercive 
methods of Gi'ant's administiation toward the South. They nu'l 
in convention and nominated Horace Greeley, of New York, foi- 
the Presidency. (}rant was re-elected. 

In 187(), the Republicans iu)minated Rutherford B. Hayes, 
of Ohio, on a j)latfoiin whicdi rehearsecl the party's past record, 
demanded that the Federal powers be exercised in securing the 
rights of Amei'ican citizenship to all persons under the Constitu- 
tion, favored thi; resumption of specie j)aynu!nts, and accused the 
IJemocratic party of ti'eason, falsehood, ami sympathy with 
the rebel States. 'J'he election was for a long time in doubt, the 
Republican caiulidate liaving 172 undisputed electoral votes, tlu' 
Democratic candidate, Samuel ,[. "^rilden, having 184 undisputed 
electoral votes. The I<]lectoral Commission was appointetl by 
(Congress to settle the dispute as to who had been elected (see 
Electoral Conunission). The commission, by a vote of eight to 
seven, declare«l Hayes electe<l. 

In 1880 the candiiiate of tlni Re|)ubli-eans was James A. 
Garfield, of Ohio, wIk^ was nominated on a platform rt'vievving 
the party's achievements, denouncing tlie solid South, favoring 
the protection l)y the Federal power of the rights of all citizens, 
and favoring the ])rotective tariff and the restriction of Chinese 
immigration. This coiixc^ntion was celebrated from the fact that 
it was here that the name of (ieneral (iiant was l)rought forward 
for a third tei'in as President, (larlield was electcMl, Itut was 
assassinate(l in issi^aud Chester A. ArtJiiu' be<'ame l*resident. In 
1881 the caiulidate was James G. Blaine, of Maine, who was 
nominated on a platform which charged the Democrats with de- 
frauding the negro of his vote, which emphasized the principle 
of j)rotection, declared in favor of the reduction of the surplus, 
in favor of a National Labor Rureaii and of Civil Service K'e- 
form. The Democratic candidate was Grover Cleveland. lilaine 



288 POLITICAL I'AKTIES. 

was defeated after a contest remarkable for the personal abuse of 
the candidates and for the closeness of the vote. 

In 1888, Benjamin Harrison, of Indiana, was nominated 
by the Republicans on a platform which accused tlie Democratic 
administration of the suppression of the ballot in the South, of 
obnoxious tariff legislation, the abuse of the veto power, an 
inefficient foreign policy, and favored the protective tariff sj'stem 
at any cost. Cleveland was renominated by the Democrats and 
the issue was clearly on the question of the tariff. Harrison was 
elected, the decisive vote as in the previous election being that of 
New York State. 

Silver-Greys. — A portion of the Whig party at one time 
withdrew on some question of party policy, and as many of them 
were grey-haired the name of " Silver-Gi-ey " was playfully 
ap])lied to them. 

Single Tax. — The principles of this politico-economico creed 
are enunciated in the platform adopted by the Single Tax National 
League, at New York, September o, 1890 as follows : 

We are in favor of raising all })ublic revenues for national, 
State, county, and municipal purposes by a single tax upon land 
values, irrespective of improvements, and all the obligations of 
all forms of direct and indirect taxation. 

Since in all our States we now levy some tax on the value of 
land, the single tax can be instituted by the simple and easy way 
of abolishing, one after another, all other taxes now levied and 
commensurately increasing the Tax on Land Values until Ave 
draw upon that one source for all expenses of government, the 
revenue being divided between local governments. State govern- 
ment, and the general government, as the revenue from direct 
tax is now divided between' the local and State governments, or 
by a direct assessment being made by the general government 
upon the States and paid by them from revenues collected in this 
manner. 

The single tax would : — 

1st. Take the weight of taxation off the agricultural districts 
when land has little or no value irrespective of improvements and 
put it on towns and cities where bare land rises to a value of 
millions of dollars per acre. 2d. Dispense Avith a multiplicity of 
taxes and a horde of tax-gatherers, simplify government and 
greatly reduce its cost. 3d. Do away with the fraud, corruption, 
and gross inequality inseparable from our present methods of 
taxation, which allow the rich to escape while they grind the 
poor, etc. With respect to monopolies other than monopoly of land, 
we hold that when free competition becomes impossible, as in tele- 
graphs, railroads, water, and gas supplies, etc., such business 



POLITICAL PARTIES. 



289 




290 POLITICAL PARTIES. 

becomes a proper social function which should he controlled and 
managed hy and for the Avhole people concerned through their 
proper government, local, State, or national, as may be. 

Stalwarts. — The name given to the supporters of General 
Grant for a third term. The suggestion of stahvartness comes 
from the notion that their support of Grant had in it a sturdy 
loyalty to' Republican principles, as exemplified by its renowned 
leader and ex-President. The Stalwart faction were led by 
IJoscoe Conkling, and their opponents were called Half-Breeds, 
and were led by James G. Blaine. The latter at the time was 
Secretary of State. (See Third Term.) 

Tammany. — This powerful Democratic political society de- 
rived its name from that of an Indian chief. Its organization is a 
pattern of certain Indian customs. It has sachems, sagamores, 
braves, and the meeting place is a wigwam. Established first for 
social purposes, it entered the political field about 1800 to sup- 
port Aaron Burr. It has since then been a very important factor 
in politics, municipal. State, and national. Generally it is governed 
by one man,, who dictates its policy and chooses its officers. 
William M. Tweed was its boss in the days of the Tweed ring, 
and his overthrow and conviction was a severe blow to it. John 
Kelly was its boss for many years, and the Democratic party of 
the State and of the nation could never afford to ignore him. 
His successor as boss is Richard Croker, who is one of the 
sachems. The society is nominally a charitable and social organi- 
zation, and is distinct from the general committee of the Tam- 
many Democracy, but the outside world knows of it only in its 
political relation. 

Union Labor Party, The. — This party met in Convention 
in Cincinnati in 1887. Its platform favored the free coinage of 
silver ; a direct vote for senators ; woman suffrage ; a graduated 
land and income tax; the opening of Indian lands to settlement; 
government telegraphs and railroads ; abolition of national 
banks, etc. The candidate of the party for President in 1888 
was A. J. Streeter, of Illinois, Avho polled 148,105 votes, chiefly 
in the West. 

United Labor Party, The. — -The land tax theories of 
Henry George (see Single Tax) which he first publicly pro- 
pounded in New York City in 1886, caused a large number of 
voters to rally to his side, and when he was nominated for maj^or 
of New York by the United Labor Party thus formed, he 
polled 68,110 votes, against 90,552 for the Democratic, and 60,- 
485 for the Republican candidate. In 1887, the party nominated 
him for Secretary of State of New York, he polled 70,055 votes, 
against 469,888 for the Democratic, and 452,811 for the Rej)ub- 



POLITICAL ]• ARTIES. 291 

lican candidate. Tlie United Labor party ran a candidate for 
President, Cowdrey, in 1888 ; he polled 2,808 votes. It favors 
the single tax, desires a postal telegraph (see Post-Office Sys- 
tem), State railroads, reduction of the hours of labor, prohibition 
of the employment of children, simplification of legal procedure, 
etc. 

War Democrats. — They were Democrats who supported 
the Pepuljlicans in the |)rosecution of the Civil War. 

"Whigs. — The Whig party sprang from the union of the 
dismembered National-Republican j)arty and of the Anti-Masonic 
party (which see). Their first candidate for President was 
William H. Harrison, of Ohio, in 1836, but he was defeated 
by Van Buren. At the next Presidential election in 1840, the 
Whigs were much stronger, and Harrison was elected. The 
Vice- Presidential candidate, John Tyler, of Virginia, was a Strict 
Constructionist Democrat, and his nomination was good politics, 
for the reason that it conciliated a portion of the Southern 
Democracy. This was the Hard Cider and Log- Cabin campaign. 
Harrison's popularity, the Whig attacks on Van Buren's Sub- 
Treasury scheme, and the effect of the panic of 1837 operated to 
bring about the success of the Whig ticket. In 1844 the \\ higs 
nominated Henry Clay, of Kentuck}^, and their platform advo- 
cated a national currency, protection, and the distribution of 
surplus revenue among the States. The Democrats nominated 
James K. Folk, on a ])latform favoring the annexation of Texas, 
which wa.; a slave State, and which the South was anxious to 
bi'ing into the Union. Clay would have been elected probably 
had not a letter been published in which he expressed hmiself in 
favor of the annexation of Texas, thereby losing the votes of the 
Anti-Slavery Whigs and the Abolitionists, many of whom voted 
with the Liberty party (which see). The vote was very close. 

In. the campaigr) of 1848, the Whig candidate was Zachary 
Taylor, of Louisiana. No platform was adopted, for the reason 
that the leaders were afraid to commit themselves on the slavery 
issue. Even the Wilmot Proviso (which see) Avas voted down as a 
resolution. The Democrats also were backward about committing 
themselves on the same issue and voted down in the convention a 
resolution declaring that Congress had no power to interfere with 
slavery in the Slates or in the Territories. The Free-Soilers, 
many of whom had attended the Whig convention, put forward 
their own ticket, consisting of Martin Van Buren, of New York, 
and Charles P^'rancis Adams, of Massachusetts. The Liberty 
party voted with them. The Whig ticket received a majority 
both of the free and tlic slave States. The Whigs were 
defeated in 1852, Winfield Scott, of Virginia, being the candi- 



292 POPULAR VOTE FOR PRESIDENT. 

date ; the platform was a loose constructionist one, carefully 
worded, endorsing the Fugitive Slave Law (which see) and the 
Missouri Compromise of 1850. The Free Soil candidate, John 
P. Hale, of New Hampshire, drew many Whig votes. The 
Whigs went out of existence as a distinct party in 1856, when 
they allied themselves with the new Rejjublican party (which 
see). 

Popular Sovereignty.^ — The Wilmot Proviso (see Wilmot 
Proviso) was opposed by the Northern Democrats, led by Lewis 
Cass and Stephen A. Douglas, on the ground that slavery should 
be kept out of the National Legislature, and left to the people of 
the States and Territories to settle in their local governments. 
This was called the doctrine of popular sovereignty, and by Cal- 
houn was called " squatter sovereignty." Calhoun maintained 
that property, whether slaves or not, might be taken by its 
owner into any State or Ten-itory irrespective of the wishes of 
the people. When the Whigs tried to apply the doctrine to the 
admission of Kansas and Nebraska, it Avas apparent that these 
States would become free States, and the Northern Democrats 
for the time being came over to the Southern view as expressed 
by Calhoun. Ultimately, however, the adherence to this doctrine 
by the Northern Democrats led to a crisis in the Democratic 
party, and caused the split in the Charleston Convention of 1860, 
when the Southern wing of the Democracy left the convention, 
and organized a convention of its own, nominating Breckinridge 
for President. (See Democratic Part^'.) 

Popular "Vote for President. The subjoined table shows 
the popular vote for President in 1880, 1884, and 1888. (See 
page 293.) (For electoral votes of the States see Electoral 
College under How the President is Elected.) 

Population and Area. 

Area of States. Cities. 

United States Population. Immigrants. 
Negroes. Growth of Cities. 

Indians. Centre of Population. 

Occupations. 

The Total land and water area of the United States to-day 
is 3,602,990 square miles. The greatest breadth is from Quoddy 
Mead, Me., to Cape P"'lattery, Washington ; the greatest length, 
exclusive of Alaska, is from the forty-ninth parallel to Browns- 
ville, Texas. The largest gross area of any one State is that of 
Texas, 265,780 square miles; the smallest is that of Rhode 
anslld, 1,250 square miles. The District of Columbia originally 



POPULAR VOTE FOR PRESIDENT. 



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►-WC0t-'C0O00h-^nt-'-^O-ienC0O»-'C0G0C0Ot**t-'p-rf^C0 



294 



POPULATION AND AREA. 



had an area of one Imndred square miles, but tliirtj' square iiiilr; 
were ceded to Virginia in 1 846. 

The following table shows the land and water area of I'l ' 
States and Territories, their length and breadth, and tiuir 
capitals. 



States and 
Territories. 


Gross Area 

in S(iuare 

Miles. 


Extreme 
Breadth, 
Miles. 


Extreme 
Length, 
Miles. 


Capital. 




.52,250 

577,390 

113,020 

■53,8L0 

158,300 

103,925 

4,990 

2,050 

370 

58,080 

59,475 

84,800 

50,050 

30,350 

31,400 

50,025 

82,080 

40,400 

48,720 

33,040 

12,210 

8,315 

58,915 

83,.305 

40,810 

09,415 

14(!,080 

77,510 

110,700 

9,305 

7,815 

122,580 

49,170 

52,250 

70,795 

4i,0(;o 

39,030 
90,030 
45,215 
1,250 
30,570 
77,050 
42,050 
205,780 
84,970 
9,505 
42,450 
69,180 
24,780 
50,040 
97,890 

3,002,990 


200 
800 
335 
275 
375 
390 
90 
35 
9 
400 
250 
305 
205 
100 
210 
300 
400 
350 
f80 
205 
200 
190 
310 
350 
180 
300 
580 
415 
315 
90 
70 
350 
320 
520 
300 
230 
305 
375 
300 
35 
235 
380 
430 
700 
275 
90 
425 
340 
200 
290 
3(!5 

2,720 


330 
1,100 
390 
240 
740 
270 
75 
110 
10 
4<i0 
315 
490 
380 
205 
210 
210 
200 
175 
275 
235 
120 

no 

400 
400 
340 
280 
315 
205 
485 
185 
100 
390 
310 
200 
210 
205 
210 
290 
ISO 
50 
215 
245 
120 
020 
345 
155 
205 
230 
225 
300 
275 

1,000 


jMontgomcrv. 


Alaska Territory 

Arizona Territory 

Arkansas 


Sitka' 
Phwnix. 
Little Kock. 
Sacramento. 




Denver. 


Comiecticut 


Hartford. 
Dover. 


District of Columbia... 


Washington. 
Tallahassee. 


Georgia 

Idaho 

Illinois 


Atlanta. 
Boisti City. 
Springtteid. 
Indianapolis. 


Indian Territory 

Iowa 

Kansas 




Des Moines. 

Topeka. 

Frankfort. 




Baton Rouge. 




Augusta. 


Maryland 

.Massacliusetts 

Miehijian 

Minnesota 


Annapolis. 
Boston. 
Lansing. 
St. Paul, 
.lackson. 




Jefferson Citj\ 
Helena. 




Nebraska 


Lincoln. 




Carson City. 


New Hamjishire 


Concord. 
Trenton. 


New Mexico Territory . . 


Santa Fe. 
Albanv. 




Raleigh. 




Bismarelc. 


Ohio 


Columbus. 


Oklalioma Territory 


Gutlirie. 
Salem. 


I'ennsvlvania 

Kliode Island 


Harrisburg. 
Newport anil Prov. 


South Carol ina 

S<»uth Dakota 


Columbia. 
Pierre, 




Nashville. 


Texas . . 


Austin. 

Salt Lake Citv. 




Montpelier. 


Virginia 


Uichniond. 




Olvmpia. 


West Virginia 


Charleston. 


Wisconsin 

Wyoming 


M.adison. 
Cheveune. 


Total 









Xhe Population of the United States, according to the 
census of 1890, is G2,G22,i'r)0. In 188(», it was 50,ir)5,>83 ; in 
1870, 38,558,371; in 1800,31,443,321; in 1850,23,191,876; in 



POPULATION AND AREA. 



295 



1840, 17,069,453; in 1830, 12,860,020; in 1820, 9,633,822; in 
1810, 7,239,881 ; in 1800, 5,308,483 ; in 1790, 3,929,214 ; in 
1780, 2,945,000; in 1770, 2,312,000. The population of Alaska, 
which is not included above, is 30,329. (For population of 
States and Territoi-ies see each State and Territory.) 

The Most Populous State is New York, which has a popu- 
lation of 5,997,853 by the United States census of 1890, although 




NATIONAL ACADEMY OF DESIGN, NEW YORK. 



the enumeration completed in JVIarch, 1892, by the State authori- 
ties made the population 6,479,730. 

The Least Populous State is Wyoming, Avhich has a popu- 
lation of 00,705. 

The Most Populous City in the United States is New 
York. The government census of 1890 made the population 
1,515,301 ; the municipal enumeration some months later made 
it 1,710,715. 

The Centre of Population is at a point twenty miles east 
of Columbus, Ind, It moves steadily westward at an average 
rate of fifty miles in ten years. In 1800 it was sitiuited at a 



296 POPULATION AXD AREA. 

point eighteen miles west of Baltimore, McI. Centre of popula- 
tion as detined in the Statistical Atlas of 1874, "is the point at 
which equilibriunt would be reached Avere the country taken as a 
plane surface, itself without weight, but capable of sustaining 
weight and loaded with its inhabitants, in number and position as 
they are found at the period under consideration, each individual 
being assumed to be of the same gravity as every other and con- 
sequently to exert pressure on the pivotal point directly propor- 
tioned to his distance therefrom." In short, it is the centre of 
gravity of the population of the country. 

The Negro Population of the South (16 States) is 
6,944,015 ; tlie white population is 15,49o,8"23. The white popu- 
lation of the South in 1850 was G, ■222,41 8, the negro population 
3,442,238; in 1800 the white population was 8,0977462, the negro 
population 4,215,614; in 1870 the figures were 9,466,353 white, 
4,538,883 negro; in 1880, 12,578,253 white, 6,099,253 negro. 
These fiscm'cs show that the colored element increased during the 
decade at the rate of 13.8 per cent. The white population of 
these States in 1890 numbered 15,493,323, and in 1880, 12,578,- 
253. It increased during the decade at the rate of 23.1 per 
cent., or nearly twice as rapidly as the colored element. 

Indian Population. — By the census of 1890, the Indians 
in the United States, exclusive of Alaska, numbered 249,273, 
distributed among the States and Territories as follows: Arizona, 
16,740; California, 15,283; Colorado, 1,034; Connecticut, 24; 
Florida, 215; Georgia, 2; Idaho, 3,909; Illinois, 1 ; Indiana, 71; 
Indian Territory, 8,708 ; Five Civilized Tribes, 66,289 ; Iowa, 
397 ; Kansas, 1,437; Louisiana, 132; Maine, 140; Massachusetts, 
145 ; Michigan, 6,991 ; Minnesota, 7,065 ; Mississipi^i, 1,404 ; 
Missouri, 14 ; Montana, 10,573 ; Nebraska, 3,864; Nevada, 4,956 ; 
New Me.xico, 20,521 ; Pueblos, 8,278; New York, 28; Six Na- 
tions, 5,304; North Carolina, 231; Cherokees, 2,885; North 
Dakota, 7,952; Oklahoma, 5,689; Oregon, 4,282; South Dakota, 
19,845; Tennessee, 10; Texas, 258; Utah, 2,489; Washington, 
10,837 ; Wisconsin, 8,896; Wyoming, 1,806; War Department 
Apaches, Mt. Vernon barracks, 38 4; Indians in prison, 184; total, 
249,273. 

Of these, the Five Civilized Tribes number 68,371, among 
whom there are: Cherokees, 29,599; Chickasaws, 7,182 ; Choc- 
taws, 14,397 ; Creeks, 14,632 ; Seminoles, 2,561. Other Indians 
are the Pueblos of New Mexico, who number 8,278 ; the Six Na- 
tions, Saint Regis, and other Indians of New York, 5,304 ; the 
Eastern Cherokees of North Carolina, 2,885 ; Indians taxed or 
taxable, and self-sustaining citizens, counted in the genei'al census 
(98 per cent, not on reservations), 32,567 ; Indians under control 



POPULATION AND AREA. 



207 



of the War Department, prisoners of war (Apaches at INIount 
Vernon barracks), 384 ; Indians in State or Territorial prisons, 
184. 

The Cities Having 100,000 Inhabitants, or over, num- 
ber twentv-eight. Tliey are as follows: New York, N. Y., 




CHINESE QUAUTEIl AT SAN FRANCISCO. 



],515,.S01 ; Chicago, 111., 1,099,850; Philadelphia, Pa., 1,046,904; 
Brooklyn, N. Y^, 806,343; St. Louis, Mo., 451,770; Boston, 
Mass., 418,477; Baltimore, Md., 434,439; San Francisco, Cal., 
298,997; Cincinnati, Ohio, 296,908; CK'vcland, Oliio, 261,353; 



298 POPULATION AND AREA. 

Buffalo, N. Y., 255,064 ; New Orleans, La., 242,039 ; Pittsburg, 
Pa., 238,017; Washington, D. C, 230,392; Detroit, Mich., 
205,876; Milwaukee, Wis., 204,408; Newark, N. J., 181,830; 
Minneapolis, Minn., 104,738 ; Jersey City, N. J., 103,003 ; Louis- 
ville, Ky., 101,129; Omaha, Neb., 140^452; Rochester, N. Y., 
133,890; St. Paul, Minn., 133,150; Kansas City, Mo., 132,716; 
Providence, R. L, 132,140; Denver, Colo., 100,713; Indianap- 
olis, Ind., 105,430 ; Allegheny, Pa., 105,287. There are 393 cities 
in the United States each having a population of 8,000 of over. 

Immigration. — The immigration into the United States 
from the close of the Revolutionary War has numbered approxi- 
mately 15,507,000 persons. Of these Germany sent 4,504,128 ; 
Ireland, 3,481,074; England, 2,430,380 ; Norway and Sweden, 
925,031; Austria-Hung'ary, 434,438; Italy, 388,558; France, 
300,340 ; Russia and Poland, 324,892 ; Scotland, 323,823 ; China, 
290,055; Switzerland, 171,209 ; Denmark, 142,517. 

Of the immigrants arrived during the last decade, 3,205,911, or 
61.10 per cent, were males, 2,040,702, or 38.90 per cent., females, 
and 1,121,499, or 21.4 per cent, under 15 j^eai-s ; 51 per cent., or 
334,229, from Ireland were males; 49 per cent., or 321,253, 
females. From Germany, 836,290, or 57.0 per cent., were males, 
and 010,680, or 42.4 per cent, females. From England, Sweden, 
Norway, and Scotland, 61 per cent, were males. From Hungary, 
94,243, or 73.8 per cent, were males, and 33,438, or 26.2 per 
cent., females. From Italy, 243,923, or 79.4 per cent, were males 
and 63,386, or 20.6 per cent., females. 

Of the immigration of the ten years ending 1890, the Profes- 
sional Class, which embraces musicians, teachers, clergymen, 
artists, lawyers, physicians, etc., constituted .056 per cent. The 
Skilled Occupations, embracing blacksmiths, carpenters, 
coopers, iron-workers, machinists, printers, gardeners, dress- 
makers, miners, tailors, etc., represented 10.30 per cent. The 
class "miscellaneous occupations " constituted 39.63 per cent., and 
includes laborers, farmers, servants, and merchants. 47.34 per 
cent, of all had no occupations. Of this total of 2,600,061 ap- 
parently without occupation, 1,767,284 w^ere females and 537,007 
were under fifteen years. 

Occupations* — The occupations of the people of this coun- 
try were listed in the United States census of 1880 under four 
general titles : — 

1st — Professional and personal service. 

Males 2,712,943 

Females 1,361,295 

4,074,238 

2cl — Trade and transportation. 

Males 1,750,892 

Females 59,3G4 

1,810,256 



POST-OFFICE SYSTEM. 



299 



3d— Agriculture. 

Males 7,075,983 

Females 594,510 

7,670,493 

4th — Manufacturing — Mechanic arts and mining. 

Males 3,205,124 

Females 631,988 

3,8.37,112 

Total 17,392,099 

Growth, of Cities. -- It is a common saying that" God made 
the country and man made the town." Statistics of the Ameri- 
can cities prove that tliis is true, in this country, at least. In 
1790 tlie population of the United States was almost entirely a 
rural one. There were no large cities. Philadelphia, the largest 
city, had 42,000 inhabitants ; New York had 38,000 ; Boston had 
18,000 ; Baltimore, 13,000. The entire population of the country 
was 3,589,063. The aggregate population in 1890 of the four 
cities named exceeds this by many thousands. In 1790, the per- 
centage of people in the cities was about 3 in 100 ; the other 97 
lived on the farms, or in the towns, which averaged 500 to 1,500 
inhabitants. This percentage remained about the same during 
the fifty years subsequent to 1790. Between 1840 and 1850, the 
cities began to be more populous. Manufacturing, encouraged 
by inventions and the protective tariff, drew thousands from the 
farms to the cities, and by 1850, when there M'ere 44 cities, the 
percentage of people in cities to those in the country had increased 
to 12.5. Followinec is a table showinsf the increase since 1850 : — 



Date. 


Population of 
United States. 


Citie.-5. 


Population of 
Cities. 


I'ercentage of 
Urban Popiilation. 


1850 
1860 
1870 
1880 
1890 


23,191,870 
31,443,321 
38,.558,371 
50,155,783 
62,622,2,50 


85 
141 
226 
280 
443 


2,897,586 
5,072,256 

8,071,875 
11,318,597 
18,235,670 


12.5 
16.1 
20.9 
22.5 
29.1 



Post-Office Dopartment. (See Federal Government.) 
Post-Office System, The. (See Post-Office Department, 
under Federal Government.) 

Post-Riders. Railway Mail Service. 

Early Postal Rates. Ocean Mail Service. 

Money-Order System. Dead Letter Office. 

Receipts and Expenses. Postal Telegraph. 

Statistics. 

The first mention of a central office for the reception and dis- 
tribution of letters is found in the records of the General Court 
of Massachusetts 1689, as follows : " It is ordered that notice be 



noo 



POST-OFFIOK SYSTEM. 




COLONIAL POST-OFFICE. 



given that Richard Fairbanks liis lumsc in Boston is the place 
appointed for all letters which are l)roug]it from heyond the seas, 
or are to be sent thither to be left with liini, 
and he is to take care that tliey are to bo 
delivered or sent according to the direction. 
And he is allowed for every letter a ])enny, 
and nnist answer all miscarriages through 
his own neglect in this kind." This arrange- 
ment, however, was not satisfactory, and 
another was soon after put in operation. 
Viiginia had a Local Mail Service in 
1 (J;")?, and in 1 672 a ])()st-route was oj)ened 
between New York and JJoston, trips being 
made once a month, and thirty years later, 
every two weeks. There Avas also a route 
extending from Piscataqua, or Portsmouth, 
N. IT., to I'hiladelphia via New York, and 
another from Philadelphia to Williamsburg, Va., and thence to 
Charleston, S. C, but both of these were uncertain in the delivery 
of letters, which dei)ended both uj)OU the condition of the 
weather and u])on the peace of the country. 

In KiO'i, Parliament ])laced the mail service in the colonies in 
charge of a crown oilicer known as the Deputy Postmaster- 
General for America. In 1710, the central oilice was estab- 
lished at New York. Still the service was mismanaged, and did 
not yield the revenue which it was Parliament's lirst object to 
secure. Benjamin Franklin, who had been comptroller for the Post- 
master-(4eneral, was upon the latter's death, in 1753, appointed 
to the oilice by Parliament. With characteristic energy, he im- 
])roved the service greatly, instituting a penny-post in Phila- 
delphia to delivi-r letters at residences, and a tri-weekly mail 
between Philadelphia and New York. At this time and 
previously, letters were carried by Post-Riders, who rode on 
horseback over a given territory, collecting letters either from the 
senders in person, or from boxes placed along the route. This 
])rimitive method was in vogue until the latter half of the eigh- 
teenth century. Iji 1756, Franklin sent the mail from Philadelphia 
to New York by Stage-coach, a plan which soon after came 
into general use. Packages were also sent in the same way. 
^Vlthough P^'ranklin had increased the revenue so that Great 
liritain made a profit from the mail service in the colonies, he was 
removed on account of his politics, but by the Continental 
Congress was reappointed. ]5y 1789, Wiscasset, Maine, and 
Georgia were connected by post-routes. 

From 1789 to 1799, the Rate for carrying a singk; letter more 



I'OST-OFFICK SVSTKM. HUl 

than 30 and under 60 miles was eight cents, from 60 to 100 
miles, ten cents, from 100 to 150 miles, twelve and one half cents, 
from 150 to 200, fifteen cents, and so on. For carrying a double- 
weight letter, tiie rate Avas twice as much. P"'rom 17S9tolS16, 
the rates remaiiu'd practically the same, excepting tiiat the dis- 
tance a single letter was cai-ried for eight cents was inctreased. In 
1794 tlie Post-Office DeparLmenl was created. From 1816 to 
1845, the single rate for 80 miles was six cents, for longer dis- 
tances the rate was proportionately higher. The revenue during 
this period was about ecpial to the expenditure. In 1845 tlie rate; 
was reduced to the unit of 8<H) miles for live cents; over 300 
miles the rate was ten cents. The drop-letter system was now 
introduced, the rate being two cents for a single lettcM-. In 1851 
the rate for 300 miles was reduced to three cents. In 1861, mer- 
chandise was admitted to the mails. From 1851 to 1863, the 
expense of the department exceeded the income. In the latter 
year, the rate for a single letter was three cents for any dis- 
tance within the United States. 

Postal Cards were introduced in 1879, and letter ])ostage 
was reduced to three cents for each half ounce. In 1883, the 
rate was still fuither reduced to two cents for each half ounce, 
iwid finally Mai'ch 3, 1S,S5, to two cents an ouiuic, which is the 
rate to-day. There is, and nearly always has been, a Deficit in 
the Post-OlKce Department, due to its extraordinary facilities, 
which are maintained at great expense in the transmission and 
delivery of the mails. 

The Number of Post-OfTices in 1800, was 903; in 1820, 
4,500; in 1840, 13,468; in 1860, 28,498; in 1880, 42,989; in 
1891), 62,401; in 1891,64,329. The Post-Omce Departjnent in 
the fiscal year 1891, handled about 3,80t),000,000 pieces of postal 
matter. The Receipts were '1>65,93 1,786 ; the Expenditures 
*71,662,463; of the latter, 114,527,000 were for salaries of post- 
mastei"s, and $36,805,621 for transportation of the mads. For 
transj)ortatian of mails in 1865, the expenditure was '1!^6,246,8S4. 
The whole number of post-offices in 1891 was 64,32f), of which 
2,942 were Presidential offices. The number of miles of ])ostal 
routes was 439,027. In the extent and perfection of its ])ostal 
system, the United States leads all the nations of the world. 
Tlie dei)artment handles in a year more postal matter than 
Great Britain, France, and Germany com])ined. (^reat ]3ritain 
transmits in a year about l,500,00t),000 ])ieces, Germ;uiv al)out 
1,200,000,000, and France a])out 700,000,000, Austria-llungary 
arbout 600,000,000. 

Money-Orders and Postal Notes. — The system of send- 
ing money by mail is known as the JNloney-Order System, and 



302 



rOST-OFKinE SYSTEM. 



is a separate department of the Postmaster-General's admin- 
istration. It was created in 1871, and now does an enormous 
business. Domestic Money-Orders are issued by money- 
order post-offices, of wbich there are about 9,000, for any amount 
up to llOO, at the following rates : For sums not exceeding |5, 
five cents ; for $5 to |10, eight cents ; for $10 to $15, ten cents; 
for $15 to $30, fifteen ceuts ; for $30 to $40, twenty cents ; for $40 
to $50, twenty-five cents; for $50 to $00, thirty cents; for $60 to 
$70, thirty-five cents; for $70 to $80, forty cents; for $80 to $100, 
forty-five cents. When more than $100 is required, additional 
orders must be obtained, but not more than three orders will be 
issued in one day to the same payee, payal)le at the same office. 
There are now in operation Postal Conventions for the ex- 
change of money-ordei'S between the United 
States and the following countries, viz : Switz- 
erland, Great Britain and Ireland, Ger- 
many, France, Italy, Canada, and New- 
* found land, Jamai(%a, New 

South Wales, Victoria, New 




TIIK FAST MAIL TRAIN. 



Zealand, Queensland, the Cape ^^ , _ 

Colony, the Windward Islands, tlie ^^^^'^s^, -' 

Leeward Islands, Belgium, ]'ortugal, Tas- ''''~*^_ 

mania, Hawaii, Sweden, Norway, Jai)an, Denmark, and the 
Netherlands. 

The rates of commission or fees chaj'ged for the issue of all 
international money-orders are as follows: For sums not exceeding 
$10, ten cents; over $10 and not exceeding $'2(1, twenty cents; 
over $20 and not exceeding $30, thirty cents ; over $30 and not 
exceeding $40, forty cents ; over $40 and not exceeding $50, fifty 
cents. 

The system of Postal Notes was created March 3, 1883. 
These notes Avill be issued for sums less than $5, for a fee of three 



POST-OFFICE SYSTEM. 803 

cents, and are payable to any person presenting them, either at 
the office designated on the note, or at the office of issue, witliin 
three montlis of date of issue. 

Railway and Steamship Mail Service. — The chief 
agency in the transmission of tlie inails is the railroads. Part of 
them are carried by steaml)oats, and by messengers, as for 
instance, from one railroad station to another in a city, or from a 
railroad station to a steamboat. In back-country districts, where 
the railroad does not reach a town, post-routes run from the rail- 
road to the town, and such mails are carried by private individ- 
uals under yearly contracts. Such routes are known as Star 
Routes, and are numerous in tlie far West, where in some in- 
stances they extend for one hundred and one hundred and fifty 
miles, usually by stage-coach. The Railway Mail Service 
is in charge of a General Superintendent, who makes conti'acts 
with railroad companies, and sees tliat they are faithfully per- 
formed. The railroads furnish sepai-ate cars for carrying the 
mails, which are always run with the fast through trains. 

Over a few roads, as for instance, from Chicago to New York, 
there has been run a Fast Mail train, composed exclusively of 
mail-cars, and having the right of way over all other trains, 
thereby enabling it to make quick connections. Mail-cars are 
manned by separate crev/s, who assort the mail en route, 
frequently Avorking all night, and who deposit it in mail-bags 
which are transferred to mail wagons in waiting at the point of 
destination. Quick and accurate work is necessary, as for 
instance, where the mail-bags must be carried across a city to a 
train scheduled to leave in half an hour. Mails between San 
Francisco and New York have been carried in five days, but the 
service was so expensive that it was discontinued. The average 
time is now inside of six days. 

What is called the New York and Chicago Fast 
Mail is the most im])ortant of the fast mail trains now running. 
It is made up generally of five mail cars, one baggage-car, one 
express-car and one passenger car. The mail cars ai-e built of the 
most enduring material, and are provided with tlie best of run- 
ning gear. Each car contains pouches of mail destined for partic- 
ular States and the same men assort it each trip. Each clerk 
assorts the mail of particular States. The first car carries all the 
letters and is known as the letter car. The four other cars carry 
the newspaper, periodical, and package mail, which is so much 
more bulky than the letter mail that four cars are required to 
transj)ort it. 

Tlie Run to Chicago is divided into three sections : New 
York to Syracuse, Syracuse to Cleveland,and Cleveland to Chicago. 



304 roST-OFKlCK SYSTKM. 

Tlie crews begin work at New Yorkat4j'. m, and arrive at 
SyracuHc, it" on time, at 5.35 a. m. Here tliey remain nntil the 
same evening at 8.40, arriving tlie next morning at New York at 
six o'clock. So exacting are tlieir duties that the clerks on this 
train after making three trips, lay oi't" six days, their salaries, 
whicrh are from nine hundred to thirteen liundred dollars })er 
annum, continumg meanwhile. At iSyracnse, a new crew takes 
possession, who are in turn relieved at Cleveland hy a third crew, 
who woi'k until Elkhardt, Ind., is reached, where a Chicago crew 
comes on board aiul takes })ossession during the rest of the trip. 
The letter car, on leaving New York, is manned by six men, 
and a chief clerk ; the other cars, by four men. ]\Iail is brought 
on board at all ])()ints Avhere the train stops, and at other points 
by an ingenious contrivance callcnl a " crane," which is an up- 
right frame from which is suspended, at the jn-oper height, the 
mail-})ouch, which a rod from the k'tter car catches in j)assing, 
and is swung with its burden inside. The Railway Mail Service 
employs six thousand men. 

The Foreign Mail Service is also in charge of a Su))eiMn- 
tendent, who makes contracts for the government with the 
transatlantic steamship lines. Within a year scnne of the com- 
])anies have set ajtart a room on their ships where mail clerks 
assort the mails from America destined for foreign counti'ies, 
thereby saving a day or more iri time. The clerks return on the 
next steamer to the LTnited States, and assort the European mails 
for Ameri(vxn cities. Forty-four steamshi])s between Europe and 
the United States are authorized to carry the foreign mails. 

Dead Letter Office, The. — Letters or packages which are 
misdirected, or whose addi-esses are Avanting, or are illegible, or 
directed to persons who are no longer living, are in every case 
rt'turned to the senders if it can be ascertained who they are. 
If not, the letters and packages are advertised, kej)t a certain 
tune, and then destroyed if not claimed. 

" Dead " letters and i)ackages are received at the Post-Office 
De])artment at ^Vashington at the rate of 20,000 a day. Of this 
number 5.^ per cent, contain money, which if not claimed, 
reverts to the United States Treasury. 

The Amount of Money found in '^ dead " letters averages 
|!lO,000 a year. Some of the " dead ■" letters and packages are 
])reserved nu'rely as Curiosities. There is a large skull in the 
collection, which was addressed to Prof. S. D. Gross, Philadelphia, 
and by him refused on account of the excessive postage due. 
An interesting article on exhibition is a sheet compiled by the 
Postmaster at Boston showing one hundred variations in spelling 
the word " Chicopee," as received at the Boston Post-Office. 



rosT-oKKicii; system. 8u5 

One letter is addressed: "Miss Kate , a jjjirl al)()ut Ui 

years old, some gold in one of her front upper teeth, who sud- 
denly left her boarding house on Cherry Street, Philadelphia, 
about September, ISSf)." Another is addressed : "To the oldest 
Son of the Biggest Proprietor of the largest store in Crescent 
Mills, Plumao couTity, Cal." Another ])ostmarked in North 
Carolina, is addressed: " P. M., j)lease to iiujuire of a collard 
gentleman by name of Mack Henry, Ililliai-d, N. Y." Several 
yeai's ago a lellcr reached the otiice a<ldressed to " Jesus Ciirist 
in Heaven.'" Tills was accompanied l)y a juvcuiile request for a 
new dress, in Avhich the writer might more neatly appear in her 
Sabbath -school class. A purse was (piickly made up by the clerks 
for the impecunious little girl. 

The Property Division of the dead-letter ofhce handles all 
tlie merchandise that iinds its way to Washington, and a motley 
collection it is. Glass cases coverintj tiiree sides of a lartre room 
are tilled with curious articles sent through the mails. Among 
them is a ))ackage from C4ermany which contained several large 
and ugly-looking snakes, one a large rattlesnake with four rattles, 
centipedes and horned toads, all of which were received alive, 
being sent in a perfoi-ated box. Another instance of the Abuse 
of the Mails, is the sending of a loaded revolver to a young 
lady in Springfield, 111., and from there to Havana, 111., whence 
it was returned to Washington. 

Postal Subsidy. — (See Shipbuilding.) 

Postal Telegraph, The. - As i)roposed l)y I'ostmaster- 
General Wanamakei-, this system has for its purpose the estab- 
lishment in the Post-Oflice Department of a Bureau for the 
deposit, transmission, and delivery of postal telegrams tl.> rough 
the postal service. All ])ost-offices Avhere the free-delivery ser- 
vice now exists, and the otKces of the telegraph companies with 
which contracts would be made, would be postal telegraph stations. 
In addition, the I'ostmaster-General would l>e empowered to 
designate from time to time other post-offi(H'S and ])Ostal teiegrajth 
offices, and to contract with one or more telegraph companies 
now in existence, or that may become incorpoiated for a ))eriod 
of ten years, for the transmission of postal telegrams on condi- 
tions and at rates of tolls set foi-th in the bill. ]*ostal telegrams 
are to be sent in the order of filing, except that government 
telegrams take precedence. As witli the mails, no liability is to 
attach to the Post-Office Dei)artment on account of delays or 
errors. 

Postal Notes. (See Post-Office System.) 

Postal Subsidy Act. (See Shipbuilding.) 



306 



I'UKSIDKNTS OF TIIK ITNITKD STATES. 



Postal Telef^rapli. (See Ship-Lnilding.) 
rnictical Politics. (See Slang of I'olitios.) 
PrC-Adaillitc. (See Nicknaiucs of Famous Americans.) 
President do facto. (i*>Go Presidents of tlio United States.) 
Presidential Eh'ctors. (See How tlu' President is Elected.) 
Presidential Flat?. (See Flags of tl>e United States.) 
Presidents of the United States. 

Sobriquets. Burial Places. 

Ancestry. Professions. 

Title of President. Religious Convictions. 

Presidential Term. 

There have been twenty-three Presidents. Tt should be specified 
that in the sul)joined list, the early llepublieans, so-called, were 
really Deniocrat-lvepublicans (see Political Parties), and they are 
connected by direct lineage with the Democrats of the present 
time. 



Name. 



Politics. 



Uesiileiice. 



Inaiiguratocl. 



Ycur. Ago 



Gcovfio W:isliinj;toii. . 

.lolin A(l:iiiis 

TlioiiKis .IcIVcrson 

.laiiu's I\l:iilis()H 

.laiucs Monrix' 

•.loliii CJuincy Adilius. 

Andrew Jackson 

INIartin \'mii liiircii . . . 
William 11. llanison, 

.lolin Tvlcr 

.lames K. I'olk 

/.acliarv Tavlor 

MiUani I'iliimorc... 

Franklin I'icrcc 

.lames Hiichanan 

Abraham lancoln 

Andrew .lohnson 

Ulysses S, (irant 

Uiithcrlord U. Hayes 

.lames A. (iarlield 

C'liestor A. Artliur... 
(i rovor Cleveland — 
Uonjaiuiu Harrison. . 



Federalist . . . 
Federalist. ., 
Keimlilican. . 
Re|>nblican. , 
Uepulilican. . 
Kepubliean*, 

Democrat 

Democrat. . . . 

Wilis 

Democrat.. . . 

Democrat 

Wilis 

Wliisi- 

Democrat.. . . 
Democrat. . . . 
Reimblicau. 
Uopnblican. . 
Kei>nblican. 
Kopnbliean 
Kepubliean . 
llepublican. 
Democrat.. . 
Republican . 



Virginia 

Massacluisetts.. . . 

Virginia 

Virn'inia 

Virginia 

Massachusetts 

Tennessee 

New York 

Ohio 

Virginia 

Tennessee 

Ijouisiana 

New York 

New ll;inipshire. . 

IViinsylvania 

niinois 

Tennessee 

Dist. of Columbia, 

Ohio 

Ohio ,... 

New York 

New York 

liuli.ana 



1789 


57 


171)7 


(!2 


1801 


f.8 


ISO'J 


58 


1S17 


59 


IS'J.'-) 


58 


18'.'!> 


(;2 


18;!7 


55 


1841 


(18 


1841 


51 


184.5 


51) 


184SI 


(>5 


18,')0 


50 


l8,'i;{ 


49 


1857 


(it! 


ISC.l 


52 


18(1.5 


57 


181;;) 


47 


1877 


54 


1881 


49 


18SI 


51 


188,5 


48 


1889 


55 



1799 
182G 
1820 
18;!G 
1831 
1848 
1845 
18(12 
1841 
1802 
1849 
1850 
1874 
18(19 
18tl8 
1805 
1875 
1885 

1881 
1880 



Sobriquets of the Presidents. — The national weakness 
ft)r nicknames has always inflicted itself upon the President of the 
United States. As a rule they have originated M'ith the common 
people, and have been characterized by an easy familiarity pos- 
sible only under a " govenimeut of the i)eople, for the people, 

•John Ouincy Adams was, properly speaking, a National-Republican j his sympathies 
wore distluctly Federalistic. 



I'lii.JSIlJKNTS OF THE UNITKD S'J'ATKS. 



J07 



e 



-? 









.i'--2^j^-A^ 








^'''^<-<-<-<-c^ C<:i^ xlJ^C^.^ 



x:d-==> 



AlITOOHAl-UH or THE a'Ri;SIL.KNT3. (SEE I'AOE 313.) 



308 PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 

and by the people." Frequently, however, nicknames have been 
applied to the chief executive by political enemies, and in such 
cases, have differed from the nicknames applied by the people 
in that they have been sarcastic, and sometimes expressive of 
scorn, Washington has always been familiarly spoken of as the 
"Father of His Country " ; the origin of the name is not 
known, but its significance is apparent. He was also called the 
" American Fabius," from the fact that his system of military 
"warfare was similar to that of the Roman General P"'abius, who 
used to harass the enemy by a system of marches and counter- 
marches and surprises, a practice which characterized the cam- 
paigns of Washington. He was also called the " Cincinnatus 
of the West," from the fact that while he was in retirement on 
his farm at Mt. Vernon, in 1797, he was called upon to take com- 
mand of the army at a time when it looked as if the United 
States would go to war with France. Some of his opponents 
sarcastically spoke of him as the "Step-Father of His 
Country." He was also spoken of as the " Atlas of Amer- 
ica," because he had to carry the new woild on his shoulders. 
The " Deliverer of America," the " Saviour of His 
Country," were other nicknames for Washington. 

John Adams was called the " Colossus of Indepen- 
dence," from the fact of his intimate connection with the 
adoption of the Declaration of Independence. 

Thomas Jefferson has frequently been referred to as the 
" Sage of Monticello," from the fact that he lived at Monti- 
cello, his country seat, after he retired to private life, but managed 
to keep in touch with politics. As he was very tall and slender, 
the political wags used to speak of him playfully as " Long 
Tom." 

President Madison was called the " Father of the Consti- 
tution," from the fact that he offered a resolution in a Virginia 
legislature which resulted in the convention of 1787, and led the 
way to the adoption of the Constitution of the United States. 
President Monroe was sometimes spoken of as " Last Cocked 
Hat," because he used to wear a cocked hat, a precious relic of 
the Revolutionary period. 

John Quincy Adams, while in Congress, earned such a reputa- 
tion for oratory, and so interested the members by his speeches 
that they dubbed him " Old Man Eloquent." 

Andrew Jackson is well known even to this day as " Old 
Hickory." One of his soldiers once made the remark that the 
Genei-al was tough, and afterwards it was remarked that he was 
tough as hickory; hence he was called "Hickory." As 
time went on his admirers affectionately spoke of him as " Old 



CD 




PRESinKNTH OK Tlllfl HNri'l'".!) H'l'ATIW. 80(1 

Hickory," and ili;it l)(^<';uii(i liis iiickiiiunc. 'IMk! Cn^'k IiuliaiiH 
spokc! of liim as "Big Knife," aiMl "Sl^iarp Knife," jukI in 
consoqueiico of liis vidory over tlu; Urilisli at, New OrlcaiiH, Ik; 
has been spoken of as tiu; " Hero of New Orleans." 

President Martin Van JinrcMi a(!<jnir(!d ;i reputuljon for |»oliti(\al 
slirewdness and trickery, a fact wiiicli r(;siilted in tliosc! who knew 
iiis nieliiods well c.iIliiiL? hiiri tlui "Little Magic^ian." lie 
was also styled tin; " Wiza rd of K indtirkook," that, haviiii:; 
heeii his hirtlipl.ici'. Il(! was als(» called '^ Little Van," " King 
Martin the Fir-st," and " Mattio." 

I'resident William Henry Harrison was diihhed "Tif)pe- 
canoe," fi-<>in tlu; fact that lio fought a battle at the junction of 
the 'ri|)pecaMo(! and Wabash liivers, in ISIL In tJu; Ilard-Oider 
canipuign Harrison was affectionately spoken of as tlu; " Hero 
of Tippecanoe." "Old Tip," was unothei- nairie for him. 
Harrison was also refeire(l to as the " Waslnngton of the 
West," Ix'causc in the War of I SI 'J he jtursued the liritish into 
(!anada, and was as active in this war against tlu; Hrilish as 
\Vashingt,on lia<l lieen in tJu; Ilevoliition. 

Tresidetit .John Tyler's political opponcMits called him the 
"Accidental President," Ijccauso by tiie death of Harrison, 
shortly after his inaugin-ation, Tyh^r, who was Vice-Presid(mt, 
succeedetl to the I'residencty. 

.lames K. Polk, having l)een l)orn in tlu; sann; Stat,(^ as Andr-ew 
Jackson, who was "()1<I Hickory," was did)l)e(| " Young 
Hick(jry," thei-e Ix'ing not otily a reflation b(!tw(!en their hirlli- 
places, hut also a resiunhhuxu! in their |»olilica.l creeds. 

I'resident Zachary Tayhtr was dubbed "Old Rough and 
Keady " on account of iiis lighting (pialilies as displayed during 
the Mexican War. lie was also spoki-n of as " Old Buena 
Vista," from tlu! incident at the batth; of Ibuiua Vista in which 
he uttered tlu; famous jthrase " A Jjittle More; (Jrape, ('aptain 
l>ragg." Another famous name for liini was "Old Zach." 

I'resi(h'nt Millard l^'illmctro was a man of aristocratic^ ten- 
ilenci(!S, old school courtesy, and ])olislied mariners, a f;ict 
which gav(! lise to Vh(! appellatir)n, t.lu^ "Anioritian Louis 
Philippe." It is also said that, in pliysiipie he was Jiot unlike; 
the I''r(!nch King. 

I'Vaid<lin Pierce was calh^l "Purse" for short, that Ix-ing 
th(i promuioiation of tin; family nam<! in New Mntfland. 

Presid(wit .fames Jiuchanan was the "Old Public Func- 
tionary." The name originated from his own allusion to him- 
self ill a message to (Congress in IHf)!). He was also called 
111.- " Bachelor President," and "Old Buck." 

Al)raliam Mmtoln was "Abe," "Old Atae," " Honest Old 



310 PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Abe," the " Sectional President," which he was called by the 
Southerners. " Uncle Abe " was applied to him by th-e negroes 
after the Emancipation Proclamation. " Massa Linkum " 
was also of negro origin. "Father Abraham" originated m 
the famous war song, " We Are Coming, Father Abi-aham, Three 
Hundred Thousand Strong," and the " Fail Splitter " from the 
fact tliat in his early life he had split rails. The " Martyr 
President" is another name for him, heard to this day. 

President Andrew Johnson was called "Sir Veto" on account 
of his having vetoed so many bills. "Andy" was a famiUar 
abbreviation of his name. 

Ulysses S. Grant is more popularly known as the " Hero of 
Appomattox," while among his soldiers, during the war, he 
was familiarly s])oken of as " Old Three Stars," from his rank 
of lieutenant-general as indicated by the stars. When he was 
brought forward for the third time as President, his enemies 
called him the "American Caesar." In consequence of his 
having refused General Buckner at Fort Donelson, in 1862, no 
terms other than " unconditional and immediate surrender," the 
phrase " Unconditional Surrender" was sometimes applied 
to liim. The opposition press, by Avay of ridicule, altered this 
phrase variously into "Union Safeguard," "Unprece- 
dented Strategist," "Uniformed Soldier," "Unques- 
tionably Skilled," "United States," "Uncle Sam," 
etc., liis OAvn initials being U.S. The "Butcher from Ga- 
lena " was an epithet applied to General Grant by Charles 
O'Connor, of New York, in the latter's letter accepting the nomi- 
nation of the Democratic party in 1872. The allusion was to the 
large number of soldiers Avho were killed in Grant's campaign. 

President Rutherford B. Hayes was frequently styled by the 
Democratic press the "President de Facto," on account 
of the fact that it was claimed that Samuel J. Tilden, his oppo- 
nent for the Presidency, had been counted out, and was actually 
President de Jure. 

PresidentGarfield was called the " Martyr President," from 
the fact that he was assassinated, the "Teacher President," 
because as a young man he had been a teacher, and, later, a college 
president. The "Canal Boy" was another name applied to 
him while a candidate for President. 

Among his intimate friends, President Chester A. Arthur was 
known as " Chet," and " Our Chet," an abbreviation of his 
Christian name. On account of his polished manners and his 
elegant dress, he was sometimes called the "First Gentleman 
Of the Land." 

President Cleveland has been variously nicknamed " Grover," 



PKESIDKJ^TS OF THE UNITED STATES. 



313 












^^^^^^.^.^^ 




■^:Ayij^^^^6^i 




AUTOGRAPHS OF THE PRESIDENTS. (SEE PAtiK 307.) 



314 rUESIDKNTS OF THK UNITED STATES. 

" Our Grover," " Old Grover," and he was called the 
" Man of Destiny," on account of liis remarkable rise to 
political power. The "Stuffed Prophet," the "Claimant," 
the "Dumb Prophet," and tlie "Pretender," are appel- 
lations which were often applied to him, after he retired to 
private life, hy the New York >Sfni. During the 1884 campaign 
the Republicans derided him as the " Buffalo Hangman," 
because as sheriff in that city, he once had charge of the execu- 
tion of a murderer. They also contemptuously referred to him as 
the " Buffalo Sheriff.'" 

President Benjamin Harrison has been spoken of frequently 
as "Grandfather's Hat," as" Ben," and as " B. Harri- 
son." This nickname of " Grand father's Hat " arose from the 
fact that the cartoonists represented him as wearing a hat as 
large as himself and labelled " (Trandfather's Hat." " Baby 
McKee's Grandfather" is another of his nicknames. 

Professions, Education, and Ancestry. — Of the twenty- 
three Presidents of the United States, John Adams, T. Jefferson, 
iMadison, John Quincy Adams, Jackson, Van Buren, Tyler, Polk, 
Fillmore, Pierce, Buchanan, Lincoln, Hayes, Garfield, Aithur, 
Cleveland, and Benjamin Harrison were Lawyers at the time of 
their election. Monroe had no regular profession, but gave his 
time to Politics. William 11. Harrison, Taylor, and (Ti-ant were 
Soldiers ; Andrew Jackson was an Ex-Soldier and Politi- 
cian. 

John Adams and J. Q. Adams were graduates of Harvard 
College ; Madison was a graduate of Princeton ; Jefferson 
and Tyler were graduates of William and Mary's College, 
and Monroe once studied there. Washington, Taylor, Fillmore, 
and Cleveland attended the Common School. Jackson, Lin- 
coln, and Johnson were Self-Taught. l*olk graduated at the 
University of North Carolina; William A. Harrison 
attended Hanipden-Sydney College; I'ierce was a grad- 
uate of Bowdoin College ; Buchanan of Dickinson Col- 
lege ; Grant of West Point Military Academy ; Hayes 
of Kenyon College ; Garfield of Williams College ; 
Arthur of Union College ; Benjamin Harrison of Miami 
College. Washington, the Adamses, Madison, Harrison, Tyler, 
Taylor, Fillmore, Pierce, Lincoln, Johnson, Garfield, and Cleve- 
land were of English ancestors ; Monroe, Grant, and Hayes of 
Scotch ancestors; Jackson, Polk, Buchanan, and Arthur of 
Scotch- Irish ancestors, and Van Buren of Dutch ances- 
tors. 

Washington, Jefferson, JMadison, Monroe, Taylor, wei'c sons 
of Planters ; John Adams, Jackson, Van Buren, Polk, Fill- 



PKKSIDKN'IS OK THE UNITED STATES. 315 

more, Pierce, IJiieolii, (iarfield, and lienjamiii JIanisoii were 
sons of Farmers. J. Q. Adams' father mus a Lawyer ; 
William H. Harrison's, a Statesman ; Tyler's, a Jurist ; 
liiichanan's and Hayes', Merchants ; Johnson's, a Sexton ; 
.Arthur's and Cleveland's, Clergymen. 

Burial Places. — Washington is buried at Mount Ver- 
non, on the Potomac River, about sixteen miles from Washing- 
ton. The inner tomb is made of freestone, which has a stone 
panel bearing the inscription: "I am the resurrection and the 
life ; he that believeth in me, though he were dead, yet shall he 
live." The outside structure is twelve feet high, entered by an 
iron gateway beneath a Gothic arch, over which is a marble slab 
on which is inscribed, " Within this enclosure rests the remains 
of General (4eorge Washington." There is an ante-chamber 
where are two marble saico})hagi. Washington's has a sculptured 
lid on which is carved an American shield suspended from the 
American Hag. The flag hangs in festoons and over it rests an 
eagle, with wide open wings, perchefl u])on the shield; cut in the 
marble is the name " Washington." The remains of Martha 
Washington lie in the other sarcophagus, which is made of marble 
and IS eight feet high. 

President John' Adams is buried at Quincy, Mass., beneath 
the portico of the Unitarian Church, The tomb is in the cellar, 
and is built in behind huge blocks of rough granite ; the door is 
a marble slab Vith massive clasp, ]iadl()ck, and hinges. In the 
church pro])er is the memorial tablet to John Adams and his wife, 
on the top of which is a life-sized bust of the ]-*resident ; the tablet 
is inscribed with an elaborate eulogy of his services as a citizen 
and a public servant. 

Thomas Jefferson is buried at Monticello, Va., in the family 
cemetery. There is a granite obelisk, built of three pieces of 
rough granite, designed from a di-awing made by Jeiferson. 
The inscription on the pedestal is as follows : — 

Here lies buried 

THOMAS .JEFKKUSOX, 

Author of the Declaratiou of American Independence, 

Of the Statute of Virginia 

For religious freedom, 

And father of the 
University of Virginia. 

On the northern side of the base stone is inscribed'. — 

Born Ai)ril 2, 

174:5, O. S. 

Died July 4, 1826. 

Mrs. .TefTerson is buried close by. 



316 PRESIDKXTS OP THE IJNITKI) STATES. 

James Madison is l)iirkHl at Montpelier, Va. The lot is 
entered by an iron gate with the name "MADISON." Tlio 
monument is a phiin but graceful obelisk built of seven pieces of 
stone. The total height is twenty feet six inches. The inscrip- 
tion is witliout aUusion to his public services. I lis wife, JJolly 
I'ayne, is buried in the same lot. The monument was erected 
twenty-two years aftt'r Madison's death, by private subscrip- 
tion. 

James Monroe lay buried in New York city, in the Second 
Avenue Cemetery, until 1858, when the body was removed to 
Richmond, Va., and deposited in Hollywood Cemetery, in a 
lot which was bought by Governor Wise in behalf of the State 
for the purpose of utilizing it as the burial place of Virginia's 
l^residents. The vault is made of brick and granite and is five 
feet under ground, being covered by a block of Virginia marble 
on which rests the sarcophagus, a granite block shaped like a 
cofKn. On the sarcopliagus was a metal plate on which was 
inscribed, "James Monroe, Governor of Virginia, 17'J0 to 1802. 
1811. President of the U. S., 1817 to 1825." This plate was 
stolen and never recovered. The monument is eiu'losed by an 
elaborate framcnvork of iron, which has the aj)peai'ance of a 
Gothic temi)le. Mrs. Monroe lies buried at Oak Hall, ^'a., with 
other members of her family. 

John Quincy Adams is burit>(l at Quincy, Mass., in the 
same vault with his l)rother beneath the portico of the First 
Unitarian Church. There is also a tablet to his memory on the 
wall of the church to the right of the pul])it, on the top of which 
is a bust of the statesman. The inscrijition on the tablet is 
elaborate and eulogistic of the services the deceased rendeied to 
the nation, llis wife, Louise Catlierine, is buried by his side. 

Andrew Jackson is buried at the Hermitage, eleven miles 
from Nashville, Tenn., on the Cumberland River. The 
ri'niains lie within a sti'ucture about fifteen feet high, surmounted 
by a dome and supported by eight Doric columns; the interior 
has a vaulted ceiling in white. At the base of the structure is 
a ]\vramid of white marble resting on a square base beneath 
Avhich is the vault. There is nothing on the General's tomb 
indicating that he was President. The inscription is simply 
"General Andrew Jackson, Born March 15,17(57, Died June 8, 
1845." The inscription on the tomb of his Avife, which was 
written by General Jackson himself, speaks of her as the v/ife of 
I'resident Jackson. 

The remains of President INlnrtin ^'an r>uren lie in Reformed 
Church Cenu'tery at Kinderkook, N. Y. The shaft is nuide 
of plain granite rising from the block four feet square, resting on 



i 



I 



PBESIDKNTS OK TIIK UXITKD STA.TKS. 317 

a pedestal. The lieii^ht of the inoiuiineut is liltt'cii feet. The 
inscription is veiy plain. 

I'resident William H. Harrison lies buried in a field over- 
looking- iho Ohio River at North Bend, O. Tiie ronuiins 
were originally buried at Washington, 'fho vault is built of 
brick and extends live feet beneath the surface, the ujjper j»art of 
it beuig two feet above the surface. The vault is oi)ened by an 
iron door and the descent is niade on wooden steps. IJemark- 
able to relate, there is no inscription on the tomb although thei-e 
is a wide marble slab on the lintel of the door, apparently placed 
there that the name of the distinguished dead might be thereon 
insci'ibed. The Ohio Legislature has several times rejected bills 
to erect a suitable monument. 

President Tyler is buried at Hollywood Cemetery, 
Richmont, Va., in the President's section near the grave of 
I'resident Monroe. Tliere is neither monument nor stone to 
maik the grave, although thirty years ago the Virginia JiCgisla- 
ture passed resolutions for the erection of a suitable monument. 

James K.Polk is buried in Nashville, Tenn., in the front yard 
of an old mansion on Union Street, corner of- Vine. The moim- 
ment is twelve feet square and about twelve feet high, and is 
built of limestone; it stands in the centre of a square, enclosed by 
an iron railing. In the centre of tlu^ monument is a s(|uare stone 
block about five feet high, on three sides of which is engraved an 
insci"iption eulogistic of the dead. 

Presiilent Taylor lies l)urieil in tlu; Taylor Cemelery, Louis- 
ville, Ky. The monument is a handsome grunite shaft, on tlu^ 
top of which is a marble statue of President Taylor, bareheaded, 
and in full uniform. The monument was erected by the State, 
and is thirty-se\ en feet in lieight. The inscription is simple and 
l)i'ief; on the base are the initials " Z. T.," and on one of the 
panels of the shaft aie the last woi-ds of the President: " I have 
endeavored to do my duty, 1 am ready to die; my only regret is 
for the friends 1 leave behind me." On the middle section is a 
bronze j)rolile of the (Jeneral ; on the west side of the shaft are 
the American eagle and coat of arms in relief; on the other side 
is a list of the battles in whicli the General fought: Fort Ilaiii- 
son, Black Hawk, Okeechobee, Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma, 
Monterey, and liuena Vista. 

The remains of Milhird Fillmore are buried at Forest Lawn 
Cemetery, Jiear BulTalo, N. Y., and the obelisk is a ])olished 
red gi-aiiite twenty-two feet high. On the base is carvetl in large 
letters " FILLMOL'K." IMie inscription is very simple aiid there 
is nothing to indicate that the deceased was I'resident of the 
United States. 



318 PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Franklin Pierce is buried at Concord, N. H., in the Minot 
Cemetery. The monument is of Itahan marble and is graceful 
in shape and construction ; at the base is carved the word 
" PIERCE." The inscription is very simple and no mention is 
made of the fact that the deceased was President of the United 
States. 

President James Buchanan lies buried at Lancaster, Pa., in 
Woodward Hill Cemetery. The vault consists of large lime- 
stone flags upon which rests a block of New -Hampshire granite 
seven feet long, three feet seven inches wide and a foot thick. 
The monument is in the Koman style ; a single block of Italian 
marble, having on one side the name " BUCHANAN," on the 
other side an inscription which states that the deceased was the 
fifteenth President of the United States. 

The remains of Abraham Lincoln are buried at Springfield, 
111., in Oak Ridge Cemetery. The structure is made of Quincy 
granite, and is 119x72 feet; there is a main platform, which is 
approached by four staircases from either corner, the platform 
itself being 72^ feet square, and forming the base of the shaft and 
pedestal, which support the statuary, and in themselves occupy a 
space of 54 feet square. P^rom the centre of the base rises the 
shaft, twelve feet square at the base, and eight feet square at the 
top, to a height of 98 feet from the platform, with a winding 
staircase inside ; the total height is 120 feet. On the pedestal 
are heroic bronze groups representing the Navy and the three 
departments of the Army of the United States ; there are shields 
of polished granite inscribed with the names of the States, Avhich 
encircle the square between the bronze groups ; on the Southern 
side of the shaft rests a pedestal on which stands a bronze statue 
of Lijicoln in a double-breasted Prince Albert coat, holding in 
his left hand a scroll marked " Proclamation," and in his right 
hand a pen. The right hand rests upon the American flag, at 
the bottom of which is a laurel wreath. In the base of the mon- 
ument are two chambers, one of which is a memorial hall, where 
relics of Lincoln are exhibited. In the other chamber were origi- 
nally placed the remains of Lincoln. The sarcophagus where the 
remains are now interred has on one end the name " LINCOLN," 
encircled by a wreath of oak leaves and acorns; beneath this, in a 
semi-circle, is the sentiment : " With malice toward none, with 
charity for all." The monument was dedicated Oct. 15, 1874, 
President Grant and the Cabinet being present. The monument 
cost $250,000, which was raised by public subscription. 

Andrew Johnson's remains are buried near Greenville, 
Tenn., under a monument beneath which rest also the remains 
of his wife. Both lie in an arch from the roof of which rises the 



PRESinENTS ^F THE UNITED STATES. 819 

monument, first the base, tlien tlie ])liiitli, wliicli is a large l)lo('k 
of marble, with iiiscri[»tion approi)riate to eacli of the deceased. 
Accompanying that of the President is the line, " His faith in the 
people never wavered." Above is carved an open Bible, seven- 
teen by eleven inches, on the pages of ■which rest a hand, as it 
were the hand of the President taking the oath. Above the 
Bible, hung from the upper moulding, is a carved scroll of 
the Constitution, ins(*ril)ed in raised letters, " Constitution of the 
United States." There now rises a shaft of marble thirteen feet 
high, at the top of which is an American <lag, overspreading 
the shaft for a distance of six feet, and surmounted by an eagle 
with outstretched wings. The monument, as is observed from 
an inscription over the graves, was the tribute of the President's 
children. 

The remains of President Grant lie in the tomb in Riverside 
Park in a picturesque spot overlooking the Hudson River, near 
120th Street, New York City. They were there placed on 
August 8, 1885, under tlie escort of the grandest military and 
civic display ever seen on this continejit. The vault is built of 
red and black bi-ick, with a semi-circular roof surmounted in front 
by a capstone. Two solid oak doors, with bronze hinges, lock, 
and knob, open into the tomb, where another door of open iron 
work meets the view. The remains of the President are in a 
steel case made of the finest Bessemer steel, with an oval top, 
and air-tight, water-tight, and burglar-proof. The steel case 
rests on a marble pedestal supported by a stone base on the floor 
of the vault, which is a few feet lower than the entrance. Inside 
of the steel case is a second casket, of cedar, copper-lined, which 
contains the remains. The outside case has a solid gold plate, 
with the n^me U. S. Grant. The steel case as built had a door 
at one end to admit the casket. When it was finally closed, 
bolts of steel were welded along its side. 

President Garlield lies buried at Lake View Cemetery, Cleve- 
land, O. The jMart}r Presider.t has the most elaborate memo- 
rial erected over the remains of any American public man, 
although its cost was not as great as that of the monument to 
Lincoln. It is a huge towei-, 148 feet high and 50 feet in diame- 
ter, at the base of which is a smaller structure, 45 feet high and 
20 feet square, through which the tower is entered. The exterior 
of the monument is constructed of Ohio sandstone. The tower 
has a conical roof, with twelve niches for statues allegorical of 
the months of the year. Beneath is a I'im of shields, each with a 
coat of arms of the States. The smaller structure has four win- 
dows and the door, above which and extending on the sides are 
panels with terra cotta reliefs lepresentative of the career of tliQ 



320 riMosiDKN'is OK rmo UNyici) siaiks. 

(loceascd as tcu-lier, soldier, statesman, riesidont, and lying in 
state. Another figure shows him a boy at the country school, 
still anothei- as chief of staff at CMiickamauoa, another as making 
a, |)ul)lic speech in the open air, another as taking the oath as 
rr(\si(lent, aiul so on. The memoiial (,eni)»le is thc^ (chamber in- 
side the tower. At the doorway is an allegorical ligui-e of War, 
seatecl, and a figure of Peace, with an oli\t' bi-anch. Beneath 
this is the inscription : — 

Erected by ;i ^riilc^l'iil country 
In mcMioiy ot 

.lAMKS AlUJAM (1 A KKI KM), 

20tli 1 'resident of tlu^ United Stiiti's of America, 

Scholar, Soldier, St;itesni:in, I'iitriot; 

Born liith Nov., l>s;'.l; 

Dcc'd A. 1). Sept. Kttli, JSSl. 

In the centre, rising from a pedestal, is a striking heroic fignre 
of (Jarlield rc^presented as addressing Congress. The statue, 
which is of marble, is encircled by eight large gi'aiiitc columns, 
surmounted by a (bnne. On the frieze is an allegorical represen- 
tation of tlu' funeral procession, the iigures being Columbia, LaAv, 
Justice, Concord, grou()s of States, J^iterature, War, arui Labor, 
In the roof of the dcune are winged figures of North, South, East, 
and West. 'J'he remains of the President rest beneath tlie statue, 
and are reached by a spiral stairway. The tem[)le is lighted by 
windows between which are panels re{)re8enting the thirteen 
States. The contributions for the erection of this beautiful 
nuMuoriMl temple amounted t-o $l;>f,7r)r). 

The renniins of Prt'sident Arthur lie in the family plot in 
Hural Cemetery, at Albany, N. Y. "^riie sarco{)hagus is of 
stone, a single block of granite, eight by four b}' three feet, with- 
out ornamentation, but highly i)olished. It rests on a pedestal 
also of granite. On the base is a bronze tablet inscribed with : 

CUKSTKU AI-AN AUTIIUU, 

Twenly-lirst. President of the United States. 

Horn October 5, ISoO. 

Died, November 18, 1880. 

Also on the base is the name, in raised letters, " Artlnu"." 
Standing at the foot of the monument ami leaning against it is a 
beautiful bronze ligure of Sorrow, of heroic size, with folded 
wings, and in the act of placing a palm-leaf on the tomb. The 
motninuMit cost eleven thousami dollars, and was contributed by 
the President's friends. The remains of his wife, Klleu Lewis 
llerndon, are in a sarcophagus close by. 

Religions Convictions. -^ - WasJiington, Madison, Monroe, 
W. 11. Jlarrison, Tyler, Taylor, Arthur wtMc Episcopalians. 



PRESIHRNTR OF TIIK ITNITEn flTATRS. 



821 




UKMKUAL UliUiUili WA.SllINtl i(>.,. 



S'l'l PRESIDKNTS OF THK INITKI) SPATKS. 

"An atlu'ist in religion, and a fanatic in politics" — this was said 
of Thomas Jefferson by tlie Federalists when he was elected to 
the Presidency in 1800. JMany of them actnally felt that the 
country would go to ruin under Jefferson's administration. As 
to Jefferson's atheism, that has ever been a matter involving 
grave doubt. Whatever his religious views may liave been prior 
to his death, there is no doubt but that he died a believer in 
an Ahniglity CJod. 

John ^\dams, John Quincy Adams, Fillmore, were Unitarians; 
Jackson, l\)lk, Buchanan, J^incoln, Johnson, Clevelaiul, Benjamin 
Harrison, were Presbyterians, although Lincoln, Johnson, 
and Polk were not connnunicants. Polk on his death-bed re- 
ceived the rite of bai)tism from a Methodist clergyman. Grant 
and Hayes Avere Methodists; Van Buren attended the Dytch 
Reformed Church. Pierce was a Trinitarian Congre- 
gationalistj and Garfield a member of the Church of Dis 
ciples. 

Expenses of the White House. — Besides the salary of 
1*50,000, the government allows the I'resident a fund, usually 
about 175,000, for the expenses of the White House, the main- 
tenance of the grounds, repairs, etc., and for the hiring of assist- 
ants, clerical and otherwise. The latter are: Private Secretary, 
|!;>,'250 ; Assistant Private Secretary, $2,*250 ; Stenographer, 

$1,800; Five Messengers, $1,200 each; Steward, | ; Two 

Doorkeepers, 11,200 each ; Two Ushers, $1,200, $1,400 ; Night 
Usher, $1,200 ; Watchman, $900 ; and a few other minor clerks 
and telegraph o]ierators. The rest of the a])propriation goes for 
care and furnishing of the AVhite House, fuel, the greenhouse, 
the stable, gas, etc. IMrs, Harrison secured an additional appro- 
priation from the P'ifty-First Congress for improving the drainage 
of the Executive IMansion, the building of additions to the house, 
etc. 

Presidential Term. — The length of time the President 
should serve was not decided upon without a good deal of discus- 
sion. Some Congressmen favored seven yi'ars, others twelve, 
lifteen, "during good behavior," while Rufus King advocated 
" twenty years, the medium life of princes." Finally, a " grand 
committee," consisting of one member from each State, reported 
in favor of limiting the term to four years. 

Title of the" President. — The title "President of the 
United States " origimited in deference to AVashingtou's desire 
not to arouse pid)lic criticism by conferring xipon the Executive 
any title which might savor of monarchy. A committee of Con- 
gress had rc])(>rted in favor of addressing the President as " His 
Highness, tlH> President of the United States of America, and 



n 



PUBMO LAXDS AND LAND GRANTS. 323 

Protector of their Liberty." The inauguration was delayed in 
order that this important question might be settled. Finally, a 
committee of Congress reported that " it is not proper to annex 
any style or title other than expressed in tht^ Constitution." 

Press, History jiiid Statistics of the. (See Newspapers.) 
Primary Elections. (See How the President Is Elected.) 
Progressive Labor Party. (Set- Political Parties.) 
Prohibition National Coniniittee. (See National Com- 
mittee.) 

Public Lands and Land Grants. — Grants of government 
land are made to all States on their admission, to the extent of 
five per cent, of the entire area within the States. The govern- 
ment has made it a rule to make extensive grants to railroad cor- 
porations as an inducement to build. The first grant of land for 
a railroad was to the State of Illinois, in 1850, of 2,.'i()(),()0() acres, 
which was used for the constnu^lion of the Illinois Central Rail- 
road. 

To encourage the building of the Trans-Continental Rail- 
roads, upwards of 25,000,000 acres were granted. Later, the 
Northern Pacific and the Atlantic Pacific Railroads received over 
40,000,000 acres each. In recent years, public sentiment has dis- 
approved of these wholesah; gifts of land to ])rivate individuals, 
and by Act of Congress, a considerable portion of the grants have 
been recovered, chiefiy for failure to live up to the terras of the 
grants. In 1891, the government owned 994,000,000 acres of 
public lands which had at that time been surveyed. Besides this 
large area, there were upwards of 800,000,000 acres unsurveyed, 
but not suitable for domestic life. 

The ])ublic lands, undisposed of and Open to Settlement, 
are divided into two classes, one class being held at 11.25 jx'r 
acre as the minimum price, the other at $2.50 per acre; being the 
alternate sections reserved by the United States in land grants to 
railroads, etc. Such tracts are sold o)i apj)Ucation to the regis- 
ters and receivers of the district land offices upon conditions of 
actual residence and improvement under the pi-e-emi)tion laws. 
Widows, heads of families, or single persons over twenty-one 
years of age, if citizens of the United States, or aliens who have 
declared their intention to become citizens, have the Right of 
Pre-emption to the maximum quantity of 160 acres each on 
becoming settlers and complying with the regulations. Uiuler 
the Homestead laws a citizen, or an alien having declared his 
intention to become a citizen, has the right to KiO ac^res of either 
the $1.25 or $2.50 class after actual residence and cultivation for 
five years. Under the Timber Culture law a citizen, or one 



324 PUBLIC LANDS AND LAND OWNERS. 

who has declared his intention to become such, if the head of a 
family, or a single person over twenty-one years, may acquire 
title to 160 acres on cultivating ten acres of trees thereon for 
eight years. By the act of August 30, 1890, no person can 
acquire under all the land laws an aggregate area of more than 
320 acres of the public lands. In the year ending June 30, 
1891, the number of acres entered under the Homestead Act, 
and the Timber Act, was 5,040,393 (homestead), and 969,006 
(timber). 

Alien Land Owners. — The holdings of lands in the 
United States by foreign corporations, companies, and individuals 
aggregate upwards of 25,000,000 acres. Most of these lands are 
Avest of the Mississippi, and nearly all of the foreign owners are 
Englishmen, who use the land for cattle-raising purposes. The 
more prominent of these alien land-owners, and the amount of 
their holdings, in acres, are : An English syndicate. No. 3, in 
Texas, 3,000,000 ; the Holland Land Co., New Mexico, 4,500,- 
000 ; Sir Edw. Reid and a syndicate, Florida, 2,000,000 ; Eng- 
lish Syndicate in Mississippi, 1,800,000 ; Marquis of Tweedale, 
1,750,000 ; PhiUips, Marshall & Co., London, 1,300,000 ; German- 
American syndicate, London, 750,000 ; Bryan H. Evans, of Lon- 
don, 700,000; Duke of Sutherland, 425,000; British Land 
Company in Kansas, 320,000 ; Wm. Wharley, M. P,, Peterboro, 
Eng., 310,000; Missouri Land Co., Edinburgh, Scotland, 300,000 ; 
Robert Tennent, of London, 230,000 ; Dundee Land Co., Scot- 
land, 247,000; Lord Dunraore, 120,000; Benjamin Neugas, 
Liverpool, 100,000; Lord Houghton, in Florida, 60,000; Lord 
Dunraven, in Colorado, 60,000; English Land Company, in 
Florida, 50,000 ; English Land Company, in Arkansas, 50,000 ; 
Albert Peel, M. P., Leicestershire, Eng., 10,000; Sir J. L. Kay, 
Yorkshire, Eng., 5,000 ; Alexander Grant, of London, in Kansas, 
35,000; English syndicate, Wisconsin, 110,000; M. Ellerhauser, 
of Halifax, in W. Va., 600,000 ; a Scotch syndicate in Florida, 
500,000; A. Boysen, Danish consul in Milwaukee, 50,000 ; Mis- 
souri Land Company, of Edinburgh, 165,000. 

To these Syndicate Holdings should be added the follow- 
ing : The Arkansas Valley Company in Colorado, a foreign cor- 
poration, whose inclosures embrace upward of 1,000,000 acres ; 
the Prairie Cattle Company (Scotch), in Colorado, upwards of 
1,000,000 ; H. H. Metcalf, River Bend, Colorado, 200,000 ; John 
W. Powers, Colorado, 200,000 ; McDaniel & Davis, Colorado, 
75,000 ; Routchler & Lamb, Colorado, 40,000 ; J. W. Frank, 
Colorado, 40,000 ; Garnett & Langford, Colorado, 30,000 ; E. C. 
Tane, Colorado, 50,000; Leivesy Brothers, Colorado, 150,000; 
Vrooman & McFife, Colorado, 50,000 ; Beatty Brothers, Colo- 



RAILROADS AND BRIDGES. 325 

rado, 40,000 ; Chick, Brown & Co., Colorado, 30,000 ; Reynolds 
Cattle Company, Colorado, 50,000 ; several other holdings in 
Colorado, embracing from 10,000 to 30,000 ; Coe & Carter, 
Nebraska, fifty miles of fence ; J. W. Wilson, Nebraska, forty 
miles ; J. W. Boster, twenty miles; William Humphrey, 
Nevada, thirty miles ; Nelson & Son, Nevada, twenty-two 
miles ; Kennebec Ranch, Nebraska, from 20,000 to 50,000 acres. 

Public Schools. (See Education.) 

Pull. (See Slang of Politics.) 

Purse. (See Presidents of the United States.) 

Put None but Americans on Guard To-night. (See Say- 
ings of Famous Americans.) 

Quids. (See Political Parties.) 

Rag Baby. — A derisive name for the Greenback idea. Rag 
currency was paper money. 

Railroading. — (See Slang of Politics.) 

Railroad Mileage. (See Railroads and Bridges.) 

Railroads and Bridges. 

Early Building. Accidents. 

Pacific Railroads. Earnings. 

Speed. Mileage. 

Railroad Bridges. Street Railways. 

The first railroad constructed in America was projected by 
Gridley Bryant, civil engineer, in 1825, and completed the fol- 
lowing yeari from the granite quarries at Quincy, Mass,, to the 
Neponset River; including branches, it was four miles long. The 
first cost was 150,000. It had a five-foot gauge ; the sleepers 
were made of stone, and the rails of wood. Bryant invented the 
portable derrick, the turn-table, the switch, and built the first 
eight- wheeled car ever used. Four years later, Ross Winans 
of Baltimore, experimenting with a view of designing a carriage 
capable of rounding the short curves of roads then under con- 
struction, produced the eight- wheeled carriage which is still in 
use in this country and Europe. 

The second railroad in America was opened in May, 1827, 
from the Mauch Chunk (Pa.) mines to the Lehigh River; it was 
thirteen miles in length, including branches. The first Stephen- 
son locomotive in this country was one imported by the Dela- 
ware and Hudson Canal Company in 1829. The First Rail- 
way Company incorporated is now known as the Baltimore 
&Ohio; the legislature of Maryland, in March, 1827, granted a 
charter; the capital stock was $500,000, and both Maryland 



326 



KAILROADS AM>. HKIOGKS. 



and tlio city of Baltimore woro authorized to buy the stock. 
It was iutomlod to use not steam but horses on the road, relays 
of which were kept at points akvig the route. The road was 
gradually extended from its original terminus, Frederick, ^fd., 
across the Blue Ridge and Alleghany Mountains as far as Cin- 
I'iTinati. The tirst American loci>motive was built in Baltimore, by 
Peter Cooper, of New York, in 1S:?I», ami was run from Baltimore 

to EUicott's 
31 i 1 1 s . It 
attained to a 
speed of eigh- 
teen miles an 
hour. Froni 
this time the 
II u m b e r of 
rail r o a d s 
rapidly multi- 
]> 1 i e d In 
fact, by 1837, 
the total mile- 
a g e w a s 
greater than that of any other 
country. The variation in the 
gauge of different connecting 
roads led to much inconvenience, 
but ultimately a uniform gauge 
of 4 feet SA^ inches was adopted. 
An incentive of the utmost im- 
portance for the building of rail- 
roads has been the policy of the 
government of making grants of 
public lands to railroad eorpo- 
ratioTis, esiHH'ialiy in the North- 
western, "Western, and Southern 
St.ates. 
Pacific Railroads. — The project of connecting the .\ilantic 
and Paciric Oceans by rail was discussed from all points of view 
between 1840 to 1849. In the latter year. Senator Thomas H. 
Benton, of Missouri, introduced a bill for the building of such a 
road, but it was not imtil lSt,>- and "IStU, surveys meanwhile 
having been completed, that the plan took definite shape. Acts 
i>f Congress then provided for Subsidies in six per cent, bonds, 
at the rate of $10,000 a mile, $48,0t>0 a mile. $;:V2,000 a mile, and 
>;1(\000 a mile, according to the ditHculty of building. Land 
Grants, aggregating 25,000,000 acres, Avere also made to the com- 



n 




^*^, • — ^ 



^/P 



RAILROADS AND HKIDO.KS. .>-( 

paiiv. Tlie govornniont took a first lion on tlie road, but n'leasoil 
it wlion it appi'arod that tho subsidy was not sufliciont to pay the 
expense of eonstruetiiui. The company, therefore, issueil tlieir 
own bonds, seeured by niortuage on the i)ropc>rty. Work was 
begun ni ISlUJ, from the ^lissouri IJiver, and from California; in 
the former ease by the Union Pacitic Company, in tho latter by 
the Central Paeitie Company. On May I'i, 1809, the road was 
Opened for Business, and its construction in so short a tinie 
was a signal triumpli of engineering skill and American ]>luck. 
Tho cost^of tho Union Pacitic Koad was sll2,*2r)9,:>(30 or $10S,- 
778 a mile; tho liabilities at tho time of completion were sSill.i,! 10 
a mile. The number of miles of track laid was l,0"-!l) ; the Central 
Pacitic laid from California SSI miles. 'J'he cost of tho latti'r, 
including branc lies, was 8ll4,:i.">S a mile. Tho roads and sub 
divisions of roads which wore built by government money under 
the plan outlined above were the Central Pacitic, Kansas Pacitic, 
Union Pacitic, Central Rranch of Union Pacitic, Western Pacitic, 
aiul Sioux City, and Pacitit'. 

The total Mileage of Railroads operated in 1889 was KUi,- 
817 ; side tracks and sidings, 4-, '24-. Tiiei'o were 151,7*J'J miles 
of steel rails, 51, OG.'J miles of iron rails, ol,Oi>'J engines; 'it!,;') 1 1 
passenger cars, l,lo7,027 freight cars. Tho Passengers car- 
ried numbered 49-, 4ol), 805 ; the passengei mileage was ll,9i'5,- 
7-0,015 ; tons of freight moved nnuiberod 019,lo7,"io7 ; the freight 
mileage was 08,004,01"2,;)90. The Earnings from passengers 
were $"2o9,040,807 ; from freight, ^000,5o0,053 ; the total earn- 
ings were ^99'2,850,85(j ; cxikmisos were ^;i70,40-J,907 ; net earn- 
ings, $.818,125,389; surplus, 880,5-2G,520. The Capital Stock 
of railroads in 1890 was A4,(;40,-289,578 ; the bonded debt, was 
M,828,805,771. The total liabilities were ^9,98l,4o:l,l40 ; total 
assets, ^1 0,205,493,0 ■)(); excess of assets, ^274,089,904. The 
Dividends paid in 1890 were ^83,808,08'2 ; interest, 1229,101,- 
144. The gross earnings in 1890 (Poor's JNIanual for 1890) wore 
$1,097,847,428; net earnings, 8843,921,318. 

Tho railroad Employees in all branches of the service in 
1890 numbered 749,801. The Greatest Mileage in any State 
is that of Illinois, 10,218 miles; Ivausas is second with 8,800 
miles; Texas third with 8,018 miles. The smallest mileage is 
that, of Phode Island, 212 miles. The new tracks laid in 1891 
were 4,108 miles. (For railroad mileage of States and Terri- 
tories ^;oe each State and Territory.) 

Speed. — A maintained speed of forty miles an hour is no 
longer uncommon on anyone of half a dozen of tho great railroad 
systems. For several years the Pennsylvania Railroad has run 
express trains between New York cfc Washington, 225.8 miles, in 



328 



RAILROADS AND BRIDGES. 



five hours, an average of 48.6 miles an hour. This road in 1891 
ran a special between New York and Washington in 4 hours, 11 
minutes, an average exclusive of the stops of 56f miles an hour. 
The year before a train carrying a theatrical troupe made the 
run in 4 houi-s, 18 minutes, and back again in the same time. 

The Fastest Run across the Continent was that of the Jar- 
rett and Palmer special theatrical train, which in June, 1886, 
ran from -Jersey City to Oakland, California, in 3 days, 11 hours, 
30 minutes and 16 seconds. The distance was 3,801 miles; 
average 91. 'J3 miles an hour. On November 14, 1889, anew 
regular fast mail train left the Grand Central Depot in New York 
at 9 p. M., and reached San Francisco in 4 days, 12 hours, 45 
minutes. In October, 1891, John W. Mackay and Miss Virginia 
Fair crossed the continent in a special car attached to regular trains 
in 4 days, 12 hours, 28 minutes. On October 29, 1891, James L. 
Flood performed the same journey in 4 days, 12 hours, 15 minutes. 







A MODEKN LOCOMOTIVE. 



The New York Central road recently inaugurated a fast service 
between Ncav York and Buffalo, 440 miles, its Empire State 
Express making the run in 425 minutes and 14 seconds; average 
61.56 miles an hour. In England, the fastest train is the Flying 
Scotchman, London to Edinburgh, 400 miles, which it makes 
in 7 hours, 52 seconds, an average speed of 50.9 miles an hour. 

So high a rate of speed has been made practically safe by the 
adoption of several ingenious appliances, as well as by the main- 
tenance of strict discipline by the employees. The automatic air- 
brake, the interlocking system of signals and switches, and the 
"block" system of signals, all play important parts in swift rad- 
way travelling. The telegraph, which runs into the train-de- 
spatcher's office at the central station, is also an invaluable assistant. 

Railroad Accidents. — Raih-oad accidents are due to a 



RAILBOADS AND BRIDGES. 329 

variety of causes, tlie most frequent being obstructions (unfore- 
seen ) ; defects of the roads, sucli as a broken frog, or caving of 
the enibanknient ; defects of c(iuipment ; negligence on tlie part 
of the employees, although tliis is a less frequent cause of accident 
than either of the others, in spite of popular opinion to the con- 
trary. The fact that the number of accidents and the luimber of 
casualties are increasing has resulted in an effort to determine 
the Causes, and some interesting statistics have been obtained. 
From 1880 to 1890 inclusive, the number of accidents was 16,280, 
an average of 1,480 each year, or four a day. The number of 
people killed in the same time was 5,241 ; the injured numbered 
19,779. These figures are exclusive of deaths due to walking on 
the tracks, or while crossing them. The number of accidents in 
1890 was larger than that in any year since the record has been 
kept; the total was 2,14(3; killed, 806; injured, 2,812. Acci- 
dents due to defects in the road numbered in 1890, 167 ; to 
defects of equipment, 158; to obstructions, 194; to negligence 
of employees, 108 ; unaccounted for, 377. Of the collisions, 
495 were rear collisions ; 328 due to " butting " ; 222 in crossing- 
other roads and to miscellaneous causes. 

Street Railways, Statistics of. — The census of 1890 
showed that in December, 1889, 476 cities and towns possessed 
street transit facilities in one form or another. The latest figures 
shoAV that Philadelphia has 510 miles of single track; Chicago, 
452 ; New York, 289 ; Brooklyn, 285 ; Boston, 283 ; St. Louis, 
275 ; Baltimore, 207 ; San Francisco, 205; Cleveland, 192; Cin- 
cinnati, 180; Pittsburg, 168; Kansas City, 141 ; New Orleans, 
139; Louisville, 132; Buffalo, 110; Minneapolis, 101; Los 
Angeles, 99 ; Detroit, 94 ; Bn-mingliam, Ala., 92 ; St. Paul, 90 ; 
Washington, 85. New York carried in 1890, 405,000,000 passen- 
gers, Clucago 206,000,000, and Boston (1891) 119,000,000. The 
Total Mileage for the country last reported was 11,030 ; animal 
power, 5,443 ; electricity, 3,009 ; motors, 1,918; cable, 660. The 
iiorset^ employed number 88,114; mules, 12,002; cars, 36,517; 
motors, 200. The rapid adoption of Electricity for rapid 
transit has diminished the number of liorses employed, which 
three years ago was over 110,000. It is estimated that by the 
end of 1892 there will be in o])eration upwards of 4,000 miles of 
electric railways. The First Street Railway was operated 
in November, 1832, between the City Mall and Fourteenth Street. 
It was known and has continued to be known as the Fourth Ave- 
nue line. 

Bridges, Railroad. — The bridges of the United States are 
mechanically the most perfect of any in the world. The more 
remarkable of them are here briefly described : — Over the Sus- 



330 



KAILKOAPS AMI KKIOOES. 



quohanna Eiver at Havre de Grace, Md., is a wooden l>ridge 
'J3,'27l feet long, which lias twelve spans, oaeh resting on a granite 
[•ier. It was bnilt at a time when wooden bridges were the rule. 
The Suspension Bridge at Niagara was built by Roebling. 
Its span is 8:21 feet, the detieetion, 59 feet; there are 14,560 
wires in the cables, capable of sustaining 12,000 tons. The 
railway tracks are l!45 feet above the river. It was completed 
in 1855, and cost |!400,000. The Suspension Bridge over 
the Ohio at Cincinnati, also, was built by Koebling. It is 2,'2'20 
feet over all, has a span of 1,057 feet, and is 103 feet above low 

water. The two 
cables w h i c h 
support it are 
I'i;^ inches in 
d i a m e t e r . 
Another won- 
derful achieve- 
ment of Roeb- 
1 i n g is t h e 
Brooklyn 
Bridge, con- 
necting N" e Av 
Y o r k a n d 
Brooklyn. I t 
rests on two 
granite anchor- 
ages. The span 
between the an- 
chorages is 1,- 
505 feet ; the 
length over all 
is 3,475 feet ; 
the height above 
the river is 135 

feet ; it is built of iron, the width of the frante being 85 feet, 
which is suspended from four cables, each 10 inches in diameter, 
composed of galvanized steel wire, Mith a strength of 100,000 
fiounds per square inch of section. The height of the stone piers 
is '2~'2 feet above liii::h tide. The strength of the main span is 
5,000 tons. The brfdge cost ^15,000,000\ The First Railway 
Suspension Bridge was built in 1852 over the Kentucky 
Kiver at Frankfort ; the s]>an was 000 feet. It was replaced by 
a truss bridge. An Iron Tubular Bridge over the St. Law- 
rence at Montreal, on the Grand Trunk Railroad, is unique of 
its kind. The length of the tube is 0,600 feet, and is approached 




VESTIUl'LE CAR. 



KAll.KOADS ^Wn r.RIlxiKS. 



331 



by omhnnknu'iils, the JMoiideal ond Leing 1,'JOO feet, tlio south- 
ern 800 t'oet, wliich, with the abuttneuts, make a total lengtli of 
9,084 feet. The tubes were built in phxce, on false works, 
erected in the rapids. In the winter the base of these woiks 
rested in the ice of the river. The Qiiincy, III., Bridge, 
over the Mississippi, is at the point of crossing o,*2f)0 feet long. 
There are 17 spans, the piers being of solid masonry, sunk oO 
feet deep. Tlie Omaha Bridge, over the JMissouri, is '2,800 
feet in length, with 11 spans of "JfiO feet each, resting on iron 
cylinders, 8 feet, 8 inches in dianietei-, and sunk 70 feet below low 
water. At Dubuque, Iowa, llaiuiibal, Alo., at Kansas City, Mo., 
and at St. Joseph, Mo., arc four other notable bridges spanning 
the Mississippi. At Louisville, Ky., over the Ohio River, is one 
of the longest iron bridges in the United States. It consists of 
27 spans, 24 over the river, having a total length of 5,280 feet, 
just one mile. At its lowest point it is DO.} feet above low water. 

At Memphis, Tenn., 
the Mississippi Uivei- 
is spanned by the 
third largest canti- 
lever bridge in the 
world, which was 
completed in May, 
1892. It is three 
quarters of a 
long, has live spans, 
the largest of which 
is 794 feet ; the bridge 
cost $3,000,000. 

At St. Louis, Mo., t)\er the Mississipjji, is a Most Remark- 
able Structure, of which James B. Eads was the engineer. 
There are three span{<, the centre one being 515 feet, the two 
side ones 497 feet each. The si)ans are held by an interlacing of 
iron ribs from pier to ))ier. The roadway is 34 feet wide ; there 
are foot-walks on either side, each 8 feet wide. Trains run be- 
neath the roadway through a ])assage 18 feet high. The bridge 
cost $10,000,000. The^Poughkeepsie Bridge is 1^ miles 
long, and is sup])orted on four pyraniiilal steel towers 100 feet 
high, which rest upon timber caissons GO x 100 feet and 100 
feet high. There are three cantilevers, with connecting spans. 
Trains from the Pennsylvania coal-iields enter New England 
direct over this bridge. The International Bridge from 
Black Rock, near Buffalo, to Fort Erie in Canada, cost 
$1,500,000. 

A bridge which crosses tlie Niagara Kiver, and used mainly 



/t^. 







mile ^^^.., , >li:ili■i;^:iHf';^'iW^Fl«'i^^*''i'^*'liIial)!l# 



•' 'I •<, 



UKANU CKNrUAL DKl'OT AT NKW YORK. 



332 RE- APPORTIONMENT. 

for freight trains is 1,967^ feet long, with two draws of 160 feet 
each. 

The Cantilever Bridge near Niagara Falls is one of the 
highest achievements of mechanical skill in the country. It rests 
on loft}' towers of steel, which stand on either shore, and has 
double raih'oad tracks used by the heaviest trains. The length 
is 910 feet; total weight, 3,000 tons; cost $222,000. 

North of the St. Louis Bridge, on the Mississippi, is the 
Merchants' Bridge, 2,420 feet long, built in 1889-90 at a 
cost of 16,000,000. The Arthur Kill Bridge, crossing from 
New Jersey to Staten Island, has the largest draw in the world 
(500 feet). The Washington Bridge, in New York City, 
has two arches of Bessemer steel, each 508 feet high, supported 
by granite abutments. The High Bridge, over the Harlem 
River, in New York, is built of granite ; it is 1,450 feet long 
and 114 feet high, and carries the Croton Aqueduct in New York 
on 14 huge piers. The Rush Street Bridge in Chicago, 
built in 1884, at a cost of $132,000, has the largest general traffic 
draw-bridge in the world. It accommodates four teams abreast, 
and the foot passages are seven feet wide. 

Rail Splitter. (See Presidents of the United States.) 

Raihvay M.lil Service. (See Post-Office System.) 

Rainbow Chasers. (See Slang of Politics.) 

Re-apportionment. — By the new act re-apportioning the 
Congressional Districts, the House of Representatives, after 
March 3, 1893, shall consist of 356 members, as follows : Ala- 
bama, 9 ; Arkansas, 6 ; California, 7 ; Colorado, 2 ; Connecticut, 
4 ; Delaware, 1 ; Florida, 2 ; Georgia, 11 ; Idaho, 1 ; Illinois, 22 ; 
Indiana, 13 ; Iowa, 11 ; Kansas, 8 ; Kentucky, 11 ; Louisiana, 6 ; 
Maine, 4; Maryland, 6 ; Massachusetts, 13; Michigan, 12; 
Minnesota, 7; Mississippi, 7; Missouri, 15; Montana, 1; Ne- 
braska, 6 ; Nevada, 1 ; New Hampshire, 2 ; Ncav Jersey, 8 ; 
New York, 34 ; North Cai-olina, 9 ; North Dakota, 1 ; Ohio, 21 ; 
Oregon, 2 ; Pennsylvania, 30 ; Rhode Island, 2 ; South Carolina, 
7 ; South Dakota, 2; Tennessee, 10; Texas, 13; Vermont, 2 ; 
Virginia, 10 ; Washington, 2 ; West Virginia, 4 ; Wisconsin, 10; 
Wyoming, 1. 

Receipts and Expenditnres, Government. (See Finances, 
Government.) 

Reciprocity. — This is the name of an arrangement between 
two countries by which each grants the other certain commercial 
privileges. It usually affects the imports from one country to the 
other ; under reciprocity one nation may agree to reduce or abol- 



RECIPROCITY. 



333 



ish the duties on a certain class of merchandise imported from the 
other country, in return for similar concessions affecting its own 
goods in the other country. Within the past five years reci- 
procity has been put forward as a means of expanding our foreign 
trade, and already several reciprocity treaties, favorable to this 
country, have been negotiated. It is customary to provide that, 
should either of the parties to the treaty grant more favorable 
conditions to a third nation, such privileges should iniu'e also to 
tlie benefit of the other party to the treaty; such an agreement is 
called the " most favored nation " clause of the treaty. 

During the administration of President Harrison, Reciprocity 
Treaties were entered into between the United States and 
Brazil ; with Spain, for Cuba and Porto Kico ; with Salvador in 




Central America ; with Great Britain for Jamaica, Barbadoes, the 
Leeward and Windward Islands (except Gi'enada and Trinidad), 
and British Guiana, the schedule with Jamaica containing 63 
kinds of articles admitted free, and 12 upon reduced duties, that 
with the other colonies containing 58 articles admitted free, and 
16 upon reduced duties. A treaty has also been entered into 
with Santo Domingo, and treaties with South American countries 
are in process of negotiation. 

In the McKinley Tariff Act of 1890, a reciprocity section was 
incorporated, and went into effect with the bill itself. The act 
provides for the Free Entrance of sugar, coffee, molasses, tea, 
and hides, but the reciprocity section authorizes the President to 
cause these articles to be taxed, each to a specified amount, in 
case it shall be deterniiiu'd that the exporting country imposes a 
tariff on American imports into it. That is, if the exchange is an 
unequal one, the President can make the exchange a fair one. 

Reconstruction. — The status of the rel)eIlious States towards 
the Federal Government after the Civil War involved many 



534 



RECONSTRUCTION. 



delicate questions. These States were practically conquered 
territory, but the Constitution contained no provision for the 
reception of a State which had left the Union of its own free 
will. Their admission to their former position among the States 
would have given them virtual control over the negroes, who 
were now demanding that their freedom be secured to them in 
fact as well as in name. There was great divergence in the views 
of statesmen and people alike. Sumner's theory was that the 
rebellious States having seceded, slavery was thereby abolished, 
and Congress should proceed to protect the inhabitants. 

President Johnson's Policy was to punish individuals, not 




THE NIAGARA CANTILEVER BEIDGE. (SEE RAILROADS AND BRIDGES.) 

States ; he took the position that a State could not be punished 
for treason by Congress. His policy was to reinstall the rebel- 
lious States to their previous full powers. By proclamation he 
declared all Southern ports, except four, open to commerce, pro- 
claimed amnesty and pardon to all rebels, except in fourteen in- 
stances, restored the writ of habeas corpus in the Northern 
States, and appointed provisional governors for the seceded 
States, with the view of reorganizing them into permanent 
governments. At first the Republicans, at that time having a 
majority in both Houses, supported the President, but a bitter 



RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 335 

strife between the Chief Executive and Congress soon began. 
Congress passed a supplementary Freedmen's Bill which 
aimed at further protection of the blacks, but the President 
vetoed it. The Civil Ilights Bill (which see), Avhich declared the 
negroes citizens with the rights of citizenship, was vetoed by 
the President, but was passed over the veto. The Fourteenth 
Amendment, also for the ])rotection of the negro, was adopted, 
but President Johnson disapproved it. Congress also passed the 
Tenure of Office Act (which see), which took away much of 
the President's power of removal from office; Congress deprived 
the President of command of the army by providing that his 
orders should be given only through the General, and made 
Grant irremovable. Johnson vetoed the bill admitting Nebraska 
as a State, but Congress passed it over the veto. 

Finally the bill to provide efficient governments for the rebel- 
lious States was passed, was vetoed by Johnson, and was passed 
over the veto on March 2, 1807. This bill divided the States 
into Military Districts, commanded by a brigadier-general, 
whose duty Avas to protect all citizens in their rights. The bill 
provided that the military governors m each State should super- 
vise an election for the choosing of delegates to a constitu- 
tional convention, having for its }>urpose the formation of a State 
government. When new legislatures had been elected in these 
States, and had ratified the Fourteenth Amendment, the States 
would be re-admitted to the Union. The military governors 
were appointed and reconstruction proceeded. The Consti- 
tutions thus adopted abolished slavery, repudiated the debts 
incurred during the Civil War, renounced the right of secession 
and agreed to pass no laws abridging the liberty of any class of 
citizens. By March 30, 1870, all the rebelUous States were 
re-admitted except Georgia, which was re-adniitted in July of the 
same year. 

- Red Men, Improved Order of. (See Secret Societies.) 

Religious Convictions of Presidents. (See Presidents of 
the United States.) 

Religions Denominations. 

Membership. God in the Constitution. 

Property. Sunday Schools. 

Freedom of religious thought has ever been inseparable from 
the idea of the Republic. There have been from time to time 
combinations of men who have sought to have a " God in the 
Constitution " clause put into that immortal document. But 
no recognition of any religious denomination or creed ever has' 



336 



RELIGIOUS PENOMINATIONS. 







CHURCH OV SAN MIGUEL AT SANTA FE, N. M. 



been made by the Federal Government. (See Indian Schools, 
under Education.) The first amendment to the Constitution de- 
clares that " Congress shall make no law respecting an establish- 
ment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof." The 
only government act in which the word God is found is that 
creating the copper two-cent piece of 1864, which bore the m- 
scription, " In God We Trust." (See Coinage.) 

In 1874 there was a Religious Movement which sought to 
have the word inserted in the Constitution, on which the House 

Committee of Judiciary 
reported adversely on the 
broad ground that this 
question was carefully 
considered by the fram- 
ers of the instrument; 
that it was rightly de- 
cided that the Republic 
was to be the home of the 
oppressed of all nations, 
whether Christian or 
Pagan, and that in view 
of the mischief of a union 
of Church and State seen in other nations, it was thought inex- 
pedient to put anything into the Constitution which might be 
construed as the recognition or support of any religion, creed, or 
doctrine. The Fathers of the Constitution seem to have recognized 
and to have taken counsel of the fact that it was the desire to 
find a place in which they might have " freedom to worship God " 
as they saw fit that drove the Puritans out of England. 

From that day to this, the Spirit of Toleration has pre- 
vailed, a fact which unquestionably explains tlie variety of reli- 
gious beliefs and creeds enumerated by the Census Bureau. By 
the Bureau's report (incomplete), there were in 1890 over 100 
religious denominations in the United States, having upwards of 
22,000,000 communicants, owning propertv valued at $250,000,- 
000, and 45,595 churches. 

The Roman Catholic Church was first in the number of 
communicants, 6,250,045 ; the value of its property was $118,- 
381,516, although it had but 10,221 churches. The Methodist 
(not reported by the Census) had 54,711 churches, and 4,980,- 
240 communicants, (according to the Methodist Year Book), 
the Baptists 48,371 churches, and 4,292,291 communicants 
(Baptist Year Book ) ; the Episcopalians 5,281 churches, and 
478,531 communicants (Episcopal Year Book) ; Congregation- 
>. alists, 4,689 churches, and 491,985 communicants (Congrega- 



RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 337 

tional Year Book) ; Presbyterians (Year Book) had 15,619 
churches, and 1,"2'29,012 communicants. Tlie Lutlierans by 
the census liad 8,427 churches, valued at $34,218,234, and 
1,199,514 communicants. These were the leading denominations. 

The Miscellaneous church bodies included one Greek 
church, four iSchwenkfeldian, six American, 324 Spiritualist, 40 
Theosophical Societies (695 members and !|600 m church prop- 
erty), fourteen Russian Orthodox, 550 Meiinonite, thirty-one 
Communistic, of Avhom fifteen were Shaker, and four Ethical 
societies. The numerical strength of the English-speaking reli- 
gious denominations is estimated (an English estimate) as follows : 

Episcopalians, 23,000,000; Methodists, of all descriptions 
16,960,000; Roman Catholics, 15,200,000; Presbyterians of all 
descriptions, 11,100,000 ; Baptists of all descriptions, 8,600,000 ; 
Congregationalists, 5,500,000 ; Free Thinkers, 3,500,000 ; Luth- 
erans, etc., 1,750,000 ; Unitarians, 1,250,000 ; Minor Religious 
Sects, 4,000,000. 

Sunday Schools. — According to the latest estimates, the 
number of scholars attending Sunday schools in the United 
States was in 1890, 8,649,131 ; the number of teachers and officers 
was 1,151,340. New York was first with 979,415 scholars; 
Pennsylvania second, with 964,599; Ohio third, wnth 620,107; 
Illinois fourth, with 582,756 ; Indiana fifth, with 374,185 ; Iowa, 
sixth, with 319,128; Georgia seventh, with 301,612; Virginia 
eighth, with 283,336 ; Michigan ninth, with 277,200 ; Tennessee 
tenth, with 274,560. The Number of Sunday Schools 
reported is 108,939 ; the total number of teachers and scholars, 
9,800,582. These statistics of Sunday schools do not include the 
schools of Hebrews, Roman Catholics, and non-Evangelical 
Christian churches. The number of scholars in Roman Catholic 
Sunday schools in the United States is estimated by clerics at 
700,000. The number of scholars in the Sunday schools of the 
leading nations of Europe are : England and Wales, 6,350,266 ; 
Scotland, 711,188; Ireland, 338,231; Austria, 4,831; Belgium, 
2,542; Denmark, 37,000; Finland, 8,800; France, 53,110; 
German}', 431,221; Holland, 157,676; Italy, 13,410; Norway, 
27,190. (See Y. M. C. A.) 

Republican National Committee. (See National Committee.) 

Republican Party. (See Political Parties.) 

Revenue Flag. (See Flags of the Nation.) 

Revenue Marine. (See Tariffs of the United States.) 

Rider. (See Slang of Politics.) 

Rise Up William Allen. (See Nicknames of Famous 
Americans.) 



338 



RHODE ISLAND. 




GREAT SEAL OF RHODE ISLAND. 



Rbode Island. — Rhode Islaiul was one of the thu-teen 
original States, and in area is the smallest in the Union. It was 

settled in 1636, at Providence, by 
Roger Williams, who had been ban- 
ished from Salem on account of his 
religious convictions. The State was 
originally occupied by the Narragan- 
sett Indians, a few of whom, now half- 
breeds, remain on the Indian lands 
which the State has preserved in 
Charlestown for them, and where their 
ancestors lie' buried. The State has 
been more or less prominent in the 
history of the countr}', and in both the 
Revolutionary and the Civil War she 
furnished large forces of men to the 
Union. Out of a population of one hundred and seventy-tive 
thousand, over twenty-three thousand men went to serve their 
Hag in the Rebellion. 

Narragansett Bay, which runs from the sea thii-ty miles in- 
land, affords extensive harbors for shipping, and is famous for its 
summer resorts. The Narragansett Bay iisheries are valuable for 
their oysters, lobsters, clams, and various sea-fish, and employ 
u})wards of 1,'iOO vessels and ^600,000 in capital. The agri- 
culture of the State pi-oduces annually ^8,000,000, the farm-lands 
and buildings being valued at upwards of $30,000,000. 

The Manufactures are the chief source of wealth. The 
annual product aggregates over $100,000,000, the capital in- 
vested being |!75,000,000. There are over twenty-six plants, 
employing upwards of seventy thousand persons, of whom a large 
proportion are women. In cotton, woollen, worsted, and other 
textiles, Rhode Island leads the Union. 

The population of Rhode Island in 1880 Avas 276,531 ; in 1890 
it was 345,506 ; the real property was valued at $240,000,000, 
and the personal property at $85,OU0,OOO. There were 212 miles 
of railroads and 66 news{)apers. The national institutions are a 
Torpedo School on Goat Island, where experiments in torpedoes 
ami other projectiles are made, and where otlicers of the navy 
are instructed in their use. Guarding Newport Harbor is Fort 
Adamsy one of the important fortresses of the United States. 
Ownig to the danger to ships on this coast, many lighthouses are 
located in the vicinity. There is a training school on board the 
United States vessel for naval apprentices, where scAcral hundred 
American youths are taught the principles of seamanship. 

Providence, the chief city, which had a population in 1890 



SACKVILLE IXCIDENT. 339 

of 132,146, is situated at the head of Narragansett Bay, and is a 
prosperous manufacturing, financial, raih-oad, and steamboat cen- 
tre. Its cotton mills, woollen mills, worsted mills, jewelry, and 
silverware factories are among the most important in the country. 
It is the site of Brown University, and of several fine public 
biiildings, including the Public Library, the Athenaium, and the 
Rhode Island Historical Society. 

The second city in population is Pawtucket, also a busy manu- 
facturing centre. Woonsocket has great cotton-manufacturing 
interests, and a po})ulation of 20,830. Newport is an old town 
which preserves its colonial atmosphere to this day ; it is famous 
as a watering place for the fashionable people of the great cities; 
the population in 1890 was 19,455. The Governor of Rhode 
Island is D. Russell Brown (Republican), whose term expires 
May 25, 1893. The State is Republican. 
Royal Arcanum. (See Secret Societies.) 
Rotation in Oftiee. (See Civil Service Reform.) 

Rnni, Romanism, and Rebellion. (See Sayings of Famous 
Americans.) 

Rye, Prodnction of. (See Agriculture.) 

Sackville Incident. — In the heat of the Presidential canvass 
of 1888, there found its way to the public view a letter written 
by Lord Sackville-West, Minister from the Court of St. James to 
the United States, to a person by the name of Murcheson, resident 
in Lower California. In this letter, written in reply to one to 
him from Murcheson, a professed native Englishman, but now 
an American citizen, in which Murcheson asked the minister to 
advise him whom to vote for. Lord Sackville made use of lan- 
guage which was distasteful to the Cleveland administration. 
The writing of such a letter was a diplomatic blunder, and at 
once made the minister, in the eyes of this government, Non 
Persona Grata. President Cleveland accordingly demanded 
his passi)orts, and Sackville left the country in disgrace. It is a 
principle of the comity of nations that no minister to a foreign 
court shall meddle with the politics of that country ; to do so 
renders him obnoxious. There was for some time great public 
curiosity to know more about Murcheson. It appeared on 
inquiry that no person of that name was known in the town 
where the letter to Lord Sackville was mailed, and by some it 
was l)elieved that the Murcheson letter was a trick of the Repub- 
licans, conceived in the possibility of discrediting the Cleveland 
administration. 

Sage of Monticello, The. (See Presidents of the United 
States.) 



340 SAYINGS OF FAMOUS AMERICANS. 

Salary Grab. — This was the name given to a bill which was 
hurried through the Forty-Second Congress, on tlie hist day of 
its session, March 3, 1873, It passed the House and Senate and 
received President Grant's signature, all in the same day. The 
bill raised the salary of the President from $25,000 to $50,000, 
and the salaries of Congressmen to $5,000. The fact that the 
provisions of the bill applied to the salaries of the members for 
the current session aroused vigorous criticism. 

Salt River. (See Slang of Politics.) 

Savior of His Country. (See Presidents of the United 
States.) 

Sayings of Famous Americans. — The more notable of the 
sayings of American statesmen are included in the following 
category : — 

A Covenant With Death, and an Agreement With 
Hell. — This has always been regarded as having been said by 
the Garrisonians of the Constitution, which the more radical of 
them declared permitted slavery. The phrase is said to have 
originated with William Lloyd Garrison himself, although there 
is a good deal of doubt upon the point. (See Abolition and 
Abolitionists.) 

Administration Should be Conducted behind Glass 
Doors. — This utterance originated with President Cleveland in 
defining his views regarding the publicity that should surround 
the acts of public servants. 

A Pedestal for This Colossal Heresy. — The Calhoun 
Nulhfiers in 183'J sought to show that nullification would have 
been justified by Jefferson were he alive. James Madison made 
vigorous protest against the use of Jefferson's name " as a ped- 
estal for this colossal heresy." 

All Men Are Created Equal. — The second paragraph of 
the Dei'laration of Independence begins : " We hold these truths 
to be self-evident, that all men are created equal," etc. 

All Quiet Along the Potomac. — When General McClel- 
lan took command of the Army of the Potomac in 1861, a vig- 
orous campaign was exjjected. The country waited anxiously 
for a forward movement, but the cry came inevitably back, 
'^ All quiet along the Potomac." The phrase " masterly inac- 
tivity " was coined at this time, and referred to McClellan's 
policy. 

All We Ask Is To Be Let Alone. — This phrase Avas in 
the message of Jefferson Davis to the Confederate Congress in 
1861. It had reference to the attitude of the North toward the 
South. 



SAYINGS OF FAMOUS AMERICANS, 



341 




TRINITY CHURCH, NEW YORK. 



342 SAYINGS or famous AMERICANS. 

Americans, The, Must Light the Lamps of Industry 
and Economy. — Tliis sentiment is commonly attributed to 
Benjamin Franklin, as having been written in a letter from Lon- 
don in 1765, immediately after the passage of the Stamp Act. 
The phrase is graphic enough to be Franklin's, but it has been 
distorted from its original construction, which was not nearly so 
expressive. What P^ranklin really wrote was : " Let us make as 
good a night of it as Ave can. We may still light candles. Fru- 
gality and industry will go a great way towards indemnifying us." 
The quotation is from a letter to Charles Thomson, of Philadel- 
phia. 

An Anchor to the Windward. — One of the famous 
expressions of James G. Blaine in the Mulligan letters (which 
see). 

Asylum of the Oppressed of Every Nation. — This 
well-known phrase originated in the Democratic National plat- 
form of 1856. 

Burn This Letter. — A Democratic campaign cry in the 
Cleveland-Blaine canvass of 1884. Among the Mulligan letters, 
containing alleged inei'irainating evidence against Mr. Blaine, was 
one which had ended Avith the phrase quoted. (See Mulligan 
Letters.) 

Ceesar Had His Brutus, Charles L His Cromwell, 
and George IIL — May Profit by Their Examples. 
If That Be Treason, Make the Most of It. — In the midst 
of his speech denying tlie right of the king to tax the colonies in 
1765, Patrick Heniy A'ented his indignation in a burst of impas- 
sioned eloquence, as quoted. He had spoken the AA^ords, " and 
George III.," Avhen he AA^as interrupted Avith cries of "Treason! " 
He quickl}' added, defiantly : " If that be treason, make the most 
of it." 

Cheap Coats Make Cheap Men. — An aphorism of 
President Harrison, who used it in connection with a defence of 
the McKinley Tariff Bill in 1891. The Democratic opponents of 
that measure having asserted that a reduction in tariff duties would 
make the price of coats, for instance, cheaper for the Avorking- 
man, the President, replying to this argument, used the phrase 
quoted. The implication is that a good article is rarely the 
cheapest article, and that only cheap men Avill buy a cheap thing. 

Don't Fire Till You See the Whites of Their Eyes. 
— The command of Colonel Prescott to his troops at the Battle 
of Bunker Hill. 

Don't Give Up the Ship. — The Avords used by Captain 
LaAvrence, of the United States frigate Chesapeake, as he was being 
carried beloAV, mortally wounded, during the engagement between 



SAYINGS OF FAMOUS AMERICANS. 343 

that vessel and the British frigate Shannon in the War of 
1812. 

Enemies in War, in Peace, Friends. — Thomas Jeffer- 
son wrote these words in tlie Declaration of Independence, 
referring to \\\e attitude to be maintained by the United States 
towards Great Britain. 

England a Den of Pirates and France a Den of 
Thieves. — The English attacks on American shipping in 1807 
(see Embargo Act), and France's determination to capture every 
neutral vessel which should submit to being searched, called forth, 
from Jefferson, in a private letter, the declaration that "England 
seemed to have become a den of pirates and France a den of 
thieves." 

Entangling Alliances.— This is another of Jefferson's 
hajipy phrases. It is found in his inaugural address, in a passage 
in which he speaks of the principles which guided the founders of 
the Union. He says : " Peace, commerce, and honest friendship 
with all nations, entangling alliances with none." 

First in War, First in Peace, and First in the 
Hearts of His Countrymen. — From the resolutions passed 
by the House of Ilepiesentatives on the death of Washington. 
The resolutions were written by Henry Lee, of Virginia. 

Give Me Liberty, or Give Me Death. — Patrick Henry, 
in a speech in the Virginia Convention, in March, 1775, favoring 
a resolution " that the colony be immediately put in a state of 
defence," concluded as follows: "Is life so dear, or peace so 
sweet, as to be purcliased at the price of chains and slavery? 
Forbid it, Almighty God ! I know not what course others may 
take, but as for me, give me liberty, or give me death !" 

God Reigns, and the Government at Washington 
Still Lives. — - This inspiring utterance was delivered by James 
A. Garfield, on April 15, 1S65, the day of President Lincoln's 
death. In Wall Street, New York, an angry mob had gathered, 
and demanded vengeance for Lincoln's assassination. Trouble 
was in sight, when a man ste))ped forth, and motioning the 
crowd to silence, s})oke as follows in a clear and far-reaching 
voice : " Fellow-citizens, — ■ Clouds and darkness are around 
about him. His pavilion is dark waters and thick clouds of the 
skies. Justice and judgment are the establishment of his throne. 
Mercy and truth shall go before his face. God reigns, and the 
government at Washington still lives." Quickly the mob dis- 
persed at the bidding of Garfield, then- ])assions subdued by his 
commanding tones. 

Government of the People, by the People, and for 
the People, is part of the closing sentence of Lincoln's speech 



344 SAYINGS OF FAMOUS AMERICANS. 

at Gettysburg, on the occasion of the dedication of the National 
Soldiers' Monument. That part of the speech in which the now 
famous utterance occurs is as follows : " It is rather for us to be 
here dedicated to the great task remaining before us — that from 
these honored dead we take increased devotion to the cause for 
which they liere gave the last full measure of devo^^on — that we 
here highly resolve that the dead shall not have died in vain ; 
that the nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom ; 
and that the government of the people, by the people, and for 
tlie people, shall not perish from the earth." 

He Fears God, Hates the Devil, and Votes the 
Straight Democratic Ticket — This saying, which originated 
with "■ Horizontal Bill " Morrison, is often quoted by politicians at 
Washington. It i-efers to Rev. William H. Milburn, the blind 
chaplain of the House of Representatives, in nominating whom in 
the Democratic caucus Congressman William R. Morrison used 
the phrase quoted. It evidently pleased the Democrats, for Mr. 
Milburn was elected and has acted as chaplain ever since. 

He Smote the Rock of the National Resources and 
Abundant Streams of Revenue Gushed Forth. — Said 
of Alexander Hamilton by Daniel Webster, in a speech on 
Alexander Hamilton's famous report on the Public Debt, in 1790. 
(See Finances, Government.) 

He Touched the Dead Corpse of Public Credit and 
It Sprung Upon Its Feet. — This Avas said by Daniel Web- 
stei of Alexander Hamilton in a speech. (See previous para- 
graph.) 

I Am a Democrat. — Governor David B. Hill, of New 
York, ui a speech at Brooklyn, m 1890, at a Democratic love- 
feast on the anniversary of Jefferson's birthday, gave utterance 
to this sentnnent, which evoked the greatest enthusiasm. Al- 
though it was not a new statement of his political doctrine, yet it 
was suggestive of great meaning, and struck a sympathetic chord. 
The manner m which it was uttered, and the peculiar political 
conditions at the time contrilnited to its effect. 

I Am a Republican, Who Carried His Sovereignty 
Under His OwnHat.— Originally uttered by A. W. Campbell, 
of West Virginia, in the Republican national convention of 1880. 
It was quoted by George William Curtis, on June 4, 1884, at 
the Republican national convention in Chicago. Curtis led the 
Republican opposition to Blaine, and in his speech said : " A 
Republican and a free man I came to this convention, and by the 
grace of God a Repul)licaii and a free man will I go out of it." 
" I carry my sovereignty under my hat," became the watchword 
of the Independents. 



SAYINGS OF FAMOUS AMERICANS. 



345 




FRANKLIN'S RULES OF SUCCESS. 



346 SAYINGS OP FAMOUS AMERICANS. 

I Do Not Feel That I Shall Prove a Deadhead in 

the Enterprise. — This sentence Avas in tlie celebrated Mulli- 
gan letters, Avhicli passed between James G. Blaine and Warren 
Fisher. (See Mulligan Letters.) 

I Have Killed Seventeen Roman Pro-Consuls. — 
William Henry Harrison's inaugural address was read by Daniel 
Webster before its delivery. Many points of style did not 
please Webster, but he took especial ground against Harrison's 
lavish use of allusions to Roman history. Webster edited the 
speech, and cut out much of its ancient historical matter, and 
when, on returning home, the lady of the hoiise at which he 
stopped remarked that he looked worn out, and asked if anything 
had happened, Webster replied, " You would think that some- 
thing had happened if you knew what I have done. I have killed 
seventeen Roman pro-consuls." 

I Propose to Fight It Out on This Line, if It Takes 
All Summer. — This sentence was in a despatch of General 
Grant to the Secretary of War after the Battle of Spottsylvania, 
May, 1864. 

I Still Live. — The last words of Daniel Webster. 

I Was Born an American, I Live an American, I 
Shall Die an American. — This sentence is from a speech of 
Daniel Webster, delivered July 17, 1850. 

If Anyone Attempts to Haul Dovsrn the American 
Flag, Shoot Him on the Spot. — In December, 1860, when 
New Orleans was in possession of the secessionists. Secretary of 
War John A. Dix issued an order to the captain of a revenue 
cutter at that port to bring his vessel to New York. The captain 
refused to obey the order, whereupon Dix wired an order placing 
the officer under arrest, closing his despatch with the now famous 
utterance quoted al)ove. 

In the Name of the Great Jehovah and the Conti- 
nental Congress. — When in May, 1775, Ethan Allen surprised 
Fort Ticonderoga, then in the hands of the British, he demanded 
the surrender of the garrison and port. When the commanding 
officer asked by whose authority, Allen replied : " In the name 
of the Great Jehovah and the Continental Congress." 

Let No Guilty Man Escape. — These Avords were attrib- 
uted to General Grant, and were said to have been his official 
endorsement on the papers setting forth the criminal conduct of 
the Whisky Ring (which see). 

Liberty and Union Now and Forever, One and In- 
separable. — The concluding words of Daniel Webster's second 
speech in reply to Jiajue. 

Little More Grape, Captain Bragg. — During the battle 



SAYINGS OF FAMOUS AMERICANS. 347 

of Buena Vista, in 1847, it appeared to General Taylor that the 
enemy could not withstand the discharge of grape from Captain 
Bragg's battery, and shouted : " A little more graj)e. Captain 
Bragg." The enemy were disastrously defeated, and the phrase 
has lived from that day. 

No Terms Other than an Unconditional Surrender. 
— When, in P^bruary, 186*2, General Grant, commanding Union 
forces before Fort Uonelson in Tennessee, had cut off all chance 
of the enemy's escape, he received from General Buckner, who 
commanded the rebel forces, an inquiry as to what terms of sur- 
render would be allowed. Grant replied as above, and added: 
" I propose to move immediately upon your works." General 
Buckner surrendered. 

Office of President Is Essentially Executive in Its 
Nature. — Grover Cleveland in his letter accepting the nomina- 
tion of the Democratic party in 1884, used the phrase, which has 
since passed into common use : "The othce of President is essen- 
tially executive in its nature." 

On to Richmond. — As editor of the New York Tribune 
during the Civil War, Horace Greeley gave birth to this war 
cry, which was taken up by those "U'ho advocated an immediate 
forward movement on the Confedei'ate capital. 

Only Good Indian is a Dead Indian, The. — This say- 
ing has always been credited to the late Gen. George Crooke, 
the Indian fiohter, but he made stronec denial of having uttered it. 
Whatever the origin of the [ihiase, it has passed into common use, 
and represents the doctrine of those who oppose the red man's 
civilization. 

Pernicious Activity. — Among the Avords and phrases con- 
tributed to the vocabulary of politics by Grover Cleveland, none 
were so widely discussed as "pernicious activity." They are 
found in a letter to the heads of departments, in which he said 
" office-holders are neither disfranchised nor forbidden the exer- 
cise of political privileges; but their privileges are not enlarged, 
nor is their duty to jDarty increased to pernicious activit}' l)y office- 
holding." 

Public Office Is a Public Trust. — A famous utterance of 
Grover Cleveland. It became the battle-ciy of the Independents. 

Put None but Americans on Guard To-night. — This 
occurs in an order by General Washington on the eve of a 
battle in the Revolutionary War. 

Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion.— The Rev. Dr. Bmch- 
ard used tliis phrase in a speech at the Plfth Avenue Hotel in 
New York, a few «lays before the Presidential election of 1884. 
Mr. Blaine was receiving a delegation of ministers, of whom Rev. 



348 SAYINGS OF FAMOUS AMERICANS. 

Dr. Burchard was the spokesman. In the course of his remarks 
he referred to the Democratic party as tlie party of " Kum, 
Romanism and Rebellion." Some criticism of Blaine was made 
next day for not rebuking the speaker, but Blaine said that he 
was not listening, his thoughts at the time being on the subject of 
his own speech. The Democrats made the most of the insult to 
iheir party. It has never been questioned that many votes, 
especially of Catholics, were turned away from Mr. Blaine. 
Cleveland's majority over Blaine in New York was only 1,047, 
so that 524 votes lost to Cleveland would have turned the State 
in Blaine's favor, and elected him. 

Sink or Swim, Live or Die, Survive or Perish, I 
Give My Hand and My Heart to This Vole. — Supposed 
to have been uttered by John Adams in a speech in Congress in 
1776, before voting in favor of the Declaration of Independence. 

Suicide is Confession. — Original with Daniel Webster in 
his famous speech in prosecution of the White murder case in 
1830 at Salem, Mass. One of the prisoners, Richard Cronin- 
shield, had committed suicide in jail, a fact which Webster seized 
upon to coin a phrase which became immortal. 

Surplus is Easier to Handle Than a Deficit. — This 
phrase, originating with D'Israeli, was used by the Republicans 
in the Harrison-Cleveland campaign of 1888, as a reply to 
Democratic attacks on the accumulation of the surplus by reason 
of high tariff duties. It is said that Col. Fred Grant used the 
phrase first in this connection. 

Tariff is a Local Issue. — In the midst of the Presidential 
canvass of 1880, Gen. Winfield S. Hancock, the Democratic 
candidate, said in a newspaper interview that the tariff question 
was a local issue. The statement, which went uncontradicted by 
its author, was eagerly seized upon by the opposition press, and 
used to the party's disadvantage. 

Tariff is a Tax. — Tliis became a campaign cry of the 
Tariff Reformers, when in the campaign of 1888 it was reiterated 
many times in speeches by Allen G. Thurman, the Democratic 
candidate for Vice-President. 

Tell Them to Obey the Laws and Support the Con- 
stitution. — This was the dying message to his son of Stephen 
A. Douglass, and was meant for the members of the Northern 
wing of the Democratic party, which had supported him for Presi- 
dent in 1860. 

There Never was a Good War or a Bad Peace. — A 
maxim of Benjamin P^ranklin. 

This is the Last of Earth; I am Content. — ^ These were 
the dying words of John Quincy Adams. 



miMk 



> 




SAYINGS OF FAMOUS AMERICANS. 349 

Thomas Jefferson Slill Survives. — These were the last 
words of John Adams. As a matter of fact, the statement was 
not true, Jefferson having passed away a few hours before, but 
the dying man did not know it. 

Union Must Be Preserved. — This phrase originated with 
Andrew Jaclcson, wlio, when asl<c'd for a sentiment at a dinner in 
celebration of .Jefferson's birtli(Uiy, in 1830, responded witli, 
" Our Federal Union ; it must be ])reserved." The sentiment 
was especially appropriate, the excitement over nullitication being 
very fierce at the time. 

Very Hungry, and Ye!hy Thirsty. — In a speech at the 
Democratic national convention, of 1884, George William Curtis, 
tlie Mugwump leader, characterized the Democrats in their atti- 
tude toward the offices, as being " very hungry and very thirsty." 
This fact, however, he argued, should not deter the patriotic 
Republican voter from joining the Democratic j)aity. 

War to the Knife and the Knife to the Hilt. — Attrib- 
uted to the Kepublicans by the Anti-War Democrats during the 
Civil War. 

We Are Confronted with a Condition, not a Theory. 
— This was in President Cleveland's famous message on the 
tariff, sent to Congress in 1887, in which he advocated wholesale 
reforms in the system of protective duties. The message caused 
a profound sensation because it was so unexpected, and it is be- 
lieved to have contributed gi-eatly to his defeat at the Presidential 
election the following year. 

We Have Met the Enemy and They Are Ours. — 
This was the wording of a message sent by Commodore Perry to 
President Harrison on Sept. 10, 1813, after he had encountered 
the British fleet on Lake Erie, and defeated them against great odds. 
• We Love Him for the Enemies He Has Made. — 
This is a paraphrase of a line from Shakespeare, and was applied by 
Governor Bragg, of Wisconsin, to Grover Cleveland, in nominat- 
ing the latter for the Presidency in 1884. The enemies referred 
to were the minority members of the New York delegation, who 
tried hard to break the unit rule, and thereby bring about Cleve- 
land's defeat. 

We Must All Hang Together. — When the signers of the 
Declaration of Independence liad affixed their names to the docu- 
ment, someone remarked: "Now we must all hang together." 
" Yes," said Franklin, " or we shall all hang separately." Corpu- 
lent Benjamin Harrison, of Virginia, said to slender Elbridge 
Gerry, of Massachusetts : " I shall have the ailvantage of you; for 
my neck, probably, will be broken at the first drop, whereas you 
may have to dangle for half an hour." 



350 SCRUB RACE FOR THE PRESIDENCY. 

What a Glorious Morning Is This! — The utterance of 
Samuel Adams the day of the Battle of Lexington, when, by the 
act of the British in firing upon the Americans, all hojje of con- 
ciliation was i)ast. 

With Malice Toward None, and Charity for All. — 
Originated with Lincohi, in his address on the occasion of his 
second inauguration. 

You Can Fool Some of the People All the Time, and 
You Can Fool All the People Some of the Time, But 
You Can't Fool All the People All the Time An apho- 
rism popularly credited to Abraham Lincoln. 

Scholar in Politics. — A derisive name for the civil-service 
reformers and other political purists. Those who have been thus 
designated are men of the stamp of the late James Russell 
Lowell and George William Curtis, both scholars, and, from the 
politician's point of view, not politicians. The advent of the 
scholar in politics was contemporaneous with that of the mug- 
wump. 

Scrub Race for the Presidency. — During the "era of 
good feeling " (which see) the Presidential election created no 
popular excitement. Candidates had been nominated bj^ the 
caucuses of Congressmen, but in 1820, there had been opposition 
to the re-election of President Monroe, so the caucuses were 
omitted. In 1824, William H. Crawford, of Georgia, tried to 
revive the caucus system of nominations, but only a small part 
of the whole body of Congressmen obeyed the call. Crawford 
himself was nominated by the Republican caucus, but this didn't 
help him to any extent. There being no recognized parties, the 
election was none other than a personal contest between Henry 
Clay, Crawford, J. Q. Adams, and Andrew Jackson. Calhoun, 
then Secretary of Wai-, was supported for the Vice-Presidency by 
all four candidates for President. The House decided the election, 
there having been chosen no majority of electors, and Jackson 
won. Calhoun was chosen as Vice-President. The contest was 
humorously spoken of as " a scrub race for the Presidency." (See 
How the President is Elected.) 

Seal of the United States, The Great. — It was only after 
several sketches of seals had been submitted for its approval that 
Congress in 1782 accepted and formally adopted " The Great 
Seal of the United States of America." The seal in use now is 
not the same as that first adopted, but it bears, in its general 
features, a close resemblance. Cojigress appointed a committee, 
on the same day that the Declaration of Independence was signed, 
to devise a Great Seal for the United States. The committee 



SEAL OF THE UNITED STATES. 



351 




GREAT SEAL OF THE UNITED STATES. 



consisted of Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and Thomas Jef- 
ferson. Two months afterwards they reported in favor of a seal 
Avhich should have on one side the arms of the United States, 
together with various engravings emblematic of England, Scot- 
land, Ireland, France, Germany, 
Holland, and Belgium. Encircling 
the ;e there should be initial letters 
in black, indicative of the thirteen 
original States. The Goddess of 
Lil)erty and the Goddess of Justice 
should sujjport the shield, one on 
either side. Midway above them, 
there should be the e^^e of Provi- 
dence in a radiant triangle whose 
glory should extend over the 
shield and beyond the figures, 
Beneath the shield should be the 
motto : E Pluribus Unum. 
On the outer edge of the seal 
there should be engraved in bold 
letters : Seal of the United States of America. On the reverse 
side, the committee favored a representation of Pharoah in an 
open chariot, a crown on his head and a SAvord in his hand, 
passing through the Red Sea in pursuit of the Israelites. A 
pillar of fire in an overhanging cloud, expressive of the Divine 
presence, and shining on Moses, standing on the shore, was 
another feature of this unique design. The motto on this side 
encircling all should be : " Rebellion to Tyrants is Obedi- 
ence to God." 

This design was elaborate and symbolic enough to satisfy 
almost anybody,' but Congress was not satisfied, and after tabling 
the report for nearly three years, referred it to another committee 
who reported in May, 1779, in favor of a seal four inches in diam- 
eter, with the arms of the United States on one side, and the 
shield charged in the field with thirteen diagonal stripes alter- 
nately red and white. On one side of the shield there should be 
a warrior, gun in hand, and a figure of Peace holding an olive 
branch. The reverse side should have a figure of Liberty, seated, 
with the staff and cap. There should be two mottoes, one on 
each side of the seal, Bellp vel Pace, and on the other the 
word Semper. The report of the committee was recommitted, 
and a year later, another design for the seal was submitted. This 
design, submitted on May 10, 1779, was for a seal three inches in 
diameter, the shield to be in a field azure, with thirteen diagonal 
red and argent stripes, with a warrior holding a sword. Peace 



352 SECESSION. 

liolditior the olive brancli, Jiml with a radiant constellation of 
tliirtooii stars. The mottoes should be Bello vel Pace, and 
Virlute Perennis. This repoit was rejev-ted. Another com- 
mittee was appointed in April, 178'J, and made a report very 
similar to the prcctMlinuj one, which Congress at once rejected. 

Congress then left the matter u) charge oF its secretary, to 
wiiom, in the summer of 1782, \Villiain 'iarton, of J^hiladt'lpliia, 
siil»initt-ed a <lcsign, which would ])rol)al)ly h:ive been adopted 
with certain motlilications. Jiut .lolin Adams, while in England 
iu 1779, had received from an antiquarian there suggestions for 
a, seal which Iia<l so much merit that Secretary Thomson em- 
bodied them in Barton's design, so that when the great seal 
of the United States of America was decided upon, it was the 
«H)nc(>|>tion of an American and an Englislunan. The descrip- 
tion of it, in heraldic })hraseologv, is as follows : — 

AiiMS : Paleways of thirteen pieces argent and gules ; a chief 
azure ; the escutclieon on the breast of the American eagle dis- 
played proper, holding in his dexter talon an olive branch, and ni 
liis sinister a bundle of thirteen arrows, all proper; and in his 
beak a si'roU inscribed with this motto: K Pr,URiiuis Unitm. 
For the (^liKsr: Over the head of th(> eagle which appears above 
the escutcheon, a glory or, breaking thi-ongh a cloud proper and 
surrounding thirteen st.irs, forming a constellation, argent, and 
on an azure Held. IIiovkusk. A pyr;iinid untinishcd. In the 
zenith an eye in a triangle, surroundi'd with a glory proper; 
over the eye these words, Annuit Cosptis ("God has favored 
the undertaking.") On the base of the pyramid the numerical 
letters MDcciA'xvi, and underneath the following motto: Novus 
Okdo Skci.okum ("A New Series of Ages"). The reverse of 
the seal has not been cut. 

A new die was cut in 1S41, but it cannot be said to have im- 
proved upon the old one. Tin* die in use to-<lay was cut in 1885, 
and shows line artistic workmanshi]). '^Phe great seal is in the 
cust-ody of the Secretary of State, who attaches it to commissions 
bearing the rresident's signature. 

Seals of the States witli Their Mottoes. (See Mottoes of 

States, etc.) 

Seeessioil.-^ The right of a State to secede from the Union is 
a (h)ctrine which has been advanced by nearly every State of the 
Union at some time or other in its career, and it. even was main- 
taiiuMl in New Kngland, where the hostility to secession was 
strongest in the years imnu'diatcly |)receding the Civil War. 
(Sec Hartford Convention.) Soutlu'ni statesmen fre(]uently have 
taunted those of New England with this early belief in the doc- 



1 



SEORKT SOCIKI'IKS. 



353 



trine of Slate Rights. The doctrine was eniliodicd in tlic Ken- 
tucky Resolutions (see Ahen and Sedition Laws), in tlic 
Nullih'cation Ordinance (wliich see), and in the discussion grow- 
nig out ot" the admission ot" Texas, Kansas, Nebraska, and other 
States. 

Secret Societies. 

Masons. Odd Fellows. 

Fraternal Societies. 

The secret societies of tlie IHiited States arc more numerous 
and inHucntial than those of any other country. Tlie ohlest and 
more powerful of them is the Free-Masons, which it is estimated 
has a nieml)ershi|) of 073,743. The organi/alion is generally 
suj)posed to have had an Oriental origin, although this assertion 
has never l)eeu authenticated. In 
ancient times in Asia Minor, there 
was a society known as the Diony- 
sije Fraternity, which was composed 
of architects and builders of 
temples and theatres. 'I'heir exist- 
eifse was made known by tlic^ 
Greeks who migrated there from 
Attica. The Fraternity is supposed 
to have helped Solomon build the 
temple at Tyre. From this begin- 
ning the organization of masons -^i 
and builders in Europe in the 
Middle Ages is sup|)osed to have 
originated. Many of the workmen 
being foreigners, it becanu; ne(;es- 
sary to devise some common lan- 
guage for convenient intercourse, 
and a system of sigjis and symbols was formulated. The 
members were all skilled at their trade, and for this reason they 
were made tlu^ fasorites of the church, which bestowed upon 
them favors. 

Tlie name of " Free" Mason arose either from the fact that 
the members were free of certain exactions and penalties imposed 
upon otlu'r persons, oi- from tlie fact that they worked in free- 
stone, ?('(piiring a higher class of work, whereas other Avorkmeti 
worked in rough stone. Fminent men joined the organization, 
because membership in it was a badge of respectability and social 
importance. Henry VI. and Henry VII. were members in Kng- 
laiid. The strength of the Masons by 1729 had made itself felt 
in every nation of Europe. 




MASONIO TKMriJ?, Ni;\V VOISK. 



354 SECRET SOCIETIES. 

Its First Appearance in this country is involved in some 
uncertainty, but it is now commonly accepted that the first lodge 
was St. John's lodge in Philadelphia, established in 1730, of 
which Benjamin Franklin was a member. In the same year, 
the Duke of Norfolk, Grand Master of the Free and Accepted 
Masons of New England, gave an appointment to Daniel Coxe, 
of New Jersey, as Provincial Grand Master of New York, New 
Jersey, and Pennsylvania. The organization quickly spread, and 
lodges were formed in all the States. The first lodge in Boston 
was in 1733. 

By 1829 the Masons were very powerful, and became the 
object of attack by persons who were opposed to their secret 
organization. This attack was induced by the supposed murder 
of a man named Morgan, who was about to print a book expos- 
ing the secrets of the fraternity. (See Anti-Masonic Party.) 

The Aims of the fraternity are social intercourse and mutual 
help, and in this direction it unquestionably does much good. 
The first degree is that of entered apprentice, the second that of 
fellowcraft, the third that of master mason. The officers of a 
lodge are the worshipful master, the senior warden, the junior 
warden, treasurer, secretary, senior deacon, junior deacon, tiler, 
chaplain and steward. In each State the lodges constitute a 
Grand Lodge, of which there are grand officers; each Grand 
Lodge has a delegate who represents the lodge in the national 
organization. The highest rank of all is that of the Royal Arch 
Masons, which is attained by but few. These officers are : 
General Grand High Priest, Deputy General Grand High Priest, 
General Grand King, General Grand Scribe, General Grand 
Treasurer, General Grand Secretaiy, General Grand Captain of 
the Host, General Grand Principal Sojourner, General Grand 
Royal Arch Captain, General Grand Master 3d Vail, General 
Grand Master, 2d Vail, General Grand Master, 1st Vail. 

The number of Grand Chapters, each representing a State 
(except Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia), is 42, and 
the number of enrolled subordinate chapters is 2,069, exclusive 
of 22 subordinate chapters in the Territories of the United States, 
Sandwich Islands, and the Chinese Empire, which are under the 
immediate jurisdiction of the General Grand Chapter. 

The total membership) of the 2,069 enrolled subordinate chap- 
ters is 141,901. The degrees conferred in Cliapters are Mark 
Master, Past Master, Most Excellent Master and Ro3^al Arch 
Mason. The Grand Lodges of the United States are in full 
affiliation with the English Grand Lodge, of which the Prince of 
Wales is Grand Master, and the Grand Lodges of Ireland, Scot- 
land, Cuba, Peru, South Australia, New-South Wales and Victo- 



SECRET SOCIETIES. 355 

riii, and also with the Masons of Germany and Austria. Tlicy 
are not in aftlliation and do not correspond with the JMasons of 
France. Freemasonry is under the ban of the Churcli in 8i»ain, 
Italy, and other Catholic countries, and the membership is small 
and scattered. 

The Highest degree in Masonry is the thirty-third, and less 
than five hundred Americans have reached it. Among these are : 
Gen. Benjamin F. Butk'r, Judge William A. Richardson, Gen. 
Gustavus W. Smith, of the Confederate Army; James W. llustjed, 
John Boyd Thacher, of Albany; J. Edward Simmons, ex-Gov. 
Edward F. Jones, ex-Gov. George Hoadley, J. H. McVicker, and 
ex-Mayor Dewitt C. Cregier, of Chicago; W. K. Alger, and Rev. 
Minot J. Savage, of Boston. 

Odd Fellows. — - The second most powerful secret organiza- 
tion is the Odd FelloAVs, whose membership is 647,471. The 
organization is beneficial in its design. It originated in England 
about 1745, but did not acquire much power until 1814, when all 
the English lodges Avere incorporated into " The Independent 
Order of Odd P'ellows of the Manchester Unity." The first or- 
ganization in America was in 1816, at New York, but it did not 
live. In 1819, a Grand Lodge, clothed with powers from tlie 
Manchester Unity, and bearing the title of "No. 1, Washington 
Lodge, the Grand Lodge of Maryland and the United States of 
America" was organized. In 182.3, the self-constituted lodges at 
Philadelphia, New York, and Boston recognized the Maryland 
Lodge as the only official lodge, and received charters from it. 
The Objects of the organization are "to relieve the distressed, to 
visit the sick, bury the dead, and educate the orphan," and also 
to elevate morally and spiritually its members. Candidates for 
membership must be twenty-one years of age, white, and must 
express their belief in a Supreme Being. Only those who have 
attained the third or scarlet degree in a lodge are eligible for 
membership in an encampment. The encampment confers tiirec 
degrees. The Grand Lodge is composed of past presiding 
officers of subordinate lodges, and the Sovereign Grand Lodge is 
made up of members of the several grand bodies. The Odd 
P^ellows is a rich and powerful organization, and owns many 
handsome edifices. The American organization is not now in 
affiliation with the English order entitled the Manchester Unity 
Odd P^ellows. The Total Relief paid l)y the Independent Onler 
of Odd Fellows, year ending Dec. 31, 1890, Mas |-2,917,68S.l3 ; 
brothers relieved, 80,242 ; widowed families relieved, 190,978; 
paid for relief of brothers, ??1 ,812,313.65 ; for widowed families, 
$150,700.22 ; education of orphans, 1171,408.33. The organization 
is especially strong in Pennsylvania, where it has 97,000 members. 



356 SBCSET SOCIETIES. 

Ancient Order of United. Workmen. — This -wtnidn^- 
maa's beneficial order was oreiaruzed in l>oS, and now nnmbers 
about 270,000 membersw There are 27 Grand Lixiges, and over 
4,000 snboniinate lodges. Since its fc:. - ■ . it has disbursed 
in benefits over #o7,0l>0,0t)0, and over > .in charitv. 

Knights Templars. — Thi< order is ci i: rt;;ch ork:in, although 
the Aiuerioaa org:tuization is an independent body. It has 
thirty-nine Grand Commanderies, over 85,000 members, besides 
2,000 in subordinate commanderies. The commandery degrees 
conferred are Red Cross Knight, Knight Templar, auvl Knight of 
Malta. Masons who have reache*! the degrees of Master Mason 
or Roval Arch Mason are admitted. 

Independent Order of Good Templars. — The object 
of this org:iniz;»tion is apparent frv>m the following pledge to 
which all candidates for membership are required to sub^^ribe, 
viz., that they ^* will never make, buy, sell, use, furnish, nor cause 
to be furnished to others, as a beverage, any spirituous or malt 
liquors, wine or cider, anvi will discountenance the manufacture 
and sale thereof in all proper ways." There are over 400,*)00 
members, and a juvenile branch having 160,00«) memWrs. The 
Grand Lodges, one hundred in number, are distributed through 
more than twenty different nationalities. 

Royal Arcanum. — This order was founded in 1S77, and 
has a membership of about 120,00C» ; the number of Grand Coun- 
cils is nineteen, with subordinate councils to the number of 1,300. 
The benefits made up to June 1, 1S91, aggregated 16,500,000. 

Ancient Order of Foresters. — This order extends throi^h- 
out the civilized world, having branches in twenty-eight different 
nationalities. The American branch, which was the parent 
Inranch, was founded in 1S64. The membership in all the Grand 
Courts and subordinate coturts is over 800,000, the American 
branch having 9«) 4.000 members. 

Improved Order of Red Men. — The total membership 
in all countries is aK>ut 110,000; in the United States, it is 
16,268. The onier was foimded lS72.and has an auxiliary branch 
for women, known as the *- Degree of Pocahontas."' 

Knig:hts of Honor. — The nimiber of members in this 
organization is about 132,000 ; benefits disbursed since its organi- 
zation in 1873, 36,500,0iK>. 

The other chief fraternal societies having a membership in the 
United States are. Knights of Pythias, 263,847 ; Improved Order 
of Red Men, 111.644; Roval Arcanum, 1 1 8,454 ; Knights and 
Ladies of Honor. 70.419; American Legion of Honor, 63,751 ; 
Knights of the Maccabees, Supreme Tent, 62,580; Modem 
Woo'lraen of America. 53.000; Order of L'nited American 



^Toohanios, 4S,517; KquitaMi^ Aid riiii>iu 4o,il.'>0 : Onlor of 
ChosoM Krionds, oS,S*Jl ; CatlnUio ^futual r>onotit Assoi-iaiioii, 
oO.Oi'O; National Union, "Jlv-'UH^ : Indopondout Ordor of IVnai 
B'rith, *Jf>,478; Catholic Bonovolont Lotion, •Jo.o.'^ii ; Ordor of 
United Frionds, -'J.oOl ; Catholic Kniiihts of Aniorica, 121, ()*);>; 
Order of the GoUlen Cross, 17,aO">: Koval TenipLirs of Teni- 
peraneo, 15,1."h^; Aneient Order of Dniids, 15,000; Koval Soeioty 
of GoihI FeUows, lo,OS I ; United Order i^f Pilgrim Fathers. 
l"i,44o. The Total Membofship in secret societies of all 
kinds is over i:,SOi',i'O0. 

StH'tional Pivsitlont. (^^«ee rresidentsof the Unhed States.) 
Seven M.ule liurnuiu. ^See Nieknames of Famous Ameri- 
cans.) 

Seventh of March Speech. — This refers to an extraordinary 
speech by Daniel Webster in the Senate on March 7, ISotK in the 
debate growing out of the Clay resolutions regarding the Compro- 
mise of 1850. In his speoch Webster antagonized the abolitionists 
by Ins utterances in opposition to the restriction of slavery, his pre- 
vious views on which had ])l;iced hinx sipiarely against the South. 
It was charged that his sudden change of opinion was influenced 
by his desire to secure the nomination for President. 
Sharp Knife, (^ee Presidents of the I'nited States.) 
Shinphisters. — Pnring the war, private individuals not being 
able to secure small change, they issued private notes of ten, 
twenty- tive, and fifty cents denomination, and circulated them in 
their business. The notes were called shinplasters, because they 
liad no value outside of particular localities, except possibly 
as ]dasters for broken shins. The small notes issued by the gov- 
ernment in after years from this source derived the name <>f 
shinplasters. 

Ship-I>uil(lini:. 

Packets and Clippers. Ocean Disasters. 

Steamboats. Great Lake Navigatu'»n. 

Ocean Steamships. Anierican Carrying Trade. 

Subsidies. 

The first ship built in this country was the \'irginia, which was 
built in 1007, at the mouth of the Kennebec Kiver, in Maine, a 
State which has always been noted for its ships. The vessel was 
built by colonists who used it in returning home, having become 
discouraged with their new life. The second ship built was 
the Onrest, which was constructed at New* York, in l(>15-16. 
New England early in her career took the lead in ships, and 
many of her people were engaged in shipping. Her vessels, 



358 suir-iuiLDiNG. 

however, were practically annihilated by the Britisli fleets in the 
Kevolntionary War, and when the war was over an era of ship- 
biiildiiii^ was inaugurated which attahied large proportions, and 
was famous for the perfection of its vessels, and especially for 
their speed. 

The Early American Ship- Builders aimed to construct 
their A'essels as nearly as possible upon the lines of a fish ; their 
success in this direction led to the imitation of their models by 
raanv foreign designers. Packets were run between !New York 
and English ports as early as 1S15. They had two decks, and 
were swift and substantially made. The first three-decker Avas 
the Guy Mannering. which was built at Xew York in 1S49. and 
quickly set the fashion for packet ships which were built there- 
after. The success of the packet shi[>s induced the English gov- 
ernment to subsidize the Cunard line, which in 1S40 sent out a 
steamship, the Britannia, and has continued the service ever since. 
(See Steam Navigation.) The tendency in ship-building was 
now towards larger and larger ships. The packet was f<)llowed 
bv the clipper ship, about lv*^40 to IS'H^. built low in the water, 
with a sharp bow. fine water-lines, and tall masts which carried 
an immense spread of canvas. 

Tlie immiirration to California, in 1S4S and on. led to a great 
boom in the clipper-built ships, and about this time tlie American 
Carrying Trade was at the height of its prosperity, lietween 
lSol3 and ISOO, the value of imported and exported cargoes car- 
ried in American vessels averaged §^475,000,000 a year. With 
the outbreak of the Civil War, this trade fell away to e*200,0r0,- 
X> an I under, and remains at about that figure to-day. The 
percentage of trade carried in American vessels in ISaG was75.iI; 
in ISiU, the percentage Avas 11.04. There was a large increase 
in the coastwise trade from 1S60 and on. which led to the build- 
insf of schooners, now the recognized type of coastwise ships. 
One of the largest schooners ever built was the Governor Ames, 
which was built in 188S in Maine ; her keel is 2(55 feet lotig, the 
lenorth over all is '265 ; beam 50 feet, depth 20 feet, tonnage 
1,S00. She has 460 tons of Virginia white oak in her framework ; 
her planking is six inches thick, and 7^ inches at the gunwales. 
She his four masts and is employed in trade with South Ameri- 
can ports. 

Mississippi River Navigation took a great spurt with the 
advent of steam navigation pvhich see), although several sailing 
vessels had made the voyage from Xew Orleans to Louisville, 
Iventuokv, in from sixteen to twenty days. Iron ships were built 
after 1838, in which year theCodorus, an iron ship, was built for 
the Susquehanna River trade. These hulls were crude in shape. 



J 



SHIP-BUlLniNG. 



359 







TV 



3ti0 SHip-BuiLDma. 



and the effort to fashion theiu on the linos of woodon hiills Mas 
not at first suocossfiil. 

Sleain Navigation. — Tlio tirst successful attonipt at steam 
navig.itiou was ixobovt Fulton's steamboat Clermont, which in 
1S07 made the trip from >>'o\v York to Albany, 148 niiles, at the 
rate of tive miles an hour, and returned at the same speeil. 
Previously several Englishmen and Americans had experimented 
with steam as a means of propulsion. In 17S4 and 178l>, James 
liuiuscy, of Chester, l*a., drove a boat on the Potomac fom- miles 
an hour by a water jet forced out at the stern. John Fitch 
abo\ic the sauie time tried to propel a steamer on the Dolawan^ 
River by means of paddles turned by oranks. Fulton's Steam- 
boat, liowever, was a complete success, and it revolutioni/.ed the 
liver and ocean navigation of the world. The Clermont was loa 
feet in length, IS feet beam, 7 feet in depth, and 100 tons bur- 
den. The engine had a steam cyHnder '2A inches in diameter 
and a stroke of 4 feet. Not long aftei-, Col. John Stevens, of 
New Jersey, who had been experimenting with steam about Ful- 
ton's tini.s made the voyage in a steam side-wheeler, called the 
Phaviix, from New York to the l^elaware Kiver. This was the 
First Ocean Voyage by a steam vessel. The next ocean voy- 
age by a stenu vessel was more daring. It was that of the 
Savannah, Capt. Moses Rogers, which sailing from Savannah, 
Ga,, on May "J 1, 18l!>, niade tlie voyage to Liverpov>l, arriving 
there on June 'iO, having used both steam and sails. The sauu' 
ship made the trip from St. Petersburg to New York tlirect in 
•Jii days. Tlu> First Transatlantic Line of steamships was the 
Cunard line, which on July 4, I84l>, sent from Liverpool the 
steamship Brittaniiv, LooO tons, and thereafter sent steamers reg- 
ularly. The tirst transatlantic screw steamer was the ^lassachu- 
setts, Capt. R. B. Forbes, who also introduced steam vessels into 
the China trade. The largest steam vessel ever constructed was 
the Great Eastern, which was OSO feet long, 8i> feet beam, 58 
feet deep, 'J8 feet draught, and 'J, 400 tons burden ; she had four 
paddles, four screw engines, and had a speed of llU statute miles 
an hour. 

Ocean Steamships. — What is called the transatlantic fleet 
of steiuiship^ consists of 100 vessels, sailing regularly to and from 
New Yoi'k and European ports. Sonu^ of them sail to and from 
Boston. The European destination of :>1 of these steamshij^s is 
Liverpool ; of 10, Glasgow ; of 17, Hamburg, via Southamj^on ; 
of 11, Antwerp; of 0, Boulogne and Ixotterdam ; of 10, Rrenuui, 
via Southampton ; of t>, Havre ; of o, Bordeaux. Nearly all of 
these steamships are owned abroad. Not all of these vessels 
carry tii-st -class passengers, but all of them carry valuable cai-goes 



1 



Snir-HUiLDING. 



361 



of morohaTuliso. There are many more steaniors which are 
smaller ami less speedy ; in fact, there are upwards of 85 lines 
between the eastern seaboard of the United States and Euri^pean 
ports. There were in ISDl 41G steamships sailing from .Ameri- 
can ports to foreign jiorts. Their tonnage was f)17,8l)4, theii- 
value was §; 42,000,000, and the value of their merchajidise was 
$1,-402,500,000. (Jreat Britain, in the same year, had 0,40;? steam 
vessels, with tonnage of 8,'ioo,8r>l; their value was -^r)r)O,O00,OO0, 
and the value of their merchandise was ^o,47('),rH)0,000, Ger- 
many had 741 steam vessels, with tonnage of 9'i8,t>ll ; tlieir value 
was '803,500,000, and that of their merchandise was $1,()-J4,000,- 
000. France had fvJG steam vessels, whose tonnage was 809,598 ; 
their value was ^4S,50(»,000, and their nu'rchandise was valned at 
81,471,000,000. The United States thus stood fourth among the 
nations of the world. The centre of the United States Ocean 
Carrying Trade is New 
York, where steamers leave 
not only for the ports on the 
regular transatlantic routes 
designated above, but also fm- 
Amsterdam, Antigua, the 
Azores, Harbadoi's, liarcelona, 
Bermuda, Bristi>l, Kng., 
Buenos Ayres, Cardenas, 
Colon, Copenhagen, Deme- 
rara, Dominica, Genoa, and 
Gibraltar,Gonaives,Greytown, 
Guadeloupe, Halifax, Havana, 




;aii. 11, vx of a ship, 
1 Flvinsr jib; 2, jib; 3, foio topniast. stay- 



skvs:ii 

■ llai 

liiu 



Honr>: Ivono;, Jamau-a, Leg- sail; 4, fore oourse; 5, foio t 

1 ^ T 'ii ^T 1 All" toiiuallant sail ; 7, fore roval ; S, fort 

horn, Leitll, London, .Maiao-;!, o, KTro roval stiuUiiim-saii ; lo, fore topualUmt 

Marseilles, M:irtini(iue,Matan- stn<i,ii..o--sai!; u, fore to|.,i.ast M\u^^ 

1 ' sail; 12, mam cour.*o; l.i, mam topsail; 14, 

Zas, Messina, Naples, New- main topjiallant sail; 15, main royal ; lii. main 

.1 TTi 1) T, skvsail ; 17, mam roval studdinu-sail ; IS. 

castle, Hmj., 1 ara, Uernam- ,„.;iu topL-allant stmUlimi-sail; in, main top- 

buco, Port an Prince, Rio de '"•.I'^t snui.iins-saii; .2\'''if ':» ;;«;'''::;'iV. ;i',- 

: \ . mizzcn top sail ; L'2, niizzen toi)i;allant sail ; L'.s 

Janeiro (three lines), S.antiagO mizzen roval; 24, mizzeu sUysail; 25, mizzen 

de Cuba, Shanghai, St. Croix, ^i'"-''^^^- 

St. Domingo City, St. Johns, N. F., Porto Rico, and St. Kitts. 
Besides these lines, most of which carry only freight, there are 
many others running to the ports on the eastern coast of the 
United States, and one to San Francisco (the Pacific Mail S. S. 
Co.), via the Isthmus of Panama, From Phihidelphia and Balti- 
more two lines of steamers, chieHy freighters, run to foreign 
ports. The Pacific Mail Steamship Comp.any was organized 
in 1,^47, at the time of the colonization of the Pacific St;ites, 
when it despatched one of its iirst vessels, the California, from 



362 SHIP-BUILDIXG. 

New York, in 1848, to San Francisco by way of Cape Horn. 
This extraordinary performance, in those early days of steam 
navigation, enabled the company to inangurate a steamship 
servic3 between Panama and San Francisco. The route thus 
opened was from New York to Colon (Aspinwall), and thence 
acros.s the Isthmus to Panama, where the steamer was in waiting 
to run up the Mexican coast to California. The transpacific 
route was commenced in 18G7, soon after the opening of the 
Pacific Railroad, and is now worked in conjunction with an 
Engli-ih line, the Oriental & Occidental. The only steamship 
company which carries passengers between the United States and 
South American ports, and which flies the stars and stripes at the 
ship's head, is one from New York to Rio de Janeiro, which stops 
at St. Thomas, Barbadoes, Para, Maranhara, Pernambuco, Bahia, 
and Rio de Janeiro. 

The largest of the Fleet of Transatlantic Steamers have a 
gross tonna2,o of 12,000. These are the Fiirst Bismarck and the 
Norman nia, New York to Hamburg. The City of Paris and the 
City of New York, New York to Liverpool, have a gross tonnage 
of 10,499 ; the Augusta, Victoria, and the Columbia, New York to 
Hamburg, have a gross tonnage of 10,000 ; the Teutonic and the 
Majestic, New York to Liverpool, have a gross tonnage of 9,685 
and 9,861 respectively. The latter have the greatest length, 682 
feet ; their breadth is 5~^ feet, and their depth is 39 feet. The 
modern steamship nowadays is divided into upwards of twenty 
water- tight compartments separated by bulkheads, which encircle 
the hull of the ship, as it were, by an outer shell. In the boM" is 
a collision bulkhead to save the ship in the event of .her running 
"bow on" against any obstacle. The effect of this system of 
bulkhead -protected compartments is to isolate every part of the 
ship, so that the sea, when once it breaks through, may be 
preveiited from flooding the entire vessel. All first-class steamers 
have also twin screws, each worked by a separate engine. If 
one screw becomes disabled, the steamer is propelled by the 
other. 

Ocean Disasters. — ^In the forty years ending 1880, 144 
ocean steamers were lost at sea ; not all of these, however, were 
passenger steamers. Among the more famous losses were the 
City of Glasgow, in 1854, which was never heard of, having 480 
persons on board; the steamship Arctic, which collided in 1854 
with the steamer Vesta in a fog off Cape Race, and sunk with 
562 souls on board; the steamer Pacific, lost in 1856, with 186 
persons; the Austria in 1858, which was burned at sea, with a 
loss of 471 lives; the City of Boston, lost at sea in 1870, with 
200 persons on board; the Atlantic, lost in 1873 with 500 



8Hir-I5UIi,lJlNG. 



3G3 



souls ; the Schiller, a year or two later, with 200 persons ; the 
Deutschland, with 150 persons; the Pomerania, with 50 lives ; 
the Cimbria, with 84 lives; and the Ville du Havre, with 230 
persons. This is the last of the calamities suffered by ocean 
steamships in the transatlantic service, although many have since 
then been sunk, without loss of life. Ice and icebergs are most 
dangerous obstacles to ocean navigation, although fog is generally 
more dangerous to life. Between 18S2 and 1S90, the records of 
the Ilvdrogi-aphio office show that 36 steamers were injured more 
or less by ice in the North Atlantic Ocean. 

Speed of Ocean Steamships. — Tlie construction of 
l^owerful machinery in recent years has made it i)ossible for 



*M£^OrAt. MAS 




A FULL KIGGED SHIP. 



steamships to make the i-uu from Sandy Hook to Queenstown, 
2,800 miles, inside of six days. The Teutonic holds the record, 
having made the distance, in August, 1891, in five days, six hours, 
and thirty-one minutes. The City of Paris is second with a 
record of five days, nineteen hours, and eighteen minutes, in 
August, 1889. 

Navigation on the Great Lakes. — A most important and 
lucrative source of the shipping commerce of the United States 
is that of the Great Lakes. This magnificent highway is the 



SS4 



smr-Mnuraxe. 



^ 



gnok^et mlaakd waftn- ro«d^ of Idle vt>rid^ its llo^^ 
laiges tnuKftorth^ aamwaUT uilficas cif toi^ of tbe pod^c ts of 
lth»"riehly |p««>daetxre eoontiy m whicik it is sitaatod. TW 
c«raa^ tbe be«f , tli& faanber, l]i» eoppw^ idie salt* tbe iroii «««» 
tli» ilocur and this ec)aL. ef tW great XcvAve^. tdies^ are tlie 
inportaut produets vliielk fiikd a natwal and easr <wtiet tii> tlie 
marts of trade in tlie £»st and in Enrojpe. TKe Cargo Ton- 
na^ «< tbe Gj^e^at: lake? >iirMr* 1 S^) has neail]r do«l>led. In l^?9i^ 
itamonnlted t^o^ o>vief d>>j:^^Ol>0 t«<»s, c^qs^t in gnan and wQl pviv 
dvets> Inttiber, o<>aL auiad irv>n c?»ev and wasralwed at #l>5<iX,<MNMMN^> 
This fe spreatw" than the eaur^T tonna^ cf Xew Yott br over IW 
p««- <vnt^ and greater 1»t ^3 pxer eent. than the tonnage of all 
the ^ea}'««ts in the Vmted States, saorfttssii^ tiie tonnage of 

X^wdoia and IiTef|M!)ol oMn- 
lined, bv over S,0(i)lQ(,aOO tm^ 




Bt the e«55J«s of 1S:^\ the vetssdis '^ - 

«a:^p^l^ in* oarBriiD^ tM? er.^-- 
iKKHkS «uf«<» Tttmabesed ~ 1*4, c : 

in^ bi.>5fc "■ '^•--■■" ~;"irs amid firvii:-... ^ - ^ .- -- r 

onbr, i*§-. ~ . :^ and SiH baurs??!* ; .^ ^>HH.aT. 

twana^^f V-: i-L^.-tri. "^^'^ ~ "■. . '- - *' '^'^ 

nnnsWr v'^5 x~'essie^ "^^^^ .- 

aex«feK*--:v>: ^ 

PerTc 

the lake -- ^ ^^ - 

the same eairgv^ : < - railroad tt ^ronld l» 

#;l4«iKM<i'>«)k»<i)«W»\ b^ : iiv«s5 was oobr ^SSL*?' 



: Cc^t 
- ^j 



sHU*-BriLmx«. 



:u>.^ 



inteivsting featnro of the lako tnirtio is tho intnxiuoiion ot tho 
"whalolviok" sloamer. so-ealled on Sivount v>t its ivuiuioil dock. 
Tho deck is fiv^ from tho masts and rijjfging onlinarily fotimi on 
<iHH>a« stoamsliips. Tho " whaK^lviok " is dosijrnod osyHH'iall y for 
oarrvino: irrain. Within a yoar, tho oxj>oriniont has Khmi triod 
siKvos-stnliy ot carrying gnvin in whalolvioks diroi't to Kuropoan 
pv^rts, via tho St. l-awroniv IJivor, tho mouth of whioh is ovor 
1/JOO milos fnnn Cluoairo. 

American Carrying Trade. — Tho imnionso oxport and 
impv^rt n-;ulo Iviwoon this country and tho nations of tho oarih, is 
carriod on, oxivpting 1 1 .lU por ooiit. <»f it, in vossols ownod and 
mjumoil by foroignors. AVhat is calKHi tho vloi^line in tho carry- 
ing tr:»do has roivntly Wconio a subjoct of serious consideration 
by the statosnion of tho nation, and tho rx^storation of AnuM-ican 
siiipping to its pristino glory will henceforth bo their earnest en. 
vloavor. To this ond» 
tho Fifty-tirst Con- 
gross passed tho 
Postal Subsidy 
Bill, which oin[K>wors 
tho Postm.astor-Gou- 
onil to make i\Mitraets 
with American own- 
ers of American-built 
and American mannotl 
steamships for carry- 
ing tho mails between 
tho I'nited States and 
foreign ports (Canada 
exchuUHlH. Tho ves- J.. • 
sols are to bo con-'^^t 
structoil .aft^r the 
latest and most a[>- 
proved types, divided 
into four classes as foUo>vs : First elass, iron or steel 20-knot vessels 
of not less than 8.lHH^ tons. (Tho American- English mails are to be 
civrriod on this class entirely.) Second class, irv>n or stool 14-knot 
vessels of not less than 2,500 tons ; fourth class, iron, steel, or 
wooden l*2-knot vessels of not less than 1.500 tons. Vessels of the 
rii-si, second, and thinl classes are to W eonstructed with particular 
r^^feronce to prompt and economical cimversion into auxiliary 
naval cruisoi-s on plans approved by the Secretary of the Navy, 
strouii enough to carry six-inch ritles anvi of tho higliest known 
maritime rating. The compens;ition to Iv paid is as follows: 
First-class, 1^4 }M?r mile ; second cKass, ^2 piM- mile by tho shortest 




DRV-ItOCKSIk. 



366 



SIGNAL SEKVICK OF TUK INITKD STATES. 



praotioal)lo route for each outward vovago ; third class, ^1 per mile; 
fourth (.'hiss, 6t5| cents i)er mile for the number of miles required 
by the Post-Otiiee Departmunt to be traveled on each outward 
voyage. 

In May, 180:2, a bill ^vhich permits foreign-built vessels to 
receive an American registry upon application of their owners, 
became a law and under it the City of Paris .and the City of New 
Vork were so registered. Hereafter they will dy the American 
tiag instead of the English Hag, and will reoeive the subsidy 
provided by the Postal Subsidy Act. 

It was by the subsidy 'system that England built up her ex- 
tensive system of ocean steamships, many of Avliich have made 
their profits solely from the American carrying trade. AVhile 
this country has made marvellous strides forward in the develop- 
ment of its natural resources, that of its shipping has been 
neglected. Capital has been put into almost anything but ships, 
but the past three years show signs of a revivification of the ship- 
building industry. The number of vessels built in the United 
States in 1888 was 1,014, of ^vhich 430 were steamers; in 1880, 
the number was 1,077, of which 440 were steam; in 1800, 1,051, 
of which 410 were steam ; in 1801, l,o84, of which 488 Avere 
steam. The Tonnage of our merchant navy in 1801 was 
4,684,750, a steady but sniall increase since 1870. Great l>ritain's 
merchant tonnage in 1801 was 11,0128,624. Germany's was 
1,678,446, and Norway, the fourth in rank, was 1,665,477. The 
number of United States vessels in the foreign trade ni 1801 was 
1,516 ; in the coastwise trade, 20,820. 

Shoe-String Disitrict. (See Gerrymander.) 

Signal Service, The United States. 



Weather Conditions. 
Cold Waves. 
Frosts and Floods. 



Rainfall. 
Crop Bulletin 
Storni Signals. 



This department of the United States service was established 
by the Act of Congress of February 0, 1870, and its cave and 
supervision placed in the hands of Brig.-Gen. Albert J. Meyer, 
the chief signal otticer of the United States Army. Hence the 
Tiame — - Signal Service — by which this department has been 
known uTitil recently. It was strictly military in its organization. 
On account of the peculiar value to agriculture of its weather 
indications, the service was o>i July 1, 1801, transferred to the 
Department of Agriculture. Its Duties, as set forth in the act 
establishing the service, were " to take and record meteorological 
observations, and to report, and give notice, by electric tele- 



SIGNAL SERVTCK OF THK UNITKD STATES. 807 

grapli, of the approach and the forco of stoi-nis, for the benefit 
of connneree and agriculture." The elements of its observations 
are: Teniperaturo and ])ressure of the air; the percentage of 
moisture or relative humidity; (he temperature of the dewpoint; 
direction, force, and velocity of the wind ; kinds and amount of 
clouds; amount of precipitation — rain or melted snow — in 
inches and hundredths ; character of the sky, and tlie state of the 
weather. 

In addition to these a record of all Special Phenomena, 
sucli as aurora', halos, thunderstorms, tornadoes, waterspouts, 
earthquakes, etc. These data are telegraphed to Wasliington 
the central station -at stated timt's, and from there transmitted 
in the same manner to offices located at the commercial centres 
of the entire country, from which the information is disseminated 
through the daily papers, by the public display of bulletins and 
other methods. 

Thus far the hibors of this service were chiefly in the interest 
of agriculture. The next step was the dis])lay of Storm Signals 
at stations on the seaboard, the (tulf, and the (ireat Lakes, by 
r.ieans of large Hags by day and colored lights by night. At lirst, 
twenty such stations were established ; now a chain of them ex- 
tends from the llio Graiule, (iulf of IMexico, to Eastport, Me., 
throughout the great lakes and along the Paciiic coast, all in the 
interest of commerce. There is a department for the study of 
Gold Wa*ves, of the approach of which Avarnings can be given 
from twelve to thirty-six; h(Mirs ahead for the benefit of growers 
and shippers of fruits and other jiei'ishable goods; and also fore- 
casts or daily weather from thii-ty-six to forty hours in advance. 
The vast territory of the ll^nited States has been divided into 
districts, and, by makingasj^ecial study of each, the " Forecasts" 
are made more detinite and exact for each of them, thus more 
effectually promoting the interests of the fariners therein. In the 
cotton belt a special system of Rainfall and Temperature obser- 
vations has been adopted for the benefit of the pl.intcr ami dealei*. 
So in the great strawberry-growing region of New Jersey and 
adjacent territory, foreknowledge of weather and temperature 
is of the highest importance, and is watched as closely by dealers 
elsewhere as by the Jersey culturists. The Flood- Warnings 
of tlu' great valleys of the Mississippi and triliutaries have been of 
incalculable value. 

The Flags adopttxl by the Signal Service are five in number, 
and the foi-ms and dimensions are indicated below : — 

Number 1, white flag, six feet square, indicates clear or fair 
weather. Number 2, blue Hag, six feet square, indicates i-aiu or 
snow. Nund)er 3, white and blue Hag, six feet square, indicates 



3G8 



SIGNAL SERVICi: OP THE UNITED STATES. 



local rains or showers. Number 4, black triaiigulivr Hag, four 
feet at the base and six feet in length, always refers to tempera- 
ture ; when placed above numbers 1, 2, or 3, it indicates warmer 
weather; when placed below numbers 1, t2, or 8 it indicates 
colder weather ; when not displayed, the indications are that the 
temperature will remain stationary, or that the change in temper- 
ature will not vary more than four degrees from the temperatuie 
of the same hour of the preceding day. Number T), white flag, 
six feet square, with black square in centre, indicates the approach 

of a sudden and 
decided fall in 
temp e r a t u i- e . 
This signal is 
usuall}^ (irdeii'd 
at least twenty- 
four hours m ad- 
vance of the cold 
w a V e . W h e "n 




Oea^ 



"'■TiQtion Signal. 



Number 5 is displayed, Number 4 is always omitted. 

When displayed on poles the signals should be arranged to 
read downward ; when displayed from horizontal sujjports a 
small streamer should be attached to indicate the point from 
which the sii>;nals are to be read. 



INTERPRETATION OF DISPLAYS, , 

No. 1, alone, fair weather, stationary temperature. 

No. 2, alone, rain or snow, stationary temperature. 

No. 8, alone, local rain, stationary temperature. 

No. 1, with No. 4 above it, fair weather, warmer. 

No. 1, with No. 4 below it, fair weather, colder. 

No. 2, with No. 4 above it, warmer weather, rain or snow. 

No. 2, with No. 4 below it, colder weather, rain or snow. 

No. 8, Avith No. 4 above it, warmer weather M'ith local rains. 

No. 8, with No. 4 below it, colder weather with local rains. 

No. 1, with No. 5 above it, fair weather, cold wave. 

No. 2, with No. 5 above it, wet weather, cold wave. 

Another important service rendered by the Bureau is the 
issuing at intervals of bulletins regarding the outlook for the 
crops in the great crop-belts. Having exi)erienced observers m 
the immediate vicinity, its information is generally authentic and 
is of much value to the business interests of the country. 

The Signal Service also issues a series of Storm, Caution- 
ary, and Wind Signals, which are chietly for the informa- 
tion of steamship companies, masters of sailing vessels, and man- 



1 



SIGNAL SEKVICE OF THE UNITED STATES. 



369 




a 



ners in general. The flags and the signals they are intended to 
carry are as follows : 

The square flags indicate the character of the storm, whether 
moderate or severe. A yellow flag with a 
white centre indicates that the Avinds exi)ected 
■ will not be so severe, but well-found, sea- 
worthy vessels can meet them without danger. 
A red flag with a black centre indicates that 
the storm is expected to be of marked vio- 
lence. The pennants displayed with the flags 
indicate the direction of the wind : red, 
easterly (from northeast to south) ; white, 
westerly (from southwest to north). The 
pennant above the flag indicates that the 
wind is expected to blow from the northerly 
quadrant ; below, from the southerly (juad- 
rant. By night a red light will indicate 
easterly winds, and a white light above a red 
light westerly winds. The " Information 
Signal " consists of a yellow pennant of the 
same dimensions as the red and the white 
pennants (direction signals), and when dis- 
played indicates that the local observer has 
received information from the central oftice of 
a storm covering a limited area, dangerous 
only for vessels about to sail to certain ^fi, 

points. The signal will serve as a notihca- 
tion to shipmasters to apply for information to the local ob- 
server. 

Silver Greys. (See Political Parties.) 

Silver, Production of. (See Mining.) 

Single Tax Party. (See I'olitical Parties.) 

Sir Veto. (See Presidents of the United States.) 

Sitting Bull. (See Nicknames of Famous Americans.) 

SlaUil? of Politics. — The vocabulary of American politics 
co'ntains a motley collection of curious words and phrases, many of 
which, while they are vulgar, yet are most exf)ressive. As a rule, 
they have originated with professional politicians and the nevvs- 
])apers. Some of the more expressive, besides other words and 
phrases of a political origin which have passed into common use, 
are grouped below : — 

Another County Heard From. — When a State or Na- 
tional election is in doubt, it frequently happens that the votes of 




S.yV-H/";cis S£JV'ods 



Ere Sto 



RfA 



570 SLANG OF POLITICS. 

counties are necessary to establish the result. The phrase vra* 
heard first in the campaign of 1876, when returns arrived from 
some of the doubtful States very slowly. 

Bandanna. — Allen G. Thurman, Democratic candidate for 
Vice-President in 1888, made use of a red bandanna handker- 
chief. In the campaign the bandanna became a badge of 
Democracy. 

Bar'l, To Tap I he.^ A phrase applied to rich candidates for 
office who are popularly believed to be possessed of a "barrel" 
of money for campaign use. 

Bee in His Bonnet. — A popular expression to mdicate a 
man's desire to secure public office, but usually applied to would- 
be candidates for President. 

Billion Congress. — Applied to the Fifty-First Congress 
because of its appropriations, which in the rough aggregated a 
billion dollars. 

Blaine and Business. — A battle-cry of the adherents of 
Secretary Blaine, when in 1891 it appeared that he might again 
stand for the Presidency ; it was hoped that he would, if nom- 
inated, make a campaign on the issues of reciprocity and the 
extension of foreign trade generally. 

Bleeding Kansas. —An epithet of ridicule for Kansas, 
originating from the bloody strife over the Kansas-Xebraska bill 
in 1854. Since then, orators in Congress have used the phrase 
frequently. 

Blocks of Five. — In the Harrison-Cleveland campaign of 
1888, it was brought to light that the Republican National Com- 
mittee, through its treasurer, Col. W. W. Dudley, gave instruc- 
tions to secure- the "floater" vote in Indiana in "blocks of five" 
men at a time. The campaign in that State was fought so fiercely 
that every cross-roads was officered by " strikers" of both parties, 
each instructed to see that a certain designated number of men 
should vote. 

Bloody Chasm, To Bridge the. — An oratorical expres- 
sion intended to convey the idea of wiping out the animosities 
growing out of the Civil War. 

Bloody Shirt, To Wave the. — Certain Republican ora- 
tors, in Congress and out of it, hal>itually favore«i a rigorous 
policy of reconstruction in order to whip into line the rebellious 
States, in the years immediately following the Civil War. Gov- 
ernor Morton, of Indiana, is credited with having originated the 
phrase. Nowadays, whenever an orator is especially severe 
toward the South, the Democrats taunt him with " waving the 
bloody shirt," which in later years has come to be regarded in 
the light of a dead issue. 



SLANG OF POLITICS. 871 

Bolter. — A bolter is a man who refuses to support the can- 
didate or the policy of a party. Under such circumstances, he 
bolts the party. This does not mean necessarily that he will not 
return when his disaffection lias been nioUitietl. 

Boodle. — Among ^politicians this means money for political 
use, generally for purposes of corruption. The arrest ot (he so- 
called *" boodle " aldermen in New York, Avho were accused of 
having sold public franchises for money, gave the word a promi- 
nent position in the vocabulary of American slang. 

Boom, Boomer. — A boom is a well-organized movement, 
political or otherwise. Politicians have "booms," and so do 
towns, cities, commercial enterprises, etc. The "•boom" prom- 
ises great success cr prosperity, aiul a "boomer" is an active 
agent in helping on the *'boom." "Blaine boomers" were men 
who saw that the Plumed Knight's politic;d welfare was not lost 
sight of, and who "boomed" him on every i)ossible occasion. 

Boss. — In politics a boss is the party or faction leader, lie 
holds indisputable power; any Avho refuse to yield to him, or who 
question his autonomy, are subject to political death. In the 
large cities the boss wields tremeiulous intluence by virtue of the 
large patronage in the "way of offices at his disposal. Rarely is 
lie himself found in office, but he is the power behind the throne. 
Fretpiently the important officials of a great city are merely his 
henchmen, put in office for his })ersonal profit. The chief of 
Tammany Hall, in New York, always receives the title of Boss. 
The more famous Bosses have been Boss Tweed and Boss Kelly ; 
Richard Croker, Avho is the inspiring genius of Tanmiany at the 
present time, wears the title to-day. Wai>I bosses are politicians 
who wield an influence which is confined to one ward of a city. 
Tins they are sometimes si)oken of as " carrying in their vest 
pocket." ' 

Boys, The. — " Ileclers," or the hangers-on of a candidate 
who expett him to do the right thing in the way of entertain- 
ment after election, in return for services in his behalf on election 
day. They are so mimerous, and so efficient in the peculiar sort 
of work they have to do that no discreet politician will do other- 
wise than keep himself " solid with tlie boys." 

Caesarism. — Used in the "boom" for a third term for ex- 
PresideJit Grant. It implied the notion that the supporters of 
Grant wanted to make a Ca'sar of him, that is, a despot. 

Campaign of Education. — This ])hvase arose from the 
determination of the Democracy after the defeat of Cleveland on 
the tariff issue in 1888, which it was claimed was due to the 
popular ignorance of the principles and operation of the tariff 
system, to so educate the voters that the cause of tariff refoi-m 



372 SLANG OF POLITICS. 

would ultimately be victorious. They announced their intention 
to begin a "campaign of education," 

Glean Sweep. — This refers either to an overwhelming vic- 
tory by a party, or to the wholesale discharge from office of gov- 
ernment employees. 

Colonization. — It has been charged repeatedly in New 
York City that the Democratic managers, principally those of 
Tammany, have increased their majorities in the down-town 
wards by " colonizing " these wards, a short time before election, 
with voters imported from the outside, and paid to vote the 
Democratic ticket. The practice is known as colonization. 

Count Out, To. — When a candidate has actually received a 
majority of the votes in an election, but in counting the votes, 
enough of them are thrown out for one reason or another, the 
candidate is said to have been counted out. 

Dark Horse. — A dark horse is a candidate who in the early 
ballots at political conventions shows little strength, but who 
ultimately gets the nomination. Garfield was a dark horse, and 
so was Benjamin Harrison. 

Democratic Rooster. — The rooster has been an emblem of 
Democratic success since 1842. At that time a man by the name 
of Chapman was editor of the Indiana|)olis Sentinel^ a Demo- 
cratic sheet. The result of a local election being in doubt, the 
editor of a rival organ accused Chapman of " crowing " before 
he was justified in it, and in a headline in his paper one morning, 
used the expression, "• Crow, Chapman, Crow ! " In his next 
issue, the election haying resulted in victory for the Democrats, 
Chapman used the headline, "We Crow," accompanied by the 
picture of a rooster in the act of crowing. 

Drys. — The name given to those who vote to prohibit the 
sale of liquor, in town, cities, or State elections. The word was 
first extensively used in Georgia. (See Wets.) 

Dudes and. Pharisees. — Synonymous with Mugwumps, 
and applied to the Republicans, commonly aristocrats, who 
" bolted " Blaine in 1884. " Pharisees " indicates that spirit actu- 
ating them in their principles to which the Republican and part 
of the Democratic press referred to as a " holier than thou " spirit. 
The phrase sometimes is " dudes, Pharisees, and hypocrites." 

Fire- Eater. —A bitter partisan, usually a Southerner, but 
used by either party of members of the other. 

Floaters. — This is a political designation for doubtful, often 
disreputable voters who offer their votes to the highest bidder. 
In New York and other doubtful States, the "floater" vote re- 
ceives careful attention from the managers of the campaign, who 



SLANG OF POLITICS. 



37o 




374 SLANft OF POLITICS. 

appreciate the fact that several hundred " floater " votes may win 
the day. 

G. O. P. — Initials for " Grand Old Part}^" used by Repuh- 
lican orators, but afterwards ridiculed by the Democrats, and 
seldom heard now except in derision. 

Innocuous Desuetude. — A phrase used by President Cleve- 
land in 1886, in a message to Congress regarding removals from 
office. The words referred to certain laws which were no longer 
observed. The novelty of the words far more than their ai^pli- 
cation gave the phrase a wide currency. 

Ins and. Outs. — A slang political term for office-holders and 
their would-be successors. 

Jeffersonian Simplicity. — Hatred of all display in gov- 
ernmental conduct. Jefferson rode to the Capitol on horseback, 
abolished Presidential levees, preferred to be addressed as Mis- 
ter, and refused to wear knee-breeches and silver buckles. 
"Jefferson Simplicity "is a favorite phrase with Democrats, 
as bein.5 expressive of superior political instincts. A Jeffersonian. 
Democrat is a man who regards Jefferson's democracy as ideal. 

Jingoism. — A w^ord to designate a policy of national bluster. 
It was used with reference to Secretary Blaine's South American 
policy. 

Jun ket. — - When politicians make a journey, or otherwise 
entertain themselves at the public expense, they are said to go on 
a" junket." The w^ord carries with it the suggestion of cham- 
pagne and cigars, parlor cars and hacks, and other indispensablcs 
of politicians when serving the people. 

Kicker. — In politics, a kicker is a bolter, or one who while 
remxiaing loyal is yet only passivel}^ so. 

Kid Glove Politicians. — The "better element" of politi- 
cal leadership, usually men of wealth and social position who 
enter the political arena from motives of patriotism and with the 
purpose of purifying a supposedly corrupt government. The 
Mugwumps have often been called kid-glove politicians," but a 
kid-glove politician is not always a Mugwumj). 

Kindergarten Politics.- — A phrase used by "machine" 
or professional politicians in speaking of the political methods of 
inexperienced leaders. It implies a certain superiority on the 
part of the " machine " men, due to their longer and more intimate 
connection with the conduct of campaigns, and a derisive con- 
tempt for the efforts of the novitiates, who usually follow their 
own intuitions, irrespective of what has been done before. 

Kniflng. — This is a form of political treachery. A politician 
wlio knifes the candidate of his party does it by marshalling his 
men on the eve of the election, and instructing them to pass 



SLANG OF POLITICS. 375 

along the word to vote for the opposing candidate. The knifing 
does not appear to have been done until the votes are counted, 
and an unexpected falling-off from one candidate and an equally 
large gain by the other are found. The charge has always been 
made that Tammany knifed Cleveland in 1888. 

Log Rolling.-- This is the term for the combination of 
legislators who have not sufficient strength to carry their measm-e 
through unaided, and who combine Avith another set of men who 
are harassed by a like predicament. The jjhrase is taken from 
the cutting of timber. 

Mending Fences. — This term refers to a politician's manoeu- 
vres in his own interest. When Congressmen are absent from 
Washington, it frequently turns out that they are at home 
" mending fences." The phrase originated with the brother-in-law 
of Senator Sherman, who was at work repairing some fences on 
his farm. At the time the Senator was a prominent candidate 
for the Presidential nomination. To a reporter who asked if he 
might see the Senator, the reply was made by the Senator's 
brother-in-law, that he was about the farm " mending fences." 
The phrase was uttered in perfect innocence of any political 
significance, but when it got into print it became a by-word of 
politics. 

Nepotism. — A word ai)plied to the appointments to office 
under the government of relatives of the family of President 
Benjamin Hari'ison, the number of which was so large as to call 
forth the criticisms of the Democratic press. 

Offensive Partisans. — This phrase and also "offensive 
partisanship" have come into common use since the first was 
coined by Postmastei'-General Vilas, in a letter regarding the re- 
moval of postmasters for political reasons. 

On the Fence. — In its political signification it means neu- 
trality toward opposing parties or principles. When a politician 
is afraid to commit himself on a political question he sits " on the 
fence." 

One Man Power. — This is a phrase indicating the almost 
imperial authority of a public officer. It developed in the early 
days of the Union, when there was a jealousy of the power vested 
in governors, mayors, and other public officials. 

Pair Off. -- When two members of a legislative body agree 
to refrain from voting, they are said to pair off. 

Pasters. — These are narrow slii)s of paper having the printed 
names of candidates other than the regular nominees, which are 
distributed by politicians so that voters may rearrange their bal- 
lots, if necessary. 

Peanut Politics. — Any political act which is apparently of 



376 SLANG OF POLITICS. 

trivial importance, and is done purely for politics' sake, is char- 
acterized as peanut politics. 

Pipe-Laying. — In political parlance tliis means the procur- 
ing of votes fiaudulently, or by any other illegal means. It is 
said to have originated in New York City about 1848, when the 
Croton water-pipes were being laid. 

Practical Politics. — Practical politics includes the inside 
workings of party managements, not onl}^ those Avhich are legiti- 
mate, but more especially those which are corrupt. 

Pull. — The man with a pull, in politics, is he who by some 
means, not always manifested, has special influence with the gov- 
ernment, or who has influence of another kind which biings liim 
prominently before the public. 

Railroading. — When a bill is hurried through a legislative 
assembly, it is said to have been railroaded tln-ough. The impli- 
cation is that corrupt methods have been used. 

Rainbow-Chasers. — This phrase was applied first by the 
New York *Sun, and afterwards by other newspapers, in the 
Presidential campaign of 1884, to Chairman Calvin S. Brice, of 
the Democratic National Committee, and to other prominent 
Democrats who sought to carry the country for Cleveland on the 
tariff issue. 

Rider. — A rider is a provision attached to a legislative bill, 
which has no bearing upon the bill itself. By itself, the bill 
would stand no chance of passage, but as thus amended it is in- 
separable from the rider, in the voting both bill and rider are 
])assed. As a rule, the rider is attached to an approj^riation 
bill. 

Salt River. — When a candidate for public oftice has been 
defeated his opponents playfully say that he has gone up Salt 
River. Salt River is a narrow, crooked stream in Kentitcky, 
and was once a favorite stronghold for river pirates. Whenever 
anything was lost or stolen, the saying was, that it had been 
rowed up Salt River. 

Slate. — When politicians make up the slate, the meaning is 
that they have drawn up the list of ])arty nominations, prelimi- 
nary to presenting them to the nominating convention. 

Smelling Committee. — This is political slang for an 
investigation committee. When there is a suspicion abroad of the 
existence of corruption, and an inve^^tigation committee is 
appointed, the politicians suspected speak of the committee as a 
"smelling" committee. The Democratic party in Massachusetts, 
in 1886, appointed a smelling committee to find out and make 
report regarding the Republican ofiice-holders who had been ke])t 
in office by a Democratic Federal officer, although in this instance 



SLAN(i OF POLITICS. 377 

the only offence was a violation of the doctrine that " to the 
victors belong the spoils.'' 

Snap Convention.. — Snap is a word which in a certain 
sense means that which is sudden and unexpected, and in a 
degree unwarrantable. It implies the notion of superficialty, 
and somewhat of conspiracy. The Democratic convention in 
New York State in the early part of 1892, was called a "snap" 
convention, because it did not represent the party at large, and 
was called unexpectedly by a ring having m view the political 
advancement of Senator David B. Tlill. 

Soap. — In the campaign of 1880, the Republican managers 
used the word " soap," meaning money, in their telegraphic 
despatches. It was brought out at a dinner in New York, in 
celebration of the Republican victory, that " soap " had carried 
the election in the doubtful State of Indiana. 

Sore-head. — A sore-head is a politician who has become dis- 
gruntled because his party has failed to recognize his services, 
and who resolves thenceforth to use his influence against it. 

Soup. — The phrase " in the soup " is believed to have orig- 
inated with a New York newspaper reporter, who in writing 
up a base-ball game, spoke of the defeated nine as having fallen 
into the soup. Since then it has become part of the slang of the 
street, and in a political sense it means that a candidate has 
met with ignoble defeat. 

Spellbinder. — In the campaign of 1888, some of the Repub- 
lican orators, in telling of their oratorical triumphs, habitually 
used the word " spellbound." A political wag playfully referred 
to the orators as " spellbinders." The word was taken up by the 
press and had a wide circulation. 

Spoils System The phrase " to the victor belong the 

spoils of the enemy," originated with Senator William L. Marcy, 
of New York, in a speech in the United States Senate, in 18H1. 
The doctrine Avas accepted by the Democrats and put into prac- 
tice first by Andrew .Jackson, and later by the Republicans. 

Star- Eyed Goddess. — Usually written " Star- Eyed (God- 
dess of Reform," a striking i)hrase orignial with Editor Hcniy 
Watterson, of Louisville, Kentucky, who made use of it in a 
Democratic editorial. The opposition press since then has play- 
fully dubbed him the « Star- Eyed Goddess." 

Striker. — A striker in politics is a man who makes his living 
by seeking corruptly to influence legislation. He is generally in 
the employ of jirivate individuals Avho are interested in the legis- 
lation under consideration. The striker holds himself ready to 
do the dirty Avork necessary to secure the passage of a bill. In 
another sense, a striker is a " heeler." 



378 SLANG OF POLITICS. 

Stump Speaker.^— A stump speaker is an orator wlv; 
engages with a political committee to make speeches in a given 
territory, in which he is spoken of as having taken the stump, or 
of "being on the stiunp." In rural localities, orators make their 
speeches from the most convenient places, and more often than 
not in olden times, the place chosen was the stump of a tree. 

Swinging Round the Circle. — In 18G6 Andrew Johnson 
made a trip to Chicago, ac(!ompanied by a large party. He made 
stoi)S at all the large cities, and delivered speeches of a political 
nature. Hence the phrase. Since then other Presidents have 
swung round the circle, the most notable instance being Pi-esi- 
dent Harrison's tour of the country in 1891, when he started from 
Washington, visited the South, and thence travelled through the 
Southern belt of States to California, whence he travelled up the 
Pacific coast to Oregon and Washington, and thence eastward. 

Trading. — In politics trading is of frequent occurrence. 
Sometimes by a trade the weaker candidate is able to secure a 
majority of the votes ; but he does so by holding out certain 
promises to the j)eople Avitli whom he mak^s the ti'ade, which 
usually concern the patronage of the offices. Thei-e are in every 
party professional traders, men who possess some small following 
which they will sell out to the opposing l)arty or candidate for a 
consideration, which is sometimes money, but more often apjioint- 
ment to office. 

Tidal Wave. — In a political sense, a tidal wave is a " clean 
sweep," a Waterloo. As a rule, it refers to the nation at large 
rather than to the States. If, for any reason,' one party carries 
an unprecedentedly large number of States, it is s2)oken of as a 
tidal wave. 

Voting in the Air. — William JM. Evarts, of New York, 
used the phrase in referbi.oe to those who intended to vote for 
St. John, the Prohibitionist candidate, in 1884. 

Wets. — This word originated in the anti-liquor campaign in 
Georgia; it is used in contradistinction to " Drys." 

Whitewash. — When an investigation committee makes a 
non-committal leport on charges of wrongdoing where there is 
reason to believe the charges are well founded, the charges are 
said to be '^ whitewashed," 

Wire Puller. — The wire puller lays deep and well-conceived 
plans for securing political advancement. He does this unsus- 
pected, and at the right moment comes to the front betraying 
wonderful strength. 

Slate. (See Slang of Politics.) 

Slippery Sam. (See Nicknames of Famous Americans.) 



SONGS OF TUB NATIO>l. 379 

Smelling Committee. (See Slang of Politics.) 
Snap Convention. (See Slang of Politics.) 
Soap. (See Slang of Politics.) 

Sobriquets of Presidents. (Seo Presidents of the United 

States.) 

Sockless Jerry. (See Nicknames of Famous Americans.) 
Softs. (See Barn-Burners, under Political Parties.) 
Soldiers' Homes. (See Army, United States.) 
Songs of the Nation. 

Star Spangled Banner. Hall Columbia. 

My Country, 'tis of Thee. Dixie. 

It is not easy to say which of the national songs most reflects 
the national spirit. The "Star Spangled Bannei," " Hail Colum- 
bia," and " My Country, 'tis of Thee," all breathe forth liberty 
and patriotism. Possibly the most stirring, the most suggestive 
of the martial spirit, the spirit whic-h leads men to battle for their 
flag, is "The Star Spangled Banner." It was written by Francis 
Barton Key during the light between the British and the Ameri- 
cans at Fort McIIeniy, Baltimore, JMil., in tlie war of 1812. 
Under a flag of truce, Key had gone on board the British flag- 
ship to solicit the release of a prisoner, Avhen the attack of the 
fort was begun. He was therefore an eye-witness of all that took 
place in the battle, and this ho has admirably described, in thrill- 
ing words, in the song, as follows : — 

THE STAR SPAXGLED BANNEIl. 

Oh! say, can you see by the dawn's early lis'ht, 

What so proudly we hailed at the twiliglit's last i;leaming; 
Whose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous light, 

O'er tiie ramjiarts we watch'd, were so gallantly streaming; 
And the rockets' red glare, the bombs bursting in air, 
Gave proof thiough tlie niglit that our flag was still tliere. 
Oh, say, does the star spangled banner still wave. 
O'er the land of the free, and the home of the brave? 

On the shore dimly seen through the mists of the dce]>, 
Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes, 

What is that which the l)reeze, o'er the towering steep. 
As it litfully blows, half conceals, half discloses? 

Now it catches the gleam of tiie morning's first beam, 

In full glory rejected now shines in the stream. 

'Tis the star spangled banner, oh! long may it wave 

O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave. 

And wliere is that band who so vauntingly swore 
That the havoc of war and the battle's confusion, 



380 SONGS OF THE NATION. 

A home and a country shall leave us no more ? 

Their blood has washed out their foul footsteps' pollution; 
No refuge can save the hireling and slave, 
From the terror of flight or the gloom of the grave. 
And the star spangled banner in triumph sliall vi^ave, 
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave. 

Oh! thus be it ever when freemen shall stand 

Between their lov'd home and the war's desolation; 

Blest with victory and peace, may the heaven-rescued laud 
Praise the power that has made and jireserved us a nation. 

Then conquer we must when our cause it is just, 

And this be our motto, " In God is our trust " ; 

And the star si)angled banner in triumph shall wave 

O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave. 

Yankee Doodle. — The oldest of the songs of America is 
Yankee Doodle. This ever popular air was written, with origi- 
nal words, by an English officer in the War of the Revolution. 
The volunteer soldiers who were recruited in 1775 to defend 
Ticonderoga were of so motley an appearance, and their weapons 
of so primitive a character, that the officer caricatured them in a 
song w^hich he entitled Yankee Doodle. lie dedicated the song 
to the recruits, who took the joke in excellent good part. The 
air hit the fancy of all lovers of sim])le songs, and in the Conti- 
nental Army it was adopted as a cainp-iire song. The tune, bv 
some, is said to be of ancient origin. The original version of 
" Yankee Doodle " is given as folloAvs : — 

YANKEE DOODLE. 

Father and I went down to camp 

Along with (.Captain Goodwin, 
Where we see the men and boys 

As thick as hasty puddin'. 

There was Captain Washington 

Upon a slapping stallion, 
A giving orders to his men — 

1 guess there was a million. 

And then the feathers on his hat, 

They looked so tarnal fine, 
I svanted pockily to get 

To give to my Jemime. 

And then they had a swampin' gun 

As large as log of maple, 
On a deuced little cart — j 

A load for father's cattle. ' 

And every time they fired it off 

It took ,a horn of j)owder, 
It made a noise like father's gun 

Only a nation louder. 



SONGS OF THE NATION. 



381 




OHBISTOPHEK COLUMBUS. 



382 SONGS OP THE NATION. 

I went as near to it myself 

As Jacob's underpinnin', 
And father went as near again ■ — 

I thought the deuce was in him. 

And there I see a little keg, 

Its heads were made of leather — 
They knock'd upon't with little sticks, 

To call the folks together. 

And there they'd fife away like fun, 

And play on cornstalk tiddles, 
And some had ribbons as red as blood 

All wound around their middles. 

The troopers, too, would galloi) up, 

And fire right in our faces; 
It scared me almost half to death 

To see them run such races. 

Old Uncle Sam came there to change 

Some pancakes and some onions, 
F'or 'lasses cakes to carry home 

To give his wife and young ones. 

But I can't tell you half I see, 

They keep up such a smother; 
So 1 took my hat off — made a bow, 

And scampered home to mother. 

My Country, 'lis of Thee. — The national liymn, " Amer- 
ica," was composed in 1832 by Rev. S. F. Smith, of Newton, 
Mass., in response to the reqnest of J^owell Mason, Esq., who 
had charge of the musical programme of the Fourth of July 
exercises at Park Street Church, Boston, at which the hymn was 
sung. Mr. J\[ason asked Mr. Smith, who was a successful writer 
of hymns, for an original hymn suitable to the day. The words 
are as follows : 

AMERICA. 

My country, 'tis of thee. 
Sweet land of liberty. 

Of thee I sing; 
Land where my fathers died, 
Land of the pilgrims' pride. 
From every mountain side 

Let freedom ring. 

My native country, — thee. 
Land of the noble, free, — 

Thy name I love; 
I love thy rocks and rills, 
Thy woods and templed hills, — 
My heart with rapture thrills, 

Like that above. 



SON(;S OF THE NATIOX. 383 

Let music swell the breeze, 
And ring from all the trees 

Sweet Freedom's song; 
Let mortal tongues awake, 
Let all that bi-eathe partake. 
Let rocks their silence break, — 

The sound prolong. 

Our fathers' God, to Thee, 
Author of liberty, 

To Thee we sing; 
Long may our land be bright 
With freedom's holy light; 
Protect us by Thy might. 

Great God, our King. 

Hail Columbia.— The words of Hail Columbia were written 
by Judge Joseph Hopkinson, son of Francis H. Hopkinson, who 
was one of those who signed tlie Declaration of Independence. 
Hopkinson wrote the wonis to the tune of the President's March, 
as a favor to a young actor in Philadelphia, in 1798, on the occa- 
sion of his benefit, when the President's inarch was played by 
the orchestra of the theatre. The inspiration of the song- writer 
was derived from the war spirit prevailing in consequence of the 
threatened trouble with France. The President's March was the 
composition of a German by the name of Fayles, and was first 
played in a theatre in New York Avhich Washington attended in 
1789. 

Dixie. — The popular song of the South during the war was 
" Dixie." Dixie was a rich slave-owner, his estate being known 
as " Dixie's land," and the song is believed to have been a 
melody sung by the negroes on liis plantation. In a book of 
army songs, now out of print, published in the South during the 
Civil War, is the following version of the original Dixie : 

THE ORIGINAL DIXIE. 

I wish I was in the land of cotton — 
Old times dar are not forgotten. 

Look away! Look away! Look away! 
In Dixie's land, where I was born in. 
Early on one frosty mornin'. 

Look away ! Look away ! Look away ! 

~^ Chorus. — Den I wish I was in Dixie, 

Hooray, hooray! 
In Dixie, and I took my stand 
To lib and die in Dixie, 
Away, away, away down South in Dixie. 

Old missis marry Will d' Weaber; 
William was a gay deceaber. 
Look away, <fec, 



384 SONS OF THE REVOLUTION. 

But when he put his arm around 'er, 
He smile as iierce as a forty-pounder. 
Look away, &c. 

Chorus. — 

His face was sharp as a butcher's cleabcr, 
But den dat didn't seem to gi'eab 'er. 

Look away, &c. 
Old missis acted de foolish part. 
And died for a man that broke her heart. 

Look away, &c. 
Chokus. — 

Now here's a health to the next old missus, 
And all the gals that want to kiss us. 

Look away, &c. 
But if you want to drive away sorrow, 
Come and hear dis song to-morrow. 

Look away, &c. 
Chorus. — 

Dar's buckwheat cake and ingen batter, 
Make you fat or a little fatter. 

Look aAvay, Ac. 
Den hoe it down and scratch your grabble, 
To Dixie's land I'm bound to trabble. 

Look away, &c. 
Chorus. — 

Sons of the Revolution. — The object of this society is to 
unite all those who are descendants of an ancestor who as a 
soldier, sailor, or civil official, helped to establish the indepen- 
dence of the United States of America. In its constitution, its 
objects are defined as follows : " To keep alive among ourselves 
and our descendants the patriotic spirit of the men who, in mili- 
tar}', naval, or civil service, by their acts or counsel, achieved 
American independence ; to collect and secure for preservation 
the manuscript rolls, records, and other documents relating to the 
War of the Revolution, and to promote intercourse and good 
feeling among its members now and hereafter." The organization 
was established in New York City in 1875. There are similar 
societies in Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Georgia, 
District of Columbia, and Iowa. The total membership is about 
2,000. Another organization, the Sons of the American 
Revolution, was organized in New York in 18S9, for the same 
purpose as the first. Other States with societies of this name are 
New Jersey, Connecticut, Maryland, Vermont, Massachusetts, 
Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, New 
Hampshire, Rhode Island, Virginia, and the District of Columbia, 
but many of them contain as yet only enough members for or- 
ganization. A California society of descendants of Revolutionary 



SOUTH CAROLINA. 



385 



patriots, entitled " Sons of Revolutionary Sires," organized July 
4, 1876, having reorganized and changed its name in 1889, has 
been admitted to membership. 

Daughters of the American Revolution. — This society 
includes the female descendants of Revolutionary patriots. It is 
organized in ten States and has a membership of 1,000. Mrs, 
Benjamin Harrison is President. There is also a society known 
as " Daughters of the American Revolution " in New York. 

Sons of Veterans. — This is an organization whose member- 
ship the ])ast ten years has assumed remarkable proportions. It 
is estimated that about 100,000 men belong to it. All of them are 
sons, or lineal descendants, eighteen years of age and over, of 
honorably discharged soldiers, sailors, and marines, who served 
in the War of the Rebellion. The Sons of Veterans are distinct 
from the Grand Arni}^ of the Republic, but their well-drilled 
battalions frequently march, uniformed, in the Grand Army 
parades. There is a national organization with 2,500 S. of V. 
camps. 

Sore-Head. (See Slang of Politics.) 
Sonp. (See Slang of Politics.) 

South Carolina. — The State was settled at Beaufort in 1663 
by Englishmen. It has always been an important factor in the 

history of American politics, espe- 
cially up to the time of the Civil War. 
This Avas the State which took the 
most advanced ground on the seces- 
sion question, and it was in Charleston 
Harbor that Fort Sumter, occupied 
at the time by the United States 
troops, was fired upon by Confederate 
batteries on April 12, 1861, and 
thereby precipitated the Civil War. 
South Carolina gave 60,000 of her 
sons to the Confederate cause, of 
whom 12,000 died in service. 

For 100 miles from the ocean the 
country is flat, and then the uplands begin. The lowlands pro- 
duce oranges, figs, grapes, and olives. The uplands produce rice, 
tobacco, cotton, and all the cereals. Agriculture is the chief 
industrv, the farm products being valued at 145,000,000 a year. 
The acreage of farm lands is 14,000,000, valued at 175,000,000. 
In cotton, the State produces upwards of 700,000 bales. 

The State is celebrated for its Rice, of which it produces up- 
wards of 75,000,000 pounds a year ; it raises 20,000,000 busliels 




GREAT SEAL OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 



386 



SOUTH CAROLINA. 



of corn, and 4,000,000 of oats. The lumber industry employs 
6,000 men. Some gold, besides silver, lead, copper, iron ore in 
large amounts, granite, marble, magnesia, mica, kaolin, and large 
outputs of jihosphate are other resources of the State. It pro- 
duces over 30 per cent, of the American production of turpen- 
tine. About 70 per cent, of the population is colored, and all 
but 9 per cent, of the colored population works on the farms. 
The population of South Carolina in 1880 was 995,557; in 

1890 it was 11,511, 



491, of whom 692,503 
were colored and 
458,454 white. The 
net State debt was 
16,473,476 ; the real 
property was valued 
at about $90,000,000, 
the personal prop- 
erty at $60,000,000. 
The manufactures 
aggregated $16,738,- 
000 ; the farm lands 
numbered 13,500,000 
acres ; the total 
school attendance 
was 136,358. There 
were in 1890, 2,193 
miles of railroad, and 
in 1892, 126 news- 
papers. 

The chief city is 
Charleston, which 
has a fine situation on 
the coast, and carries 
on a large commerce 
Avith the coast cities 
of the North ; its 
exports are now mainly of cotton, naval-stores, phosphate, and 
rice, and aggregate $20,000,000 a year. The city suffered from 
a serious earthquake August 31, 1886, which destroyed $5,000- 
000 in property and resulted in many deaths. The public build- 
ings in Charleston are the Custom House, Charleston College, 
and South Carolina Militai-y Academy, -which is supported by the 
State. The population in 1890 was 51,955. 

The SL'cond city is Columbia, which is the capital and an 
important I'aihvay centre ; the population in 1890 was 15,333, 




SECESSION HALL, CHARLESTON, S. O. 



11 



SOUTH DAKOTA. 



38T 




GREAT SEAL OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 



The South Carolina University, a State institution, is here. 
Greenville, which is the third city, had a population in 1890 of 
8,607, and is the site of Furman University, founded in 1851 by 
the Baptists. The governor of South Carolina is Ben R. Till- 
man (Democrat). His term expires December 8, 1892. The 
State is Democratic. 

South Dakota. — Both Dakotas were part of the Louisiana 
Purchase in 1803; the first settlement was at Sioux Falls, in 

1857, by people from Iowa. The 
Indians being troublesome, the United 
States Government established garri- 
sons in the country, and waged a 
campaign against the Indians, which 
resulted in the shedding of blood. 

The greater part of South Dakota 
is a high, undulating plain, penetrated 
by hundreds of rivers and streams, 
and having a large number of lakes. 
The Missouri River crosses the State 
from the northwest to the southeast, 
and is navigable throughout, having 
as tributaries the Yellowstone, Little 
Missouri, White, Big Cheyenne, and Niobrara Rivers. The Big 
Sioux forms part of the southeastern boundary ; the valleys are 
very fertile, being covered with a dark alluvial loam, making an 
ideal soil for the raising of cereals. 

The Development of the State, which has been going on 
chiefly during the last fifteen years, has been phenomenal. Agri- 
culture is the leading industry, and there are 50,000 farms which 
are valued at $70,000,000. The wheat crop exceeds 17,000,000 
bushels a year, the oat crop, 12,000,000, the barley crop, 17,000,- 
000, and the potato and flax crops aggregate 2,500,000 each. 
Hay and gi-asses are produced in great abundance. The State 
has upwards of 400,000 cattle, 300,000 swine, 150,000 sheep, 
200,000 horses, including a large blooded stock. 

The Black Hills of South Dakota cover over 3,000 square 
miles, and attain an elevation of 9,700 feet. The gold mmes of 
this region have been very productive, the output having reached 
$50,000,000 worth of gold and silver. Tin is found in the Black 
Hills in large quantities. The Black Hills also have saline 
springs, mica, copper ore, petroleum, some natural gas, and some 
other minerals, besides white, red, and other sandstones, granite, 
marble, limestone, and various other strata. Jasj)er in various 
shades is found and quarried hi the southeastern part of the 
State. 



388 SOVEKEIGNTY UNDKR HIS HAT. 



The United States Military Posts are : Fort Bennett^ 
Fort Sully, Fort Randall, and Fort Meade, all of which maintain 
garrisons constantly. There are upwards of 20,000 Sioux 
Indians on the reservations of South Dakota under the care of 
Indian agents, the Indian police, and the clergy. There are six 
Reservations : Pine-Ridge, Rosebud, Yankton, Cheyenne 
River, Crow Creek, and Sisseton. The work of civilizing these 
Indians goes steadily on. At Pierre there is an Indian industrial 
school which is maintained by the government, where the chil- 
dren of the savages are instructed in the useful arts. 

The progressive spirit of the people of Dakota is a marked 
chaiacteristic. There is a large university at Vermillion, an 
Agricultural College at Brookings, a School of Mines at Rapid 
City, close to the mineral regions of the Black Hills, and five 
sectarian colleges, besides several other seminaries supported by 
churches of various denominations. 

The population of South Dakota, in 1880, was 98,268 ; in 
1890, 328,808. The value of assessed property was 197,314,000. 
There are 2,848 miles of railroads and 275 newspapers. 

The chief city is Sioux Falls, which had a population in 1890 
of 10,177 ; it is situated on the Big Sioux River in the south- 
east corner of the State. The river has a fall near the city of 
ninety feet, affording water power for large factories and other in- 
dustries. Tlie quarrying industry of Sioux Falls is an important one. 

The second city in population is Aberdeen, which has 6,500 in- 
habitants. The third city is Watertown, which has 5,000 inhabi- 
tants and has many public buildings and factories. The mining 
centre of the Black Hills is Dead wood, which has a popula- 
tion of 3,500. A. C. Mellette (Republican), is Governor of 
South Dakota. His term of oifice expires January 1, 1893. 
During its career as a Territory, South Dakota was Republican. 

Sovereif^nty Under His Hat. (See Sayings of Famous 
Americans.) 

Speaker, The. (See House c Representatives Under 

Federal Goverment.) 

Specie Payments. (See Panics, Financial.) 

Speed of Ocean Steamships. (See Ship-Building.) 

Speed, Railroads. (See Railroads and Bridges.) 

Spellbinder. (See Slang of Politics.) 

Spoils of the Enemy, To the Victor Belong. (See Slang 

of Politics.) 

Squatter Sovereignty.— The doctrine that the people of the 
States and Territories should be allowed to settle the slavery 



n 



STANDARD TIME. 389 

question for themselves and among themselves. It originated in 
the discussion of the Wihuot Proviso (which see). '' Squatter 
Sovereignty " is the derisive name applied by John C Calhoun to 
the doctrine of " Popular Sovereignty " (which see). 

St. Jerome. (See Nicknames of Famous Americans.) 

<St.llwartSv (See Political Parties.) 

Stiiudartl Time. 

Time Divisions. Time Balls. 

Time of Noon. Time Signals, 

What is known as the " new standard time " was adopted 
by agreement by all the principal railroads of the United States 
at 12 o'clock, noon, on November 18, I'^So. The system 
divides the continent into five longitudinal belts, and fixes 
a meridian of time for each belt. These meridians are fifteen 
degrees of longitude, corresponding to one hour of time, apart. 
Eastern Maine, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia use the ()Oth 
meridian; the Canadas, New England, the Middle States, Vir- 
ginia, and the Carolinas use the 75th meridian, which is that of 
Philadelphia ; the States of the Mississippi Valley, Alabama, 
Georgia, and Florida, and westward, including Texas, Kansas, and 
the larger part of Nebraska and Dakota, use the 90th meridian, 
which is that of New Orleans. The Territories to the western 
border of Arizona and Montana go by the time of the 105th 
meridian, which is that of Denver ; and the Pacific States 
employ the 120th meridian. The Time Divisions are known 
as inter-colonial time, eastern time, central time, mountain time, 
and Pacific time. A traveller passing from one time belt to 
another will find his watch an hour too fast or too slow, accord- 
ing to the direction in which he is going. All jDoints in any time 
division using the time of the meridian must set their time-pieces 
faster or slower than the time indicated by the sun, according as 
their position is east or west of the line. This change of system 
reduced the time standards used by the railroads from fifty-three 
to five. 

At 12 noon in New York City (eastern time), the time at 
Chicago (central time) is 11 o'clock A. m. ; at Denver (moun- 
tain time), 10 o'clock a. m. ; and at San Francisco (Pacific 
time), 9 o'clock a. i\j. Standard time is 16 minutes slower at 
Boston than true local time, 8 minutes slower at New Yoi'k, 8 
minutes faster at Washington, 19 minutes faster at Charleston, 
28 minutes slower at Detroit, 18 minutes faster at Kansas City, 
10 minutes slower at Chicago, 1 minute faster at St. Louis, 28 
minutes faster at Salt Lake City, and 10 minutes fa»ter at San 



390 STATES, CITIES, COUNTIES, AND TOWNS. 

Francisco. Since the general adoption of standard time, the 
Time of Noon by the 75th meridian has been sent out from the 
naval observatory at Washington. A few minutes before noon 
the transmitter clock is compared with the standard clock on a 
chronograj)h, and the amount of its error determined. It is then 
set exactly right by gently touching the pendulum with the fin- 
ger, making the clock gain or lose, as is necessary, by acceler- 
ating or retarding the pendulum. At 11.56. 45 a. m. the transmit- 
ter is switched in and the signals are transmitted to all parts of 
the country, being heard in every telegraph office through which 
they pass. After a number of preliminary signals, a second 
apart from one anothei-, the noon signal is given on the instant 
of noon, and lasting about a full second. Thus, every day at 
noon, the clocks in the government offices are set at accurate 
time, Time-Balls are dropped at Boston, Newport, Wood's 
IIoU, Mass., New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Fort Monroe, 
Savannah, and Now Orleans ; the numerous offices of the West- 
ern Union are furnished correct time, and many thousands of 
miles of railways are given the signal over their lines. Every 
day the Western Union Telegraph Company suspends its private 
business for the time used in transmitting the signals, and allows 
the Washington observatory the free use of its great facilities. 
During those four minutes no private messages can be trans- 
mitted. 

Star-Eyed Goddess. (See Slang of Politics.) 
stars and Bars.— The name for the flag of the Confederacy. 
It had a blue Union, with as many white stars as there were 
States in the Confederacy, and a field of three bars, the centre 
one white, the others red. 
Star Spanj^Ied Banner. (See Songs of the Nation.) 
States, Cities, Counties, and Towns, Government of. 

State Officers. County Officers. Town Officers. 
Functions. Shire-Mote. School Committee. 

Salaries. County Courts. Town Meetings. 

The highest officer of a State is the Governor. The other im- 
portant officers are the Lieutenant-Governor, whose function, as 
a rule, is merely nominal, the office being created to prevent an 
interregnum in the event of the Governor's demise ; the Secre- 
tary of State, who keeps the records of corporations, and copies 
of all public documents, including the State papers, the public 
Acts, the petitions of the people, etc., all of which are required 
to be kept " on file," otherwise they become null ; the Comp- 
troller, or Auditor, who sees that the accounts of the State 




ll 



A-<«^ 




I 



STATES, CITIES, COUNTIES, AND TOWNS. 391 

Treasurer are honestly and faithfully kept, and who audits and 
makes annual report of the same to the legislature, and who 
issues warrants, without which the Treasurer cannot pay out 
money; the State Treasurer, who receives the moneys due for 
taxes, and the incomes from various sources, and who pays out 
money when authorized to do so by the legislature ; the Attor- 
ney-General, who gives to the Governor, the Se-nate, or the 
House, whenever requested, his opinion of the constitutionality 
of laws, and who defends or brings suit in the State Courts on 
behalf of the State. These are officei-s which all States have in 
common, but in many States there are other officers, frequently 
elected by the people, such as the Superintendent of Public 
Works, the State Engineer and Surveyor, the Superintendent of 
Insurance, or Insurance Commissioner, the Superintendents of, or 
Commissioners of Public Instruction, of Agriculture, of Mines, of 
Immigration, of Banks, of State P)-isons and Reformatories, the 
State Assessors, the Railroad Commissioners, etc., besides com- 
missioners of canals, charities, insane asylums, and other State 
institutions. However, the last-named category of officials is, in 
most States, subject to the appointing power of the Governor. 

The Duties of the Governor are both required and dis- 
cretionary. He writes annually to the legislature a message 
which conforms to the same general lines as that of the Presi- 
dent of the United States to Congress ; he is commander-in- 
chief of the State militia, and as such can assist the sheriff of a 
county, the mayor of a city, or the President of the United 
States in putting down a riot; he appoints subordinate State 
officers, but with the approval, generally, of the legislature, or 
of the governor's council ; he grants or refuses requisitions upon 
him of the governors of other States for the extradition of crim- 
inals who may be within the State ; he has, in most States, the 
power of pardon and of commuting sentence. In Massachusetts 
and in two other States, the governor's appointments are subject 
to the approval of what is called the Governor's Council, 
whose members are chosen one for each of several specified dis- 
tricts, and whose combined power in some instances is equal to 
that of the governor liimself, nearly all his acts being subject to 
their approval. Finally, the governor's most important and 
considerable i)Ower is that of Vetoing the acts of the legislature, 
a power which all governors jtossess except those of Rhode 
Island, Ohio, Delaware, and North Carolina. In thirteen States, 
the veto ))ower of the governor extends to particular items in 
a bill for the appropriation of money, while he approves of the 
rest of the bill. 

The Discretionary and in a sense the Obligatory Duties 



892 



STATES, CITIES, COUNTIES, AND TOWNS. 



of the governor are attendance at State affairs and other pubhc 
occasions, the dedication of hospitals, State institutions, etc., 
the holding of receptions at intervals at the Executive Mansion, 
or the State Capitol, to which the members of the legislatui e 
and their wives and the citizens generally shall be invited, 
the extending of the courtesies of the State to distinguished 
visitors from oilier States, and in many other ways to lend the 
dignity of liis official presence in behalf of the citizens. The 
Salary of the (Governor in most States is $.5,000 ; in New York 
and Pennsylvania it is -^10,000; in Massachusetts, after 1892, and 
in Ohio it "is |?S,000 ; in California and Illinois it is $6,000 ; in 
Delaware, Maine, New Hampshire, and Michigan the salary is 
but 12,000, which is the smallest salary paid in any of the States 
or Territories. In twenty-three States and Territories, the Term 
of office of the Governor is four years, in others it is three or 
two years, and in Massachusetts and llhode Island it is but one 
year. 

The Legislative Branch of State governments consists of 
the Senate and the House of Representatives. With them 
rest the regulation of the suffrage of the people, their education, 
the laws of marriage and divorce, the legal relations of parent 
and child, husband and wife, and guardian and ward the laws of 
bankru})tcy, partnership, debt, insurance, the use n possession 
of pro])crty, the laws of corporations, of contracts, principal 
and agent, and the laws relating to crime and misdemeanor. The 
legislature appropriates money for public enterjtrises such as the 
building of canals, bridges, and otlu-r ])u}>lic works; it grants 
charters to corporations, including railroad companies and in- 
vestment companies. The more clearly to sejxirate the powers 
of States from those of the Federal government, the States are 
debarred from making agreements with one another, or with 
foi'eign powers, from engaging in war, except in case of self- 
defence, from maintaining a military or naval fore© without the 
consent of Congress, from issuing money, or bills of credit, from 
conferring titles of nobility, etc. In most of the States, nu'mbcrs 
of the legislature are chosen on the basis of population, but in 
one State, Connecticut, two membei-s are chosen from each town 
or city, a system which gives the rural members combined more 
])ower than those from the city. 

As a rule the Term of office of the Representatives is two 
3'ears ; in twenty-eight States and Territories, however, the 
Senators are chosen every four years. In Massachusetts and 
Rhode Island, they are chosen, like the nu'inbers of the lower 
house, every year. The Salary of members is either by the 
3'ear, or per diem. Tlu' avi-rage pay per (hem is |i5.00, exclusive 



STATES, CITIES, COUNTIES, AND TOWNS. S93 

of mileage. In Pennsylvania, the pay of both Senators and 
Representatives is $1,500 a year. 

In all the States the Judicial Function is vested in the 
Supreme Court or the Couit of Appeals. ^\s a rule, the mem- 
bers of the Supreme Court are chosen by vote of the people at 
an election, which may or may not be at the same time as that 
of the election of State officers. In other States, however, 
judges are appointed by the governor, with the advice and con- 
sent of the council, or of the legislature. This plan is followed 
in order that the appointment of the judiciary may be divorced 
from politics, and that judges of high personal character and 
legal acumen may be had. When Supreme Court judges are 
appointed by the governor, the appointment is for life. 

Cities, Government of. — The executive branch of the 
government of cities consists of the Mayor and his assistants, 
who are heads of de])artments, Street Commissioners, Fire Com- 
missioners, Police Commissioners, Overseers of the Poor, the 
Board of Health, Superintendent of Parks, Water ConiKiissioners, 
Assessors, etc. Besides, there is the City Treasurer, the City 
or Corporation Counsel, the Comptroller, the Auditor, the Regis- 
trar, the Tax Collector. The legislative department consists usu- 
ally of a Board of Aldermen, but in many cities there is another 
body called a Common Council. Their power is delegated usu- 
ally to committees, such as committees on public buildings, or 
streets, or sidewalks, or almshouses, and all legislation depends 
upon the report of these committees. There are many Minor 
Gily Officers appointed, some by the mayor, some by the alder- 
men, such as superintendents of sewers, street lights, bridges, 
ferries, printing, inspectors of milk and provisions, sealers of 
weights and measures, pound-keepers, boiler and building inspec- 
tors, besides constables, election officers, and various deputies. 
There is always a School Committee, or Board of Education, 
whose members are elected by the people, but in some cities 
they are appointed by the Board of Aldermen. Justices of the 
peace are many in number, and receive their authority, as a rule, 
from the city. In cities, the judiciary is most often elected by 
the people ; in Massachusetts cities, however, the judiciary of both 
municipal and county courts is api)ointed by the governor. The 
Veto Power is vested in the maj'or, but may be over-ridden 
and his appointments may be rejected by the aldermen. 

Tlie city of Brooklyn, N. Y., a few years ago, revolutionized 
the administration of its government, and now has, besides 
the mayor, a Board of Aldermen (the so-called Board of Super- 
visors having been abolished), and two other elective officers, 
the Comptroller and the Auditor. The maj'^or appoints, inde- 



394 



STATES, CITIES, COUNTIES, AND TOWN'S. 



pendont of the aldermen, the lieads of departments, who are 
individuals and not boards. Tlie aim was to rid the government 
of a Superfluity of Ofllcers whose chief duty consisted 
merelv in drawiinj^ a good salary, and also to divorce the gov- 
enwnent from politics. 

Counties, Government of. — The system of dividing 
States into ccjunties has an intimate relation with the shire-mote 
of primitive times in England. The Shire- Mote was a legis- 
lative body and court of justice for the jteople of the clans. 
Each clan lived separately, and had its own laws and customs. 
As time went on, its civic organization took the name of shire 
and had certain specified limits of territory under a distinct local 
government. When, in 108;'), the English Colonists in Massachu- 
setts, through 
their General 
Court, other- 
wise kn£>wn as 
the legislature, 
designated four 
towns where 
courts should 
be convened at 
regnlar inter- 
vals, it was 
not long before 
these towns be- 
came the cen- 
ties of shires, 
and were called 
Shire 
Towns. The 
towns, how- 
ever, main- 
tained their own individual existence, majwiged their own affairs, 
and elected their own officers, the shire or county being formed 
merely for convenience in the settlement of legal disputes, or the 
punishment of crime. The militia of each town formed a com- 
pany, and the companies of the shire formed a regiment. The 
County was organized as a judicial district, with a court com- 
posed of justices of the peace appointed by the governor, and a 
county courthouse in the shire town. From this beginning the 
system of counties in the T^nitod States had its origin. 

In Virginia, on the other hand, the counties were made up of 
Parishes. The ])lantations buing so far apart, and the ])lanters 
themselves being aristocratic and unwillinc: to minixle with those 




STATES, CITIES, COUNTIES, AND TOWNS. 395 

who were not planters, the town system did not flourish. The 
planters imported the English parish, whose officers were church- 
wardens, a clerk and the vestr^^, which Avas the chief legislative 
power of the parish, and consisted of twelve men. There were 
no town-meetings. The Vestry ultimately filled vacancies in 
their number, levied taxes, looked after the poor, and otherwise 
assumed power. The minister of the parish presided at the 
vestry meetings, and was paid for his ministerial functions gener- 
ally in tobacco, the amount of which was fixed by the vestry 
at about 16,000 pounds. The common people, therefore, had no 
voice in the parish government. The chief County Officers 
were the justices of the peace, who were appointed by the 
governor, and constituted the county court, sitting in judicial 
cases. The sheriff executed their judgments, acted as tax 
gatherer and county treasurer, and was presiding officer at 
elections. Pie was usually one of the county court. The 
Military were in command of a county lieutenant, who wore 
the title of colonel. In general, it may be said tKat in Virginia 
the county governed the towns, and in New England the towns 
governed themselves. 

In South Carolina, the parish system was also in vogue, but 
after awhile the State was set off into districts, whose officers 
were at first chosen by the governor, but ultimatel}^ by the peo- 
ple themselves. In Maryland, old English. Usages, such as 
lords of the manor, bailiffs, and seneschals, and courts baron and 
leet, prevailed at first. Afterwai-ds, the Hundred, a designation 
of an administrative district borrowed from early England, repre- 
sented the divisions of the people. Finally counties were set 
apart. In Delaware, which also adopted the hundred as the 
unit of an administrative body, the system prevails to-day, but 
with certain modifications of a modern nature. Early New York 
had local self-government by towns, and in Pennsylvania the 
county was the unit of representation in the legislature, the peo- 
, pie choosing the sheriff, the county commissioners, the treasurer, 
and the coroners. These are the chief officers of counties in the 
several States to-day. The Sheriff attends all county courts, 
maintains the peace, has charge of the prison and its inmates, and 
makes arrests. He has several deputies, and in cases of emer- 
gency he is empowered to call upon the people or the governor 
for assistance. The County Commissioners have charge of 
the roads, the levN'ing and ap))ortioning of taxes, and the county 
institutions and l)uildings. Tlie Treasurer receives and dis- 
burses the county moneys. The Coroner represents the govern- 
ment in cases of unnatural death, and makes niquests as he sees 
fit. There are other officers, the Register of Deeds, whose 



396 STATES, CITIES, COUNTIES, AXD TOWNS. 

books sliow to whom all tlie lands in the county belong and 
M-hencver any land changes hands, and the County Clerk, 
who keeps the records of the court8. Especially in the Southern 
and some of the Western States, where there is no real town 
government, the county officers liave charge of the business 
which in P2astern towns is managed by the selectmen. 

The judiciary of the county consists of a Superior Court, a 
Probate Court, and a Court of Insolvency, the officers of 
which in most States are chosen by the people ; in others they 
are appointed by the governor. 

Towns, Government of. — The chief officers of a town are 
the Selectmen, who call town meetings, levy taxes, lay out higli- 
Avays, grant liquor licenses, have charge of the })Oor-house, and 
in general conduct the town business. They are elected by the 
people. There is a Town Clerk who keejjs the records of 
town-meetings, records the marriages, births, and deaths, and 
issues marriage certificates. The Town Treasurer receives 
and disburses the town moneys. The Constable, or constables, 
summon jurors, serve writs, make arrests, and in some cases 
act as tax-collectors. The justice of the peace sits in petty cases ; 
other cases are referred to the county court. In some towns 
there are overseers of the poor, tax assessoi-s, surveyors of liigh- 
ways and bridges, and sealers of weights and measures. Then 
there is the School Committee, an important body, haviiig the 
care of the schools of a township. They appoint the teachers, 
choose the text-books, and are required to make a tour of inspec- 
tion of the schools at regular intervals. In many towns of 
the country, women are ]>ermitted to vote for members of the 
school committee. (See Ballot Iveform.) Taxes are of two 
kinds, that on personal ])roperty, whieli im-ludes b(inds and stocks, 
furniture, ])ictures, and household furnisliings of all kinds, besides 
cash and in some (if over ^2,000) from employment or from 
profits in business. The other kind of tax is that on real estate, 
whether in lands or buildings. Churches, graveyards, charita1)le 
institutions, etc., are exempt*. In some States, the poll-tax is 
levied, irrespective of the other taxes, and is collected of all 
males over twenty-one years of age. Each town pays a tax to 
the county, and its pro-rata share of the county tax to the 
State. 

State Departniont. (See Federal Government.) 
Statue of Liberty. (See Monuments and Statues.) 
Steainsliips, Transatlantic. (See Ship-Building.) 
Step-Father of His Country. (See Presidents of the United 

States.) 



STOCK-KAISING. 



397 



Stock-Raising. — Side by ^ide with the agricultural develop- 
meut of the West, there has groAvn up an immense industry in the 
trans-Mississippi States, in the raising and slaughtering of cattle 
for beef. What may be called the cattle-raising belt extends 
fi-om Montana to Southern Texas, and from the Mississippi Valley 
to the Pacific. On the prairies of this vast region, and on many 
of the upland plateaus, millions of cattle, sheep, and SAvine roam 
at will, foraging for themselves, and requiring for their care a 
mininnim of effort. By fortunate climatic conditions the soutli- 
ern half of this area may be utilized to advantage for breeding 
purposes, and the northern half for feeding and fattening. Ex- 
))erience has shown that steers bred to their full development in 
the warmer climate of the South, when sent to WyomiuL;;, for in- 



¥^=;^^^^iiS5<i.i^-" 











CATTLK IIEKDS IN "WYOMING 



stance, will put on from 200 to 300 pounds of flesh, while 100 
cows which in Wvoming give 65 calves, in ''J"'exas will give 90 
calves. The cattle interests are guarded by what are called 
Stock Associations, which are oi'ganizations of the cattle raisers 
in the several districts. Under their supervision, the "round- 
ups" are held. These are the periodical gatherings of all the 
cattle of a district when the cattle for beef are chosen, and when 
the owner brands his calves. The calves belonmup; to a cattle- 
man are determined by observing the brand of the cows the 



308 KUli-TKliASUBIES. 

calves follow. In onlcr to j^uard agaiiiHt the sale by one cattle 
raiser of the cattle of another, Stock Association inspectors are 
appointed to watch the cattle markets. Most of the cattle com- 
panies arc incorporated, and the invested caj)ital aj^gregates many 
millions, a large portion of it heing English capiWvl. Texas, Cali- 
fornia, Indian Territory, New Mexico, Colorado, Kansas, Wyo- 
ming, Nel)raska, the Dakotas, and Montana are the chief cattle- 
raising districts, each having from l,(i(IO,()(i() to .*{,()(»0,()00 cattle 
on tlie ranges. Slu-cp and swine are also raised in these States, 
'JV'xas and California K'a<ling with over 4,(>Ul),()U0 each. 

Cattle Receipts. — Tho chief receiving-centres for cattle are 
Chii'ago, St. Louis, Kansas City, and Omaha; in each of these 
cities are extensive stock-yards and meat-|»acking establishments. 
The receipts of cattle in ISIH), at Chicago, were 3,484, li8() ; at 
St. Louis, 030,014; at Kansas City, l,47'J,li'J0 ; at Omaha, 
(;()(;,()!I0. Of shec]), in ISOO, the receipts at Chicago were 'J,1H2- 
()()7 ; at St. Louis, 8;')S,r)UG ; at Kansas City, r);ir),HGO ; at Omaha, 
I ;")(•, ISO. Of swine, in LSOO, the receipts at Chicago were 
7,G(;;5,S28; at St. Louis, 1,350,780; at Kansas City, '2,8().'i,171 ; 
at Omaha, 1,673,314. The receipts of cattlo at these principal 
points have increased 70 ])er cent, in five years ending 1890. 
Till' export trade in American beef and hog jiroducts has devel- 
oped into a most ]»ro(itable industry (see Kxpoits ami Imports) ; 
the exj)orts of beef jirodiu'ts in the year ending Juno 30, 1801, 
wei-e $35,088,315, of hog products, !J84,008,G08. 

Slonn Signals, etc. (See Signal Service.) 

Street Kjiihvjiys. (See Kailroads and Bridges.) 

Striker. (See Slang of Politics.) 

StullVd I'ropliet. (See Presidents of the United States.) 

Stump Speaker. (See Slang of Politics.) 

Sub-Treasuries. — The su1)-treasury system w<as established in 
order to give the United States exclusive control of its moneys. 
^^'llen the Bank of the United States (whicli see) fuili'd to secure 
a renewal of its charter, the sub-treasury idea was brought for- 
ward. The act creating them went into elTcet July 4, 18 40, and 
jirovided for sub-treasuries at New York. Boston, Charleston, and 
St. Louis, and made the Philadelphia and the New Orleans mints 
places of deposit. The act was repealed in 1841, but ii new law 
substantially tho same as the old one was ])assed, and went into 
elTeet in 184G. While under this system tlii' govi'inment is its 
own bank; :•, yet it is allowe<l to place money on dejiosit in the 
national banks, the latti'r giving security in the shape of govern- 
meiii Imiids. (See Finances, Governraeut.) 



TARIFF FOR Rr<: VENUE ONLY. 'iOO 

Tiic Farmers' Alliance (which see) leaders have (ivolved a sys- 
tem of sub-treasuries far more elaborate than anything the 
government ever contemplated. They favor the estabi'ishment 
of 8ub-treasuri(is in each county of each State when deman<lcd by 
one hundred or more citizens, where grain, corn, or tobacco may 
be deposited at will, the depositors to receive therefor "^rreasui-y 
notes up to eighty ])er cent, of the market price of their <l('])osits. 
The holders of such notes shall pay one per cent, inlciest on 
thera to the goveimnent. This j)lan, it is asserted, will give the 
farmer a cash market for his crops, and save him from tlie evils 
of the existing capitalistic system under which lie suffers. 

Sul)-Treasury Scliomo. (Se(! Farmers' Alliance.) 

Sugar, Production of. (See Agriculture.) 

Suicide Is Confession. (See Sayings of Famous Ameri- 
cans.) 

Sunday-School Enrollment. (Sec Religious Denomina- 
tions.) 

Sunset Cox. (See Nicknames of Famous Americans.) 
Superb, The. (See Nicknames of Famous Americans.) 

Supreme Court Relief. — This is the name of the bill passed 
by the. Fifty -Fii'st Congress, for the ndief of the Supreme Couit. 
It proviiles for the appointment in each circuit of an additional 
circuit ju<lg(!, an<l creates in each circuit a circuit court of appeals 
to consist of tin-ee judges, of whom two shall constitute a quorum. 
This court shall have final jurisdiction in some classes of cases 
on which appeals are now allowed to the United States Supreme 
court. (See Federal Government, under Supreme Court.) 

Surplus Easier to Handle Than a Deficit. (See Sayings 
of Famous Americans.) 

Surplus, The. (See Finances, Government.) 
Swinging Round the Circle. (See Slang of Politics.) 
Sycamore of the Wabash, Tall. (Sec Nicknames of 
Famous Americans.) 

Tammany. (See Political ]*arties.) 

Tariflf for Revenue Only. — The campaign cry of the tariff 
reformers, who while bcruiving in a tariff do not believe in it as 
a protection to domestic industries. Tluiy l)((Ii(!V(! in d(!rivirig by 
revenue from the tariff enough to pay the expc;nses of the govern- 
ment economically administered. 

Tariff is a Local Issue. (See Sayings of I^'amous Ameri- 
cans.) 



400 TARIFFS OF THE UXITED STATES. 

Tariff is a Tax. (See Savings of Famous Americans.) 
Tariffs of the United States. 

Tariff of 1789. Compromise Tariff. War Tariff. 
TarilT of 1812. TarilT of 1 846. Mills TarilT. 

TaritT of 1857. Mc Kin ley Tariff. Morrill TarilT. 

Lowndes-Calhoun TarilT. TarilT of Abominations. 
Custom Houses. 

Article 1, Section 8, of tlic Constitution gives Congress the 
right to levy duties on imports as a means of raising money to 
pay the debts of the nation and to provide for the common de- 
fence and general welfare. In 178U, Congress ])assed a tariff bill 
of which Alexander Hamilton was the authoi-, and Washington 
approved it July 4 of that year. Its preamble defined one of its 
ol)jectsto l)e the "encouragement and protection of manufactures." 
This first law imposed specific duties on forty-seven articles and 
ad valortMu rates of 7^-, 10, 12^, and 15 ])er cent, on four com- 
modities or small groups. The unenumerated goods were com- 
pelled to pay per cent. 

In 179U and in 1792, duties were raised on unenumerated 
articles to 7^ per cent, and on other articles 5^ to 10 per cent. 
In 1794, 1797, 1800, and 1804 there was more modification of 
the taiilf, the average percentage being from 8 to 10 j)er cent, ad 
valorem. 

During tlie War of 1812, as a Means of Deriving Revenue, 
all customs duties were doubled. Another reason for increasing 
the duties was the demand of the manufacturing industries now 
coming into prominence, for more protection. 

Tliis is known as the " TarifT of 1 8 1 2." Amendments to it 
were adoj)ted on February 25, and again on July 29, 1813. On 
Fel>ruary 15, 1S16, the additional duties imposed by the Act of 
1812 were rej)ealed, and additional duties of 42 per cent., to 
take effect on July 1, were substituted, but the law did not go 
into operation. From 1812 to 1816 the average rate on all im- 
ports was 32.73 per cent., the range being from 6.84 per cent, in 
1S15 to 09.03 in 1813. 

Tlie next great tariff measure is knoM'n as the Lowndes- 
Calhoun bill. It Avas approved April 27, 1810, took effect the 
following July, and may be said to be the first of the protective 
tariffs. It was regarded as a Southern measure, from tlie fact 
that the Soutli at the time favored protection, while the North did 
not. The ad valoi-em duties under it ranged from 7^ to 33 per 
cent. The unenumerated goods |>aid 15 per (hmiL, the manufactures 
of iron and other metals generally 15 per cent., the majoiity of 



TARIFFS OF THE UNITED STATES. 



401 




■iO'2 TARIFFS OP THE UNITED STATES. 

woollen goods 25 per cent., cotton goods 25 per cent., " with 
clau><os establishing ' minimums,' that is, in reckoning duties, 
25 ciMits per scjuare yard was to bo (Icenied the mininiinu cost of 
cotton cloth ; unbleaclied and uncolorcd yarn, GO cents, and 
blevi'.hc>d or colored yarn, 75 cents ])er jxmnd. These rates 
bocaino practically prohibitory on the cheaper goods. Tiie 
law wa-; amended April 20, 1818, and again on March 8, ISIU. 
From 1817 to 1820 the average rate on imports was 26.52 per 
cent.; from 1821 to 1824,85.02 per cent.; and from 1821 to 
1824, on dutiable goods only, oG.88 per cent. This general 
increase of duties was duo to the necessity of providing for the 
interest on the heavy debt incurred by the second war with 
Kiigland. 

'hie Clay TarilT followed in 1824. The vote in the 
House was close — 107 to 102, and tlie bill lia<l a majoiitv 
in the Senate of only four. It was a<lvocated by the central 
and western sections of the country, and opposed by the 
South and New England. Iron, wool, hemp and sugar were 
protected ; the average rate of duties was 37 per cent. It was 
in the debates on this bill that it was first seriously asserted that 
Congress had no constitutional power to pass a tariff for protective 
purposes onl)'. This tariff remained in force almost unchanged 
until 1842. 

The "Taritlof Abominations," so called by the South- 
erners because it apparently operated against the South, was ap- 
proved May 11), 1828. It was ado|)ted at the instigation of New 
England, whose manufactures, especially of woollens, now were 
growing. The vote was 105 to 74 in the House, and in the Sen- 
ate 2() to 21. The South and other sections cried for lower 
duties, the result of which was the Tariff of 1828, and the Modi- 
•fying Tari IT of 18;)2, the latter reducing the duty on iron and 
increa-;iug the duty on woollens. The latter was apparently of 
sujh groat benelit to New England and other sei-tions that the 
S)utli felt it was the victim of discrimination. Southern leaders 
had previously threatened Nullilication and Secession if the Tariff 
of 1828 was not repealed, and in November, 1832, a State con- 
vention at Columbia, S. C, formally declared the Tariffs of 1828 
and 1832 " Null, Void, and No Law, nor binding on South 
Ciroliui, her otHcers and citizens," made any appeal to the 
United Stall's Supreme Court a ]>unishablo offence, exacted an 
oath of obedience to this ordinance, and warned the country that 
any attempts at force would be followe<l by South Carolina's 
si'cossion from the Union. This was the Ordinance of Nulli- 
fication as propoumled for the lirst time. (See Nulliticatioii.) 
The result was Henry Clay's Compromise TarilT of 1833, 



I 



TARIPFS OF TIIK UNITED STATE!?. 403 

which made gra<hial rodiictioiis in tlie duties to continue until 
1842, after whicli there sliouhl ho a uniform duty of 20 per cent. 
From 1834 to 1842, the average duty on imports was 19.25 per 
cent., and on dutiable goods, at the liome valuation, 34.73 per 
cent. This tariff so diminished the revenue, at;tually causing a 
deiicit, and was generally so unsatisfactory that a new tariff, a 
distinctly ])r(»tective measure, was ))assed by the Whigs, and 
went into effect in 1842. New England and the Mi<ldI(rStates 
gave it strong suj)|>oi-t. The South was earnest in opposition, 
an<l the West was a tic The average rate on all imports under 
it was 2G.92 ]>er cent., and on dutiable articles 33.47 per cent. 

The Tarillof 1846, known as tlie Polk- Walker Tariff, laid 
down tlie j)i'inciple of a tariff for revenue only, and not for pro- 
tection. This act passed the House, 114 to 95, and the Senate 
by the vote of tlie pr(!sidiiig ofliccr, and b('(\ame a law. The 
East opj)Osed it, and the South and West favored it. It swept 
away specific and compound duties and divided ail dutial)le mer- 
chandise into eight classes, which introduced greater simplicity 
into the whole system of customs regulations. The average 
duty on all imports was, from 1847 to 1857, 23.20 per cent, and 
on dutiable articles 2G.22 per cent. It remained in effect until 
ISGl, meantime having increased the revenue largely. 

The TariiTof 1857 reduced the duties to an average rate of 
15.(50, and on dutiable goods to 20.12 per cent. The Morrill 
Tariir of 18GI was avowedly protectiv(!, although the i-evenue 
derived from it was needed by the government. The (bities in 
some cases were actually ])rohibitive. This tariff was frecpiently 
changed during the war, for purposes of revenue. At one time 
the number of rates ^as over two thousand. From isGl to 18G9 
every year produced some enlargement. In 1870 there was 
some modification of rates, generally in the line of reduction. 
Tea and coffee, ta.ted since 18G1, were then i)ut on the free list, 
and the duties on sugar, cotton, and woollen goo<ls, wool, iron, 
paper, glass, and leather were lowered about 10 per cent. The 
free list was somewhat enlarged, but the reduction was res(;ind('(l 
in the Act of March 3, 1875. The duty on quinine was abolished 
on July 1, 1879. The average duty on all imports, from 18G2 to 
1883, was 34. IG per cent, and on dutiable articles 42.74 percent. 
The revenue reformers and free-trad(!rs pronounced this tariff a 
" War Tariff," and for upwards of fifteen years earnest efforts 
have been made for a wholesale reduf^tion of the duties. The 
argument has been that the system of high tariffs caused an 
immense surplus to be accumulated in the Treasury which at 
times distressed business, and it was claimed put a premium on 
government extravagance in the Avay of appropriations. 



404 TARIFFS OP THE rTNITED STATES. 

The rosult (if lliis aLiitat'Kni avus thai in 18S2 Congress ap- 
}»oiiit('(l aTariir Coniniission to take testimony on tlie subjeet 
of proteetive tariff duties thioiigliout tlie eountry. Afterwaiuls 
a eonference eoniinittee, eoinposed of Senators and Jiepresen- 
tatives, reported a bill wliieli beeanie a law IMareh 8, 1883. 
It made numerous reduetions, but clung to the Principle of 
Protection as a stimulus to eommcreial ])rosperity. Party lines 
have thus been drawn as between tlu' high pmti'ctive tariff and 
the tariff for revenue only, although the Kepiibliran elaini is that 
the enemies of protection are free-tni<lers at lu-art. 

In ISSS, the Mills TarilT Hill i)assed the House. It removed 
the duty on wool, and made tUher reductions which it Mas es- 
timated would reduce the customs revenue ^5l), 000,0(10 a year. 
The Senate passed a substitute bill, repealing the tobacco duty 
and reducing that on sugar 50 per cent., involving an estimated 
reduction in customs revenue of $();">, 0(U), 000 annually. The 
House declarcMJ the substitute bill unconstitutional, and in the 
wrangle both bills were put aside. In 1800, the McKinley 
TaritT Hill bec-aine a law. It ])la(H'd duties on several thousan<l 
articles, but enlarged the free list, admitting sugar free, and gave 
a bounty to native sugar growers. An important feature was its 
ret'iprocity sectitm (which see). The Republican claim is that 
the average rate of duty is 41 per cent. 

Custom Houses and Customs puties. — By a system of 
indirect taxation, the rnited States (Tovernment raises annually 
a large revi'nue from the eoUei-tion of customs duties levied on 
goods imjiorted from foreign coutitries. (Tcnerally sj)eaking, 
tlu're are two kinds of duty, specilic and ad valorem. A specitic 
duty is the levying of a specilic amtmnt which is fixed by law. 
An ad vah^'em duty is one which is based on the value of 
im|)orts in the exporting country, which must be ascertained. 
There are many thousands of articles imported upon which duties 
are levied. The income from duties since 1780 to and including 
ISOI have been $!(),7r)l,OS6,;)80. The total amount is now over 
!i!7,000,000,000. The income from this source in ISOl was 
^•ilO,")"J'J,i'0;'>. In round numbers (he Income from Customs 
Duties is over ^•J00,000,000 annually. Custom Houses for the 
collection (^f duties art> situated at all jiorts of entry, both on the 
seaco.ist and the Great Lakes, as well as on the northern and 
southern frontiers. The chief officer of Custom Houses is the 
Collector, who is responsible to the government for the faithfid 
collection of customs on all dutiable artich'S entering ports in 
his jurisdiction. In tlu' cities there are also several deputy col- 
lectors, besides a])praisers, gangers, weighers, etc. 

Revenue Marine, The. —At all the important ports of 



oiitry, Avlicro tliere is considerable l)usiness in the collection of im- 
j)ort (lutii's, there arc one or more revenue cutters whose <luty, as 
iinj)iise(l by act of Cono'ress, is to aid in tlie collection of iiiii)ort 
and tonnage duties, and to supjiress smuggling. I'lie revenue 
cuttci-'s service was inaugurated in 1790, and it, is therefore one 
of tlie oldest departments of the United States Government. 
The service is })art of the administration of the Treasury Depart- 
ment, but its immediate supervision is in the liands of subordinate 
officers \vho constitute the bureau known as tlie lievenue Marine 
Division. The Fleet of Revenue Cutters in 1891 consisted 
of tliii'ty-six vessels; all of wiiicli, exce])t two, are propelled by 
steam. Sixteen of these vessels are on the Atlantic and (iulf 
coasts, four are on Northern lakes, and four are on the ]*acilic 
coast. l>esi(les tliese, there are twenty-four steamers which be- 
long to the ci-uising fleet, and patrol specified districts; ten 
steamers ai'e devoted exclusively to the collection of import 
duties. All of the steamers carry from one to four guns, and 
their ciews, usually eight officers and thirty to thirty-five men, 
cairy small arms for use in case of emergency. ]:>esides their 
duties in the collection of customs duties, I'cvenue cuttei's assist 
xcssels in distress, guard ])rop(irty of wrecked vessels, enfoi-ce the 
ijuarantiiie regulations and the laws governing the merchant 
iiiarinc, the laws with I'egard to the license, eiirollnicnt, and regis- 
try of mci-chant vessels, and various other duties in the interest 
of public and private business, and the safety and welfare of 
human lives. 

TarilT of Aboiniiiations. (See Tariffs of the Fnite(l 

States.) 

l\;aelier President. (See rresidents of the United States.) 
IN'IegrjlpIl, T\u\ (^^('r Inventions, (Jreat American.) 
TelepllOlie, TUv. (See Inventions, dlreat American.) 

Tell Them (o Obey the Laws aiul Sui»port tlie Constitu- 
tion. (Sec S.'iyings of Famous Americans.) 

l\^nn(^SSee. — The State was settled at Fort London in ITO.'), 
by people from North Carolina, 'i'he Appalachian Mountains are 
on its eastern ])oundar3', while the Mississipi)i River forms the 
wcsfcni Itoundary, and with the Tennessee and Cund^erland 
liivers drains about three foui-t.hs of the State. Theri; ai-e several 
other I'ivers affording valual)le water power. 

The fertile Valleys of the Mississippi and the Tennessee 
Ikivei's yii'ld every variety of product an<l i'rvA vast herds-of 
anitnals. The Cumberland plateau, a thousand feet above the 
Tennessee Jliver, is rich in coal and limi'stone. 'J'he Tennessee 



400 



TBNNBSSBB. 



Moiuilaiiis ill tlio pastorn part, from r),t)(i(> to (),(iO(» foot in Iioi^lit, 
arc c'ovcroil with forests of pine, hemlock, chestnut, and hhick 
w.ihiut. The river conunercc of the State exceeds $;),OUU,0UU a 
year in hiniber, livestock, ore, grain, and niercliandise. 

Tennessee stantls next to Kentucky and Virginia in the raising 
of Tobacco, tlie average crop being from 'ir>,000,(t(M) to 35,000,- 

0(1(1 poun<ls a year. The cereals in- 
clude 7(),000,()()0 husliels of corn, 
i),0()(l,000 of wheat, 7,(1(10,000 of oats, 
'J,r)00,0(IO of potatoes, and .".00,000 tons 
of hay. As many as 3r)0,000 hales of 
Cotton have been iiroduced in a 








,,.,.. ,..v.. , 

fe/*' year. Peanuts and berries in large 
■f^J/\ (piantitics, besi<les ai)ples, peaclies, and 



llCNNKSSri'l. 



re 
(1 

jiluins are raised. There are over 
;{,00(»,000 head of livi'stock. In the 
production of spiiits, Tennesst'c is the 
leading State, a million gallons having 
been pi'oduced in a year. 
Tlie Iron industry lias been developed in the Stale so that 
to-day the output of pig-iron amounts to over r)00,000 tons a 
year. Of coal the State i)roduced in ISHD, l,l>'2r),G.si) tons ; it 
also j)ro(bi(H»s marble, limestone, fire-clay, all the granites, ))i'tro- 
leuin, magnesia, an<l tlu're are numer«)us miiu'ral springs, 'I'he 
States has always bei-n celebrated for the breeding of thoiough- 
hred horses, having some of the llnest stock-farms in the country. 
Then' ai'c several universities, the best known of which is Fisk 
University at Nashville, whii-h was founile<l in 1800 for the edu- 
cation of the colored race, and Vanderbilt University, at the same 
place, which is conducted by the Methodist Ki)i,scopal Chuich. 
The United States (Government is building a national arsenal at 
Columbia; and at Chattanooga, Fort Donelson, Kno.wille, Shiloh, 
Memphis, Naslnille, and Stone's I\iver are National Ceme- 
teries (see National Cemeti'ries), wliere are interred thi' remains 
of upwards of ;'>(», 000 riiion soldiers. 

The i>opulation of 'I\'nMessee in KSSO was 1,542,359; in 1890, 
1,703,723, of whom 1,332,071 were white, and 434,300 colored. 
Tlui net State debt was ij! 1 4,038,000 ; the real ju-operty was valued 
at *211,000,000, the personal property at ^01,000,000; the manu- 
factures were worth $37,074, 88t) ; the farm lands inchuU'd 20,- 
(160,000 acres, valued at *20<'),749,837 ; the farm products were 
worth ^70,070, 311. There were in 1 ^90 2,751 miles of railroad 
ami 202 newspap«'rs. 

The chief city is Nash ville, vvhi«'h, by the census of 1 S90, 
had a jiopidatioii ot 70,1(>S. There are several institutions for 



TKNUUE OK OKKICK ACT. 



407 



ll)f t'diioation of colored Klmlcnts here. It is tho iarj^cst Hour 
milling city in the South, and the iirst city in the country in tho 
inaiiul'actun! of lumlu'r. Tliere is a capital of |yO,0()0,0(M» in its 
incorporated companies. It has a number of fine public build- 
ings, over sixty churclies, and is un important railway centre. 

The second city is Memphis, whic-h had a poi)ulation in 1800 
of ()4,4S)5 ; it is situated on the Mississij)pi Kiver on a blulT, and 
is the centre for a large railway and steamboat biisiiu'ss. It does 
a large wholesale and cotton exj)orting business, and is the; site 
of several cotton-seed oil mills. It is the centre of a great lum- 
bering district in which there arc 1,UU0 lumber mills. The third 
city is Chatta- 
nooga, which had 
a j)opulation in 
1890 of 22,100; 
it is one of the 
rising cities of 
tile South, being 
the centre of a 
large iron and 
coal region. The 
manufactures of 
'^rennessee i n - 
elude 23 cotton 
mills, employing 
10(1,000 H J) i 11 - 
dies, and using o'J, 000 l)ales of cotton a year ; 20 wo<»lleii mills, 
wliieh us(; over 2,000,000 pounds of cotton, and 18 iron and st(!el 
manid'actories, employing 5,(100 men. The Governor (A' Ten- 
nessee is John 1*. Buchanan (Democrat). His term of oflice ex- 
pires Jan. If), ISO;}. The State is Democratic. 

Tenuro of Ottlco Act. — The act which was known by this 
name came into existence in 1807, at the time of the contest 
between President Johnson snd Congress over the subje(;t of 
removals from othce. Congress sought to limit the I'resident's 
power, and j)assed a law which Johnson v(>toed, but wlii(Oi was 
passe(l over the veto, providing that no olliccr subject to conlir- 
niation l>y the Senate should l)e removed without the consent of 
that body, ]>ut during a recess of tli(( Senate, the I'resident might 
remove such ofMcer and aj)point a successor till the end of the 
next session of tlie Senate. There -were about thirty-five hundred 
ollicers sul>je('t to tlie provisions of these acts, which gave a 
power to the Senate tliat Avas not cont(unplat<Ml in the; formation 
of the government, and iiK^-eased its power of rewarding political 
services. What thus l>ecame known as the " courtesy of the 




COTTON I'AOKKT ON I'MK MIS.SI8.S1 IM'l . 




lOS TKXAS. 

SiMiate" "w.-is merely a poliU; phrase wliich oxprossed the "I'owi. i 
of i);itrona>ie vc'stod in tlio Senate, ami which allottoti (o the 
St'iiators from carh vStato the control of the Federal offices in it. 
The Tenure of OtHce Act was repeak-d in 1887. (For Presiden- 
tial Ti-nu see Presidents of the United States.) 

Toxas. — The original settlers of Texas Avere Spaniards wlio 

established a niissioti at San Antonio, 

,^K*!s^44^ ii, ](ilX). Texas Mas admitted to the 

Tnited States in 184.'). It fought for 

and secured its inde])endence of ]\Iex- 

ico, and in 1S;>7 it was acknowledj^ed 

is a repnhlic hy France and l>y the 

Ignited States in ISoO. It mamtained 

Us national existence for ten years, 

:intl then joined the United States. 

The di'velopnient of the State since 

then has heen no less wonderful than 

that of California. The immigration 

oKt-vr S1.AL oi iKXAs. 1»;«^ ^>i'on larger in Texas, and more 

( apit il has been invested here than in 

any other one State west of the ^Mississippi. 

It is in area the Largest State in tlu' rnion, being fonr 
times as large as New England, six times as large as New Vork 
State, and seven times as large as Ohio. The IJio Grande Kivi-r 
forms the western boundary, and the other chief rivers are the 
Hra/os, the Colorado, tl\e tiuadalnpe, and the San Antonio. P]ast- 
ern Texas pro«luces iron, timber, sugar, tobacco, and fruits, and 
has valuable stock-farms. 

There is a vast area of Farm Lai\ds in tiie centre of the 
State, while northern Texas is esj)ecially rich in cotton and 
wheat. Western Texas is the region of inunense Gallle- 
Ranges. The Pan Handle is a great i)lateau covering :J7,0l»0 
sipiare miles in tlie southwestern ]>art of the State, where the 
State sells land to the settlers. The Staked Plains are a ]>ortion 
of tlu> Pan Handle region, and atTord pasture to large herds of 
cattle. 

The Agricultural Products of Texas have an almost end- 
less variety. (.>f Cotton, in the pr«>duction of which Texas is 
the first State, it has pn>duced more than 1,1200,000 bales a year, 
and the ]>roduct is worth |5r)0,OtiO,000 a year. The product of 
Colton-Secd is over 500,000 tons a yeaV, of wheat i),t»00,000 
bushels, of corn 'i."\000,0(H) bushels, of* oats 15,000.000 bushels. 
There are over S,0OO,0(H) acres of Texas lands mider cultivation, 
cut \ii> nito 40,(>00 farms, j.roducing yearly about ^80,000,000 



TEXAS. 401) 

worth of liay. Sugar-catio, grapes, peaches, an(i bananas are 
produced ill large cpiantities. There are sugar-plantations of the 
Brazos Iviver which produce yearly over 10, 000, 000 jxiunds of 
sugar. 

It is estimated that Texas has above 3,000,000 cattle ; the 
sales for a single year average from 1,1200,000 head to 1,500,000 
head. Of sheep, in 1891, Texas had 4,990,000, more than any 
other State. Of wool, the product amounts to '25,000,000 })ounds 
a year, valued at $7,000,000. The manufactures of Texas num- 
ber over 3,000, and employ 18,000 persons. The manufactur- 
ing product is upwards of #40,000,000 worth of goods. 

Tlie United States Army has lu'adquarters in San An- 
tonio, where there is also an arsenal which covers twenty acres. 
In this Department of the .\rmy there are ten military posts, 
having upwards of two thousand soldiers, covering the Mexican 
and Indian Territory frontiers. The forts are Fort Clarke, Fort 
Hancock, Fort Concho, Camp Pena Colorado, Fort Ivinggold, 
Fort Mcintosh, Fort Bliss, Fort Brown, and Fort Elliott. 

The State supports a School Fund in bonds and lands 
estimated at $100,000,000. There are eleven colleges and higher 
institutions of learning in the State, having 3,254 studiMits. All 
the jmblic schools are open to white and black children alike, and 
there is one normal school for colored students which is supported 
by the State. 

* The population of Texas in 1880 was 1,591,749 ; in 1890 it was 
2,235,523 ; the white population is about 75 per cent, of the 
whole. The real property was valued at $348,000,000 ; the per- 
sonal property at $214,000,000. The acreage of farm lands was 
30,303,454, valued at $170,468,88(5 ; in 1890 there were 8,lU3 
miles of railroads and 542 newspapei's. 

The chief city of Texas is Galveston, situated on the Gidf 
of Mexico ; it has a beach extending over thirty miles. It is the 
third cotton-exporting point in the United States, exporting 
700,000 bales a year. Steamships run to the Northern ports 
carrying cotton, cotton-seed, wool, lumber, and hides. The 
population of Galveston in 1890 was 29,084. 

Dallas is the first city in point of population, and is situated 
in the priiirie region of northern Texas, of which it is the com- 
mercial and railway centre, being surrounded by a rich and 
productive agricultural region. It has a, general trade of 
$25,000,000 a year, 120 factories, and sells more agricultural im- 
plements than any city of the South. The population in 1890 
was 38,007. 

San Antonio, the second city in population, is the foremost 
wool market of Texas, handling in a vcar, sometimes, 15,000,000 



•no 



THKATKKS. 



pounds. There is a large business here in horses and mules, and 
large quantities of hojjs and grain pass through here bound for 
Mexieo. Houston is the centre for a dozen railways which 
transport the jtroduets of a fertile and prosperous contiguous 
country. It lias immense machine shops, car works, cotton-seed 
oil mills, and had a jjopnlalion in 181K) of 27,551. In 181)0 it re- 
ceived !tci(),00t»,0(l(» of the cotton crop of the State, loading the 
cro|» onto vessels for export, besides ;J,000,000 gallons of cotton- 
oil, lli,(l»»0,000 poumls of sugar, and 1,000,(100 gallons of syrup. 
It also di<l a large business in lumber and shingles. Austin is the 
capital, and in 18i)0 had 14,470 iidiabitants. The State capital 
building here is a magnificent structure, the largest capitol in the 




A TKXAS CATTLE KANOU. 



count rv. It has a dome ."il 1 tfct hi^li, supporting a statue of the 
(Toddess of Liberty. The cost to build was |!;{,5(Ml,(i(H). The 
Governor of Texas is James S. Hogg (Democrat). His term ex- 
pires Jan. 9, 1893. The State is Democratic. 

Tlu^jtros. — The first theatre in America was at Williams- 
l»nig, \'a., opened on Se|tt. 5, 1772. OtJiers were opened after- 
wards at Anna))olis, INId., at Nt'W York (175:)), Albany (17(59), 
Haltimore ( 1 77:'.), Charleston, S. C (I 77 I), and Ji<iston (1792). 
The growth of large lities, which up to 1SU> had not been 



TIIIUI) TKRM. 411 

marked, ted to the buildincj of tlieatros, in consequence of the 
(leniaiid for evenins^ enterta'nmient. While in the United States 
tliere are no tlieatres or public buildings capal)lc of seating as 
many people as several in Europe, a tendency is api)arent toward 
the construction of places of i)ublic entertainment of immense 
seating capacities. The two latest examples are the AuditoriuiTi 
lUiilding at Chicago, which seats 10,000 i)eople, and the Madison 
Scpiare (4arden at New Yoi'k, whose seating cai)acity is 8,443. 
Other larg(! theatres in this country, with tlieir seating capacities, 
are Musi<t Hall, at Cincinnati (4,Sii4), Mechanics Hall, at iJoston 
^5,500), Washington Hall, at Paterson, N. J. (;5,i»0{)), Hc.slon 
Theatre, at Boston ('2,07l!), Academy of Music, at I'liiladelphia 
(2,8G5), Music Hall, at Boston ('i,585). Academy of Music, at 
New York (15,520), Cooper Union, at New York (2,500), Acad- 
emy of Music, at Brooklyn, N. Y. (2,450), Opera House, at New 
Haven, Conn. (2,5(i0), Mobile Theatre, at Mol)ile, Ala. (2,500), 
Chestnut Street Theatre, at Uhiladelj)liia (2,380), etc. There are 
upwards of 75 other theatres in the large cities capable of seating 
1,500 and over. 

Third Tcrin. — The Stalwart faction of tlu> Re])ublican party 
in 1880 went to the Republican National Convention 300 strong, 
in favor of the nomination of ex- President (iraiit for President, 
(irant had ali'cady been ]*i-esident two tci'ms, 18G9 to 1877. 
There Avas a widely pnivailing prejudice against the third term 
idea ; Washington had declined a third term, and the opponents 
of one-man power raised a loud hue and cry, which was iu)t with- 
out effect. Yet the Grant faction developed remarkable strength, 
and at the convention (see Presidential Conventions Under How 
the President Ts Elected) voted as ojie man. They w(5re under 
the leadership of lloscoe Conkling. The contest in the conven- 
tion was a nu'morable one, and it was not until over thirty-six 
l)allots ha<l been cast that it appeared that Grant was defeated. 
The winner was .lames A. Garfield, who ha<l been a dark liorse. 
In commemoration of their noble stand for (Trant, nuMlals were 
presented to the delegates. They arc sometimes spoken of .as 
the " Grant 306," or as the Stalwart 806. 

Thomas Jefferson Still Survives. (See Sayings of Famous 
Ameru;ans.) 

Tidal Wave. (See Slang of Politics.) 

Timber Culture Laws. (See Public Lands and Land 
Grants.) 

Time IJalls, Time of Noon, Time Divisions, etc. (Sec 
Standard Time.) 



41 '2 



TOBOir LIGHT PROCESSIONS. 



Ti|>|)0(*ail0e. (See Presidents of the United States.) 

Title of the President. (See Presidents of the United 
States.) 

Tobacco, Production of. (See Agriculture.) 

Torchlight Processions. 

Wide Awakes. Plumed Knights. 

Caps, Capes, and Torches. Bandannas. 
Flags. Transparencies. 

Great Parades. 

There is no record of the first political parade. Ever since 
the f(>i-in:ition of the Union, parades liave been held in the large 
fiilga"^. cities during the canvass. These demonstra- 
^^^ ^' tions by the voters of loyalty to their candidate 
^^^ ^-=-^ did not assume extensive projxn-tions until the 
Log Cabin and Hard Cider campaign of 
1S40, when the temi)er of the AVhig voters, in- 
tluccd by the pronounced personal element upon 
which the campaign was ft)ught and won, was 
in keeping with the t^pirit which prompts men 
to attest in public their devotion to a man or a 
priiu'iple. In this animated contest for the 
Presidency, the Whigs paraded, and repro- 
\\ <luced on transparencies, held aloft in the pro- 
^^\i cession, such familiar party catchwt)rds as 
"^1 •' Fifty.Four-Forty or Fight" (whit-h see), 
I '' Free Trade and Sailor's Kights,"' etc. From 
[1 this time until 1800, bonfires and window 
illuminations of houses constituted the |>iincipal 
street shows, and -although torches were used 
little or no attempt was made toward uniform- 
ing the mari'hing clubs. 

In ISl'iO the Pepiiblicans fornu'tl marching 
A Tomii iit.vKKK clubs called " Wide- Awakes," an<l adopted 
a uniform consisting of a cape and cap of enamelled cloth. 
Since that campaign the ingenuity «»f .Vmerican clothiers lias 
been taxed to the utmost to j)rovide new designs for uniforms 
at a moderate price. In the processions of 18G0 the "Wide 
Awakes " larsjely monojiolized the uniforms — the opposing 
parties contenting themselves generally with the ordinary citi- 
zen's dress, and the use of transparencies and torches; the 
Bell- Everett battalions carrying with them an immense bell 
mounted on a truck. In 1S()4, (ieneral MeClellan being the 
Democratic candidate, tlie unifonns began to assiune a military 




TORCHLIGHT PROCESSIONS. 413 

character, although tlic Cap, Gape, and Torch was still the 
favorite. By the use of colored enamelled cloths, a pleasing 
effect was produced in this campaign. The recollections of 
former tramps through the muddy liighways brought forward the 
"leggings" now very generally used. In 1SG8 the uniforms 
were largely military ; the Zouave style, from its extremely sliowy 
character, its natty cap and white or colored leggings, waslaigely 
used and added greatly to the attractive a})])earance of the great 
processions. The campaign of 187'J, the Greeley campaign, being 
comparatively spiritless, showed very few new designs in uiHforms, 
but in 187G, when the Democrats Avere on their mettle, the cam- 
paign uniforms were distinguished for their variety and elaborate- 
ness. Caps and capes still held the popular fancy where economy 
was the principal motive, but Blouses, Zouave Jackets and. 
Trousers, and Continental Suits, and many other expensive 
and unique designs were worn. The " [Sinclair Cadets " of 
Portsmouth, N. IL, for example, adopted a long Spanish cloak 
of dark cloth lined with white, sombrero hats and long leggings 
of enamel. Torches were mounted on guns, and the changes in 
styles and designs were almost numberless. 

The campaign of 1880 brought out few new features, but in 
1884 the Plumed Knight uniforms had the call. They were 
made of silvered and gilt enamels, and had an extremely impres- 
sive character. Helmets were made of nickeled metal, the aim 
evidently being to catch and reflect the light of the torches. The 
si)ectacular effect was excellent. In 1888 the Bandanna 
was made a special feature by the Democrats, the Republicans 
adopting the Amei-ican flag, and these articles were combined 
into a tliousand and one devices for street parades. Coats 
had a bandaima or a flag collar ; canes were made which con- 
cealed one or tlie other ; hat-bands, badges, and a thousand 
other articles were used to display the party colors. 

Badges from the common penny article for Young America 
to elaborate gold ])lated and enameled jewels are very generally 
worn during every political campaign. In 1888 the "flag or tlie 
bandanna" in a ])utton or small badg(> was worn literally by 
millions. In recent years Fireworks have almost entirely 
taken the place of the bonflres of former days as a means of 
illumination. In 1840 balls of cotton tied tightly and soakejd 
with alcohol were tossed from hand to hand, fireworks as known 
to-day being rather expensive. To-day every grand processioii 
marches with wagims loaded with j)yi-otechnics and the streets 
blaze and glow with colored fires. Another feature of political 
campaigns which has long been in vogue is Flag-Raising. 
As soon as the nominating conventions com])let:e their labors, 



414 TOIJtIILKMIT I'liOCKSSIONS. 

flacj-raisiiig begins and tlie display of bunting becomes a marked 
feature of the streets in all the cities and towns. What with 
tlie cheap cotton flags costing a few cents to the huge banners 
with portraits and mottoes costing large sums, the dis]ilay is 
ahnost univei'sal, nearly every club and headcjuarters and many 
newspapers disj)layiiig the Star-Spangled Banner with their can- 
didates' names attached. 

Another and a more beautiful method of showing }>arty fealty 
is in Illuminations, Avhieh are generally made with pajier 
lanterHs, sometimes of the most elaborate and costly materials. 
Up to 18()0 these lanterns were almost entirely imported from 
Paris, Germany, or Japan, but since then American ingenuity and 
labor-saving maehuiery have revolutionized the prices so that 
lanterns that in ISOO were considered cheap at twenty-Hve cents 
apiece can now be bought at iivo cents. Torches are, of coui'se, 
a necessity in an evening parade, but apart from tlie Flambeaus, 
with their sudden and immense columns and llashes of flame 
(caused by lycopodium powder), and the colored glass lanterns 
occasionally used, torches have lieen pretty much alike in all the 
campaigns. Hundreds of ])atterns are j)roduced, but as all cats 
are l)lack in a dark room, so all torches are alike when viewed in 
a procession. 'J'he divi-rsity in marching illuminations is chiefly 
in transparencies, in whicli the variety in si/e, shape, color, ami 
mottoes is absolutely boundless. 

Notable Parades.— TUa largest political i)arades have been 
those in I'residential campaigns in New York City, a few days 
hefore the election. IJoth ))arties have a parade of their voters, 
within a night or two of each other. The Saturd.ay night before 
the election is usually chosen by one or the other party, the 
choice depending upon which of them flrst applies for per- 
mission of the city authorities. Large sums of money are sup- 
])lied l)y the campaign con>jnitt(M's, for e(|uip]>iiig the clubs with 
uniforms, torches, banners, transparencies, etc., and for fitting 
illuminations along the line of march. When the uiiiforms are 
attractivt^ly gotten up, the spectacle is a grand one. The line of 
march almost invariably is up or down New York's aristocratic 
street, Fifth Avenue, and thence into Broadway. It is customary 
to inscribe the lianners and trans))arencies with mottoes expressive 
of the issues of the campaign, and the ingenuity and wit of the 
campaign managers are at such tinu's ])ut severely to the test in 
devising elYective catch-words and phrases. 

On Thursday night, November *2, ISTG, the Democratic voters 
of New Yoi k and vicinity paraded to the number of twenty-five 
thousand or more. Among the mottoes? on transparencies were 
the following : — 



TOKCHLIGHT PROCKSSIONS. 



415 



"Grand Old Tammany: the Democratic Fortress." 
" Equal rights for Foreign-Boni and Native-Born Citizens." 
" Reform is necessary to put a stop to the profligate waste of 
public hands." " Tilden and Reform." " Reform is necessary 
in the civil service," "Grantism means poor })cople made 
poorer." " No Bayonet Rule." " We demand that our custom- 
house taxation shall be for revenue only." " We demand a 
rigorous frugality in every department of the govei-nmeiit." 
'' Reform is necessary to establish a sound currency." " The 
Democratic Party stands now as il always has stood, for the 
Freedom of Cuba.'' (Cubaat the time was trying to secure its 




UNION SQUAl^E, NEW YORK. 



independence.) " Tammany welcomes the brave Cubans." " Let 
every son and friend of Cuba vote next Tuesday for Tilden and 
Hendricks." " No Sectional Hate, no Sectarian Strife." " Repub- 
licans as a diseased and corrupt party are hurled from Power." 
" Tilden, Hendricks, and Reform." " Democracy, the last refuge 
of personal and political rights, will give us back the ancient 
purity of government." " Let us have a clean sweep." " Ballots 
Not Bayonets." " Our Union Forever." "V^ictory!" "We 
will save the Nation." "Fifty thousand majority for Tilden." 
"In Unity is Strength." "No Thieves in Office?' "No more 
Whiskey Rings." "Let no guilty man escape — U. S. G," 



416 TOKCIILliillJ' rUuCliSSIONS. 

"Reform in tlio Civil Sorvic-o.'" Pictures of Tilden bore the titles, 
— " Our iriu'lc Samuel " and tlie " Noblest Komaii of Tlicm All." 

On Saturday night of the same week the IJe|»iil)licans paraded, 
led by columns of " lioys in JJluc," nuniljcrinii; 9,(i00, accompanied 
by otlier local organizations which swelled the total to 2U,(>0(I 
men. The only emblem disi)layed was the "Ship of State," a 
small vessel with sails set, drawn xipon a wagon. 

The Republicans on the inght of October 11, 1880, held one of 
the largest j)arades New York had ever seen. Between forty 
and tifty thousand men were in line. Grant was on the review- 
ing stand in Madison Square. Beneath Grant's ]K)rtrait on a 
transparency, "Our (iuest" was inscribed, and "Our Next 
President " on a transparency illuminating the face of Garfield. 
One of the banners bore this inscription: " Irish- American 
Republican Association of American Citizens : We know our 
rights and dare to maintain them " ; on the reverse side was 
" No Free Trade." Other mottoes were : " No man can afford 
to be lukewarm." "Push Things. U. S. G. " "Welcome, 
Grant." "Welcome to the Nation's Hero." " We vote as our 
Fathers fought." '' It is a cold day when Democratic boasting 
can scare us." " GarHcld — born of the people, educated in 
adversity — the President of the People." 

On Thui-sday afternoon, October 30, 1884, the Republican 
Business Men of New York paraded on Broadway, marching 
from the Batter}' to Madison Square, a distance of nearly four 
miles. This and the parade of the Democratic business men a 
day or two later were the most impressive political demonstra- 
tions New York had ever witnessed. The bitter personal char- 
acter of the campaign, and the peculiar political conditions of the 
time, had arousetl the keenest excitement. In this parade of the 
Republican business men, of whom there were 25,000, there was 
no music, nor even the beat of drums, the absence of which 
made the spectacle all the more imposing. The solid phalanxes 
of bankers, brokers, merchants, lawyers, tradesmen, clerks, and 
students, marched with arms locked, in the midst of a drizzling 
rain, occupying five hours in passing the grand stand at Madison 
Square. The various branches of the commercial life of the 
metropolis marclied together. All of them kept time to the 
watchwords, shouted with emphasis clear and strong, "Blaine- 
Blaine -- James G. Blaine." Ohio in the October election 
having gone Republican, another cry was, " 0-0-O-hi-O." An- 
other was, " As-we-shout-so-we-vote." An original feature of 
the jiarade was the singing by the jiaraders of " Glory, Glory, 
Hallelujah," and the songs of the Columbia College students, to 
the tune of " Balm of Gilead," as follows : — 



TORCHLIGHT PROCESSIONS. 



417 



" Here's to James G. Blaine, 
He won't go down, 
He's a bully boy from Maine, 
He won't go down, down, down." 

Another cry was " No-No-No-Free- Trade." 

On Saturday night, November 1, 1884, nearly fifty thousand 
Republican :5 paraded in the metropolis, — keeping step to the 
cry " Blaine, Blaine, Blaine — ■ James G. Blaine," or to " Blaine, 
Blaine, Blaine — Hurrah, hurrah, hurrah ! " At times this was 
changed to " Hurrah — Hurrah — for James — G. — Blaine. He 
is free from any stain, James G. Blaine." The Irish- American 
Blaine men carried a transparency inscribed as follows : — 
" Skools and eddication is the cuss of the Demokracy." Other 
mottoes were these: — "No Free Trade." "Protect Home 




FEDERAL CAPITOL IN 1861, RICHMOND, VA. 



Industries." " Preserve Home Industries." " Three Times Three 
for Ohio." "Now for New York." "Push Things." "We 
legislate for the People of the United States ; not for the whole 
world — James A. Garfield." " The Republican Party : the log- 
book of this voyage cannot be too often read." " No Free 
Trade; we know what is." " 329 x Mulligan Letters= 
Zero." "Look at what $1.00 will buy in the United States 
and P]ngland." " A vote for Cleveland is a vote to enslave the 
laboring man." " Tell John Bull he can't make American laws." 
" We want American, not English legislation," *' No Free 



418 



TREASON. 



Ships." "No One Dollar a clay." "Grover, you will be left." 
" The British Lion cannot arrest the flight of the American 
Bird." " Destruction to vVmerican Industries is England's opjjor- 
tunity." " Protection is Prosperity. Free Trade is Beggary." 
" We have broken the brass collar of Party Slavery Forever." 
"For Union and Justice: Rifles and Leaden Bullets in 1864. 
Torches and Republican liallots in 1884." " Our Friends — the 
enemy — Push tiiem, Boys." "Blaine and Victory." "Dinna 
ye hear the slogan, Jimmy Blaine and Johnny Logan ! " " Down 
with Free Trade." " Labor is King." " Protection For Ameri- 
can Citizens." " We vote as we fought." " Our Friends, the 
Enemy: We propose to move at once u|)on their works." 

Forty thousand Republicans paraded in New York on November 
3, 1888. On tlie l)anners, flags, and transparencies Avere dis- 
played such mottoes as these : " Give us a President in favor of 
American Shipping." " We want the American flag to be seen in 
every foreign port." " Protection to American Shipping." " Amer- 
ican Ships and American Wages." " Protection — Harrison and 
Morton." " Home Rule for L-eland." " Take the tax off 
tobacco." "Down with direct taxes." "Hurra for cent post- 
age." From time to time those in line sang a song the refrain of 
which was " Good-bye, my Grover, Good bye " — or kept time to 
the couplet : 

" Grover, Grover, take a rest; 

Your goose is cooked by Sackville West." 

Towns, Government of. (See States, Cities, etc., Govern- 
ment of.) 

Trading. (See Slang of Politics.) 

Treason. — Under the Constitution, Article 3, Section 3, 
treason against the United States shall consist only in levying 
war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them 
aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless 
on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on 
confession in open court. The Congress shall have power to de- 
clare the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall 
work corruption of blood or forfeiture, except during the life of 
the person attained. 

Treasnry Department. (See Federal Government.) 

Tree Planting. (See Forestry.) 

Twist the British Lion's Tail, To. — This is a favorite way 

of exi)ressing the tendency of some orators usually Irish or 
friends of Ireland, of abusing Great Britain. Freqiumtly tliis 
abuse is for political effect upon the Irish vote. The late " Riche- 



UNCLE SAM. 



419 



lieu" Robinson was -celebrated when in Congress for liis 
speeches of this character, although he was a native-born Irish- 
man, and believed everything that he said of Great Britain's ill- 
treatment of his native land. 

Uncle Abe. (See Presidents of the United States.) 
Uncle Jerry. (See Nicknames of Famous Americans.) 
Uncle Sam. (See Presidents of the United States.) 

Uncle Sam. — Elbert Anderson, a New York contractor, in 
1812, visited Troy, N. Y., and bought a quantity of provisions. 
The government inspector, Samuel Wilson, was known in the 
neighborhood as "Uncle Sam." Anderson's goods were labelled 
" E. A. — U. S." The latter abbreviation was quickly translated 
into " Uncle Sam," as a bit of facetiousness at Wilson's expense. 
In that way Uncle Sam came to be synonymous with Brother 
Jonathan, both being typical of the imaginary personage who is 
inseparably connected with the destinies of the country. 

Unconditional Surrender. (See Presidents of the United 
States.) 

Uncrowned King. (See Nicknames of Famous Americans.) 
Underground Railroad. — This was the name of an organ- 
ized system of aiding fugitive slaves to Canada, where they 
would be safe. Those who were prominently engaged in secret- 
mg the fugitives did so at great personal risk, and arrest and im- 
l)risonment was of frequent occurrence. The president of the 
" railroad " was Levi Coffin, who it is estimated aided in the 
escape of over twenty-five hundred slaves. 

Uniformed Soldier. (See Presidents of the United States.) 
Union Jack. (See Flags of the United States.) 
Union La])Or Party. (See Political Parties.) 
Union Must be Preserved. (See Sayings of Famous Amer- 
icans.) 

Union Safeguard. (See Presidents of the United States.) 
Unit Rule. — It is the practice of Democratic National Con- 
ventions to determine the vote of a State delegation by the vote 
of a majority of the delegation. This practice is known as the 
unit rule. When the majority of the New York delegation at 
the Democratic National Convention of 1884 voted in favor of 
Cleveland's nomination, the minority made a vigorous attempt 
to break the unit rule, but the leadership of Daniel Manning pre- 
vented this result, and Cleveland's nomination was assured. 
United Labor Party. (See Political Parties.) 



420 UTAH. 

United States Army. (See Army, The United States.) 

United States Mints. (See Coinage, etc) 

United States Navy. (See Navy, The United States.) 

United Workmen, Ancient Order of. (Sea Secret 
Societies.) 

Unprecedented Strategist. (See Presidents of the United 

States.) 

Unquestionably Skilled. (See Presidents of the United 
States.) 

Utah. — - The first persons to visit that section of the United 
States now known as Utah Territory were a party of Spaniards 
under Captain Cardenas in 1540. In 1S47 a permanent settle- 
ment was estabhslied by Brigham Young and a small party of 
pioneers, Avho ])receded a religious sect, the Mormons, who 
had been expelled from Illinois. These located at Salt Lake 
City. Year after year brought new acquisitions of religious 
enthusiasts, and finally a large and powerful community arose. 
In 1850, Utah, originally a portion of the Mexican concession of 
1848, was organized as a Territory, containing 84,970 square miles, 
and bounded by Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona, Nevada, and 
Idaho. The average heiglit of this Territory is 6,1 00 feet above 
the level of the sea, while over five thousand square miles lie 
four thousand feet higher. It is traversed from North to South 
by the Wasatch Mountains, and a portion of the Territory forms 
a part of the Great American Desert. 

Great Salt Lakejwhich is within its borders, once covered an 
area of 42,000 square miles, varying from 1,700 square miles in 
1849 to 2,360 square miles in 1870, since which time it has dimin- 
ished. In 1880 the population of the Territory was 143,963; in 
1890, it was 207,905. Owing to the polygamous habits of mau}^ 
of the i)eople these have been disfi*anchised, and Utah's admit- 
tance to tlie Union as a State has been refused on account of the 
Mormon belief, which is that the laws of Church transcend the 
laws of State. 

Farming, Stock-raising, and Mining, are the chief in- 
dustries. The first engages 3,000,000 acres of arable lands 
■watered by 1,000 miles of canals. The beautiful green valleys of 
the Mormon farmers have resulted from the outlay of much 
labor and money. 

Irrigation, which was first experimented with by these 
farmers, is rapidly turning barren lands into vineyards and adding 
to the area now under cultivation. This already yields about 
6,000,000 bushels of grain, as many of fruit, and 5,000,000 tons of 



VERMONT. 



421 



liay. Wine, almonds, and raisins are liere ])roducc(l, and fields 
of cotton Avdiiten the valleys. Live stock has increased from 
500,000 head in 187G to 3,000,000 at the time of the last census. 
Between 1871 and ISOl Utah produced about $100,000,000 in 
silver, about $40,000,000 in lead, and $10,000,000 in gold and 
copper, and was next to Colorado and Montana in the production 
of lead, yielding yearly niore than 24,000 tons. Many other 
minerals are also mined. 

PMucation, after the commissioner of public schools was 
made an appointee of the Supreme Court, has been maintained 
by the Mormons. The University of Deseret, a high and nor- 
mal school at Salt Lake City, is a Territorial institution, dating 
from 1850, and has fourteen teachers and 330 students. The 
Brigham Young College, founded at Logan, in 1878, is a Mor- 
mon institution with 200 students. Ogden also has a large 
military academy. The national institutions are Fort Logan, near 
(Salt Lake City, and Fort Duchesne. Four million acres of land 
are apportioned to the LTte Lidians, in reservations called the 
L^intah and LTncorapahgre Reservations, while the Shoshones in 
the north and Pintes in the south rove at will in those ])arts. 

The three largest cities are Salt Lake City, Ogden, and 
Provo, with a population respectively, according to the census of 
18D0, of 45,840, 14,889, and abont 5,200. The manufactures 
employ only about 3,600 hands, yielding a product of 19^)00,000, 
the larger portion of which comes from Salt Lake City. The 
three princijial smelters, which are a few miles south of this city, 
represent a value of $400,000. The Governor of Utah Territory 
is Arthur L. Thomas (Kepublican), whose term of office expires 
December 30, 1893. 

Vermont. — The country was first visited by Cham})lain in 

the year 1G09, but the earliest M'hite 
settlements within the present limits 
of Vermont were made about 1724- 
25 near Brattleboro, where a fort 
was erected by Massachusetts emi- 
grants. The French built a fort in 
1731, near the southern extremity 
of Lake Cham})lain, but soon aban- 
doned it. About 17G0, one hundred 
and thirty-eight settlements were 
made under grants from the gov- 
ernor of New LFampsliire. New 
York also claimed the region, and a 
war resulted which became famous 
by reason of the exploits of Ethan Allen's "Green Mountain 




GREAT SEAL OF VERMONT. 



422 



VKU.MONT. 



Boys." The Green Mountains intersect the State from north 
to soiUh, and contain a iinmber of ])oaks from 3,000 to 4,r)00 feet 
liigh. A second range, of inferior lieight, hranclies off at Killington 
Peak and trends northeast. There are also some detached pealvs, 
of wliieli Mount Ascutney, 3,.3"i0 feet high, is tlie most conspic- 
uous. Lake Champlain extends for 105 miles along tlie 
western border, and receives many small rivers and creeks. 
The entire territory east of the mountains is drained by the 
Connecticut River and its numerous tril)utaries, the Connecticut 
separating Vermont from New Hampshire. The Connecticut is 
the only navigable river. Lake Champlain, 1"JG miles in length, 
and from forty rods to fifteen miles in width, has a depth of 
from fifty to nearly three hundred fi-et, and is navigable through- 
out by the largest vessels. 

The Vermont Marble Quarries yiebl three quarters of the 
product of the countiy. The State ])roduces also granite, slate, 
lime, some copper ore, and manganese. Farm values have not 
increased since the war, but the soil is fertile, yielding large 
crops of hay. 

The dairy ])roducts of the State are very valual)lc, aggregating 
25,01)0,000 pounds in a year. The product of maple sugar is 
over $1,200,000 in a year. The chief manufactures are scales, 
organs, farm implements, paper and machinery, and aggi-egate 
$31,350,000 in a year. The population of Vermont in 18S0 was 
332,28(3 ; in 1890, it was 332,205, a loss of 81. The real property 
was valued at $111,000,000, the i)ersonal property at $50,000,000. 
The farm land acreage Avas 4,882,588, valued at $109,346,010, 
yielding products worth $22,082,656. The school attendance 
was 46,081, the railroad mileage was 1,012, and the number of 
newspapers was 81. 

Burlington, the capital and the chief city, has a fine situation 
overlooking Lake Champlain. Here is located the University of 
Vermont. In 1890 the population was 14,590. Rutland, the 
second city, is a prosperous business and railroad centre. Its 
population in 1890 was 11,760. St. Albans is the third city 
(population 7,771), ami Brattleboro is the fourth city (|»opulation 
6,869). At Bennington is located a fine monument commemora- 
ting the Battle of Bennington, in 1777. The monument is of 
dolomite, in the form of an obelisk, 301 feet high, and the top is 
reached by means of a stairway on the inside. Carroll S. Page 
(Hep.) is Governor of Vermont. His terra expires October 3, 
1892. The State is Republican. 

Very Hungry and Very Thirsty. (See Sayings of Famous 
Americans.) 



VIRGINIA. 



423 



Veto Power. — The veto is the weapon lodged by the Consti- 
tiition with the President, as a means of jn-eventing tlie enact- 
ment of hxws passed by Congress, but which he does not approve. 
Tlie same power by the constitutions of States and of cities is 
vested in governors and in mayors. To override the Executive 
veto, Congress must in both houses do so by a two thirds vote, and 
ill most of the States a two thirds vote of both houses of the 
Icgishiture is necessary. In otlier States, a simple majority or a 
three fifths vote is necessary, wliile Ohio, Delaware, Rhode Island, 
and North Carolina, deny the governor the power of veto. In 
vetoing a bill, the President returns it to the house in which it 
originated, accompanied by a statement of his objections. Faihire 
to return a bill within ten days (Sunda3^s excepted) is equivalent 
to signing it. The same limit applies to most of the States. 

Virginia. — Virginia is honored in having within her limits the 
First Permanent Settlement by the English in America. 

This was effected at Jamestown, in 
1607. From 1609 there were con- 
stant accessions to the colony, 
although troubles with the Indians 
and misgovernment hindered tlie 
prosperity of tlie settlement. In 
(J 1624 the London company was dis- 
,jj solved and Virginia became directly 
subject to the crown. The Shenan- 
doah, Alleghany, and Cumberland 
Mountains extend along the West 
\^irginia border from Harper's Ferry 
to the Tennessee line. The six 
great topographical divisions are 
known as the Tidewater, IMiddle, 
Piedmont, Blue Ridge, Valley, and Appalachian sections, all of 
which extend across the State from northeast to south west, 
and have a general trend corresponding to that of the Atlantic 
coast and the Appalachian range. More than three fourths of 
Virginia is drained by the Potomac, Rappahannock, Rapidan, 
\'ork, Elizal)eth, James, and their tributaries, all of which iind 
their way at last to the Atlantic. 

The chief industry is Agriculture, and the staple product is 
leaf-tobacco, for which the State has a wide fame. There are over 
127,<M)0 acres growing tobacco, the yield in 1888 being 64,034,- 
OOU pounds, valued at ii?'{,S42,000. Peanuts is another important 
industry, yielding $2,500,000 in a year. Truck-farming is carried 
on with great success, (^arly fruits and vegetables of all kinds 
being raised in large quantities for the northern market. The 




OIIEAT SEAL OF VIRGINIA. 



424 



VIRGINIA. 



State has 4,100 acres in bearing vines and ])ro(luces 461,000 
gallons of wine m a year. 

Lumbering employs thousands of men, and keejjsmany sa\\ - 
mills in operation. Large areas are covered with valuable forests 
of pine, oak, hickory, walnut, buttonwood, and various hard 
woods. The forests of the Dismal Swamp produce enormous 
quantities of pine and cypress. The oystering industry in the 
Cliesa))eake I3ay employs u})wards of 14,000 men, 5,800 l)oats 
and canoes, and yields 7,000,000 bushels of the bivalve in a year. 
The catch of other sea-fish is very large. 

The production of Pig Iron in Virginia rose from 30,000 tons 
in 1880 to 292,779 tons in 1890, employing 82 blastfurnaces, 
besides 40,000 tons of rolled iron. Iron is made here at from 
$11 to 113 a ton. In this industry Virginia is the fourth State. 
Gold, lead, large quantities of manganese, gypsum, salt, zinc, 
granite, slate, and other minerals are found. The State is fa- 




r.ICUMOND, VA., IN 18G1. 



mous for its Avinterand summer resorts, both seashore and moun- 
tain. 

The United States institutions are the Navy Yard and Naval 
iros])ital at Portsmouth near Norfolk, the National Cemeteries 
(See Army, United States), and Fort Monroe, covering 80 
acres, with granite walls 35 feet high, which is used as a place of 
arms and rendezvous for the Southern and Middle States. 

The chief institutions of learning are the Washington and Lee 
University, at Lexington, Roanoke College, at Salem, the Uni- 
versity of Virginia, at Charlottesville, the William and Ma)-y 
College, at Williamsburg, besides several normal schools for whites, 
the scliools at Hanqiton and Petersburg for colored students, the 
Military Institute at licxington, which is maintained by the State, 



WALKING DELEGATl,, 425 

and the Virginia Agricultural College at Blacksburg. The 
attendance is 198,120. The population of Virginia in 1880 was 
1,512,565; in 1890, it was 1,655,980, of whom 640,867 were 
colored. The net State debt was $31,525,535 ; the real property 
was valued at $261,000,000 ; the personal property at 1118,- 
000,000. The manufactures aggregated $51,810,000 ; the farm 
lands numbered 19,910,700 acres, valued at $216,028,107, pro- 
ducing $45,726,221. The mileage of railroads in 1890 was 3,160, 
and tile number of newspapers in 1892 was 262. 

Of the historic buildings, places, and physical wonders, the 
more interesting are' the Court House at Fairfax, George 
Washington's home and burial place (see Presidents), at Mount 
Vernon, Jefferson's home at Monticello, the Soldier's 
Cemetery at Arlington, opposite Washington, D. C, with its 
16,292 graves; the Natural Bridge, the Luray Caverns, the 
Yorktown Monument, the old Lee mansion at Arlington, the 
Randolph mansion, on Malvern Hill, Christ Church at Alexandria, 
where Washington worshipped, and the battlefields of Bull Run, 
and the scenes of other famous battles of the Civil War. 

The chief city is Richmond, the capital (population in 1890, 
81,388), where the tobacco manufacturing industry centres. The 
Washington monument, the Lee monument, the old St. John's 
Church, and tlie Hollywood Cemetery, are among its more attrac- 
tive sights. Norfolk (population in 1890, 34,871) is a shipping 
and railroad centre ; Petersburg (population, 22,680) and 
Lynchburg (population, 19,789) are leading manufacturing and 
business centres. Philip W. McKinney (Dem.) is Governor of 
Virginia. His term of office expires January 31, 1893. The 
State is Democratic. 

Virginius, Capture of The. — While sailing under the 
American flag, and supposed to have on board arms and men, in 
aid of the insurgents in Cuba, the steamer Virginius, on October 
31, 1873, was seized by a Spanish vessel, and a number of her 
officers and passengers were put to deaths This government, 
upon an investigation, demanded of Spain the surrender of the 
l)risoners and of the vessel, and reparation for the insult to the 
American flag. The vessel and the prisoners were surrendered, 
Spain made satisfactory apology, and an inquiry revealed the fact 
that the vessel was not entitled to sail under the American flag. 

Voting in tlie Air. (See Slang of Politics.) 

Walking Delegate. — The walking delegate is a representa- 
tive of trades unions, whose duty is to circulate among laboring 
men, and report to headquarters any grievance they may have, or 
to interview the employer in their interest. He makes himself 



426 



AVARS OF THE UXITED STATES. 



variously useful, and as he does a good deal of walking from 
place to place, he has earned the title of walking delegate. A( 
first, employers met him on an e(jual footing, hut it was not long 
hefore they refused to recognize him, preferring to deal with the 
men themselves. In not a few instances, walking delegates have 
been arrested for threatening employers with a strike unless their 
demands were complied with. 
War Democrats. (SSee Political Parties.) 
War Department. (See Federal Government.) 
War Tariff. ( See Tariffs of the United States.) 
War to the Kllife. (See Sayings of Famous Americans.) 
Wars of the United States. — The following table enimier- 
ates the wars this government has waged witli foreign nations, 
with rebellious States, and with Indian tribes, and gives also the 
number of regular troops and of volunteers, including the miUtia. 



WARS OF THE U. S. 



War of the Revolution 

AcUUtional (estimate) 

Northwestern Indian (Gen. St. 
Chiir) 

War with France 

War witli Tripoli 

Tecumseh Indian (Gen. Harri- 
son) 

Creek Indian 

War of 1812 with Great P.ritian 

" AlR-erine " 

Seminole Indian 

Black Hawk Indian 

Cherokee Disturbance or Re- 
moval 

Creek Indian Disturbance. .. 

Florida Indian 

Aroostook Disturbance 

War with Mexico 

Apache, Nav.ajo, and Utah. . 

('oni.anche Iiiili;in 

Seminole Indian 

Civil War 

Sioux Indian 

Modoc Indian 

Sioux Indi.an 

N z I'ercc Indian 

\ le Indian 

Sioux Indian 



Apr. 19, 1775 



Sept. 19, 
July y, 
June 10, 



17'.)0 
17!I8 
1801 



Apr. 11, 178.3 



Anf,^ 3, 179.') 
Sept. 30, 1800 
June 4, 180,'i 



Sept. 11, 1811 Nov. 11, 1811 
Aug. 13, 1813 Aug. 9, 1814 
June 19, 1812 Feb, 17, 1815 
Mav, 1815 June 28, 1815 
Nov. 20, 1817 Oct. 21, 1818 
Apr. 21, 1831 Sept. 31, 1832 



May 5, 
Dec. 23, 



1830 
183G 
1835 
18;i8 

Apr. 24, 1840 
1849 
1854 
1850 

Apr. 21, 1801 
1SG2 
1872 

June 25, 187C 
1877 
1879 
1890 



183' 

Sept. 3 1, 183 

Aup;. 14, 1843 

1839 

Julv 4, 1848 

1855 

18,54 

1858 

May 11, 18G.) 

18G2 



June, 
Oct., 



1873 
187G 
1877 
1879 
1890 



REOU- 
LAUS. 



1.30,711 



250 

GOO 

33,424 



1,000 
1,339 



935 
11,1G9 



MILITIA & 
VOLUN- 
TEERS 



58,750 
105,300 



CGO 

13,181 

471,022 



0,911 
5,120 

9,494 
12,483 
29,9,53 

1,.500 
73,770 

1,0{>1 
503 

2,087 



309,791 

8,983 
4,.593 
3,330 

910 

13,781 

005,040 



7,911 
0,405 

9,494 

13.41S 

4 1,1 22 

1,500 

101,282 

1,001 

503 

. 2,087 

2,772,408 



The Number of Troops enlisted in tlie Confederate cause 
has never been authentically determined. The number ha-; 
been variously estimated, but it probably approximated 000,000. 

The Number of Casualties in the volunteer and regulai- 
armies of the United States, during the war of 1801-65, was 
reported by the Provost Mai-shal General in 18GG : Killed in bat- 
tle, 61,362; died of wounds, 34,727; died of disease, 183,287; 



AVASIIINGTOX. 



427 



total died, 279,876; total deserted, 199,105. Nuniber of soldiers 
in the Confederate service who died of wounds or disease (par- 
tial statement), 183,821. Deserted (partial statement), 104,428. 
Xumber of United States troo])s captured during tlie war, 212,- 
008 ; Confederate troops captured, 476,109. Number of United 
States troops paroled on the fiehl, 10,481 ; Confederate troops 
paroled on tlie fiehl, 248,599. Number of United States troops 
who died while |n-isoners, 29,725 ; Confederate troops who died 
wlnle i^risoners, 20,774. 

Washington of tlie West. (See Presidents of the United 
States.) 

Washington, — The first settlement was at Turnwater, in 
1845 by Boston traders. It was ad- 
mitted as a State in 1889. The Cas- 
cade JMountains traverse it north and 
south from British Columbia to Oregon, 
and divide it into two unequal portions, 
the eastern section containing about 
50,000 and the western nearly 20,000 
square miles. The highest peak is 
Mount Rainier or Tacoma, 14,- 
500 feet, and tJiere are several others 
almost as high. 

The picturesque Columbia River 
enters tlie State from the north, trav- 
erses its whole breadth and witli its tributaries drains nearly its 
whole area. The Snake, Walla Walla, Spokane, Colville, and 
Clarke's Fork are its principal affluents. The State has a coast 
Ime on the Pacific of about 180 miles which furnishes many ex- 
cellent harbors. 

The Industries are lumbering, fisheries, and agriculture. 
The lumber industry yields over 1,200,000,000 feet, employing 
5,000 men, and several hundred sawmills, many of which export 
to Australia. The forests contain red firs, cedar, pines, hemlock, 
and many other woods. The Fisheries include salmon, halibut, 
oysters, sturgeon, herring, and various other food fish. Agricul- 
ture yields 15,000,000 bushels of wheat, besides large quantities 
of corn, hops, and vegetables. 

Stock Raising has assumed extensive proportions, and irri- 
gating canals extend hundreds of miles. Coal is produced to the 
amount of over 1,000,000 tons in a year. Iron ore, granite, lead, 
gold, silvcu", cop))er, sandstone, and other minerals are found. 
The population in 1880 was 75,115; in 1890 it was 849,390. 
The manufactures are worth over $8,250,134; the farm land 




Vyv'v^v^j 



GREAT SEAL OF WASHINGTON. 



428 WAYWARD SISTERS. 

acreage is over $1,409,000, vahied at over a!l3,844,000, yielding 
over $4,212,000 in a year. The daily school attendance is over 
29,247. In 1890 there were 1,783 miles of railroad, and in 1892 
therQ were 194 newspapers. 

Seattle, the capital, has a fine situation on Piiget Sound, with 
a niagniticent harbor. It is an extensive export, manufacturing, 
and commercial centre. Its population in 1880 was 4,000; in 
1890, it was 42,837. It has a fine opera house, excellent hotels, 
a beautiful Chamber of Commerce, and substantial business build- 
ings. 

Tacoma, the second city (population 30,006), is at the head 
of Puget Sound navigation, and an important railroad and ship- 
ping centre. Shi})s leave the wharves here direct for Australia, 
China, and Japan. Spokane Falls, the third city (population 
19,922), is the centre of an agricultural and mining region. The 
Governor of Washington is Elislia P. Ferry (Republican), whose 
term exi^ires January 4, 1893. The State is Republican. 

Washington Monument. (See Monuments and Statues.) 

Watchdog of the Treasury. (See Nicknames of Famous 
Americans.) 

Wayward Sisters. — Gen. Winfield Scott, m a letter to William 
II. Seward, in 1861, used the jihrase " wayward sisters" in speak- 
ing of the slave States whicli had seceded. The allusion was that 
it would be better to allow them to go in peace rather than to 
precipitate a civil Avar. 

Weather Indications. (See signal Service.) 

We Have Met the Enemy, and They Are Ours. (See Say- 
ings of Famous Americans.) 

Weigllt of Coins. (See Coinage, Free Coinage, etc.) 

We Love Him for the Enemies He Has Made. (See Say- 
mgs of Famous Americans.) 

We Must All Hang Together. (See Sayings of Famous 
Americans.) 

West Point Military Academy. (See Army, United States.) 
West Yirginia. — The State was settled at Phillipi, in 1704, 
by Americans. It was formed into a State in 1863, and Avas 
comj)Osed of the northern and Avestern counties of Virginia. 
West Virginia is extremely hilly. The Alleghany range on its 
eastern boundary contains several large peaks, and Avest of this 
range and running parallel Avith it, at an average distance of 
thirty miles, are a series of mountains scarcely inferior in height, 
Avhich enclose many fertile valleys. 



"WEST VIRGINIA. 



429 




GREAT SEAL OF WEST VIUGI>IA, 



The Scenery of tlie mount.iin regions is very fine, and forms 
a special attraction for tourists. The White (Sulphur Springs 
region is annually visited by thousnnds of ])eoi)le. The Po- 
tomac forms part of the eastern 
boundary. The JJig Sandy, Great 
and Little Kanawha, Guayandotte 
and Monongahela ai'e all navigable. 
The slack water navigation of the 
Kanawha and Monongahela is of 
much service to the commerce of the 
State, and by means of the Ohio tlie 
southern and southwestern citi(!s can 
be reached. 

Agriculture produces yearly 
about 1(),0()0,000 bushels of corn, 
3,000,000 of wheat, and 3,000,000 of 
oats ; and employs nearly two thirds 
of the people. The cliicf rural vocation is the raising of horses, 
cattle, and sheep. The Pan-Handle counties have large flocks of 
sheep, favored by the limestone soil, abundant Avater, and genial 
climate. Tliere are 1,600,000 head of livestock. The tobacco 
industry yields 5,000,000 pounds in a year, valued at $400,000. 

Lumbering and Coal Mining are extensive industries; 
in coal-production. West Virginia stands fourth among the 
States, having an annual outjMit of G,.'iOO,000 tons, chiefly bitum- 
inous. In petroleum production tlie State stands third, averaging 
360,000 barrels in a year. Natural gas, iron-ore, salt, sandstone, 
limestone, marble, copper are also produced. 

The population in 1880 M^as 618,457; in 1890, it wa> 762,794. 
The real property was valued at $119,000,000, the ])ersonal prop- 
erty at $60,000,000. The manufactures produce in a vcar over 
$22,860,000. The farm lands cover 10,225,000 acres, valued at 
$133,147,115, yielding $19,360,049. The daily school atten- 
dance is 121,700. In 1S90 there were 1,327 miles of railroads, 
and in 1892 there were 152 newspapers. 

Wheeling, the chief city, is a thriving manufacturing centre, 
admirably situated on the Oliio River. The population in 1890 
was 35,013. Tlie second city is Huntingdon (population 10,- 
108). Parkersburg is the third city (population 8,408), and 
tlie shipjiing point of the ]>etroleum region. Cliarleston (popula- 
tion 6,734) is tlie capital, and has many salt s|)rings. The Gov- 
ern(n- of West Virginia is William ll.Ohley (Democrat). His 
term of oftice expires March 4, 1893. 'J'he State is Democratic. 

Wets. (See Slang of I'olitics.) 



430 Avii.Mor I'uoviso. 

WliJii A (lilorioiis 3Ioriiiiii:: Is This ! (See Sayings of 
Fatuous AiiuM'icans.) 

Mh'di Hath (Jod Wroil2:ht. (See TelegTa})h, The.) 
Wheat, Prod net ioii of. (See Agriculture.) 
WlliiJIS. (See ]\.litical Parties.) 

"Whiskey King, Tlie. — During tlio tirst ailmiuistration of 
President Grant, a conspiracy Avas brouglitto liglit Avhieli incrinii 
nated a large number of Federal oUicials. Investigation showe<l 
tliat a large anunint of -whiskey, which had been represented as 
stored, had actually been shipped to various j)arts of the countr\-, 
with the connivance of collectors, gangers, and other officials. 
'J'hc purpose of the conspirators was to dt'fraud the government 
of the taxes on the liquor. Many high Federal othcials were 
implicated, and the scandal created a jn-ofound sensation. The 
result was the indictment of over two hundred j>ersons, and the 
confiscation of |!a,500,000 worth of whiskey, on May 10, 1875. 

"Whitewash. (^See Slang of Politics.) 

Widows of rresidents Jiiid Federal OHieers on Pension 

liist. (See Pension Office.) 

Widows of Kevolntionary Soldiers on Pension List. 

(See Pension Office.) 

Wilniot. Proviso. (See Omnibus Pill.) — So called from the 
fact that it was introdu^-i'd by Congressman Pavitl Wilmot, of 
Pennsylvania. On August S, 184(5, President Polk requested of 
Congress an appropriation of money with which to make a treaty 
with Alexico, by ]»urchasmg such of her territory as this govern- 
ment might Avant, and thus to settle the war then being carried 
on. The bill appropriating the money, §!2,000,(HH\ brought ui> 
the slavery question, "Wilmot, who acted upon the advice of 
Northern Democrats, offering a ]>roviso that " neither slavery nor 
involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, 
(to be purchased), exce])t for crime, whereof the ])arty shall first 
be convicted.'' The Whigs and Northern Democrats favored the 
proviso, and it })assed the House, but arrived in the Senate too 
late to be acted upon. In the next Congress, AVilmot introduced 
his proviso again, but lie failed in two attempts to put it through. 
In the discussion, the doctrine of "Squatter Sovereignty'" Mas 
eniinciated, which was in effect that the people of a State or 
Territory should settle the ipiestion of slavery themselves. 

Wire-Pnller. (See Slang of IVditics.) 

Wisconsin. — The country was settled at La Pointe, in U)i>5, 
by Frenchmen who built a mission there. The discovery in this 



AVISCONSIN. 



431 



region of prehistoric inijileiiu'iits, and of earthworks in the shape 
of mounds, have led ethnologists to believe that at some earlv 
age the country was inhabited by an unknown tribe who are 
supposed to have been what experts call " Mound-Build- 
ers." 

Wisconshi became a State in 1847, and its development since 
then has been rapid. Its general character is that of a large 

plain. The plain is from six hundri'd 
tolifteen hundred feet above the le\'el 
of the sea. The JMississippi, Fox, and 
Wisconsin Kivers have a considerable 
descent while passing through or along 
'1"^ the boundary of the State, thus fur- 







GRKAT SaAL OF WISCONSIN. 



nishing valuable water })ower. Be- 
sides the great lakes — Superior on 
the north and JVIichigan on the east 
— there are numerous bodies of 
water in the central and northern ])arls 
of the State. These lakes are from 
five to thirty miles in extent, with 
high picturesque banks, and as a rule, 
dee)) water. From those many rivers take their rise, a nund)er 
liaving beautiful cascades or rapids, and Howing through narrow, 
rocky gorges, or " dells," the scenery of Avhich has l)ec()me 
famous. Wisconsin has an endless variety of beautiful scenery. 
Tlie four lakes which surround Madison ; the Dells, near Kil- 
bourn City; the Aveird beauty of Devil's Lake, which in the 
mystery of its origin rivals Lake Tahoe ; and the calm peace 
which reigns at Geneva Lake, all possess attractions for summer 
tourists. 

The Wisconsin Forests are the most valuable of its resources, 
the annual output of lumber aggregating over 1,500,000,000 feet, 
besides an enormous <[uantity of laths and shingles. Pine, oak, 
birch, bassAVood, po})lar, s[)ruce here grow in the utmost i)ro- 
fusion. 

The Farms, according to the latest estimates, are worth |!lOO,- 
000,000, yielding 40,000,000 bushels of oats, almost as many of 
corn, 20,000,000 of wheat, 12,000,000 of barley, 11,000,000 of 
potatoes, besides immense crops of hay and a})ples. Of tobacco, 
the yield is over 20,000,000 pounds. Fruit, llax, and wild rice 
yield large harvests. 

The Live-Stock. is valued at $75,000,000, including over a mil- 
lion cattle, 890,000 sheep, 400,(»00 horses, and 75O,0OO'^swine. The 
dairy industry yields 3r),0(»0,(tOO i)Ounds of butter and .■)0,000,. 
000 of chcesi". In Iron ores, Wisconsin is the sixth State, 



432 WOMAN SUFFRAGE, 

yielding in a year over 800,000 tons. Other valuable mineral 
products are quicklime, sandstone, lead, zinc, bricks, limestone, 
[)i|»estone, and cement. 

The Manufactures are most diversified, airtrresratinix in a 
5'^ear upwards of $140,000,000. The mineral springs of the State 
are numerous, and are patronized by thousands. 

The chief educational institutions are llacine College at 
Ilacune, the ITniversity of Wisconsin at ]\[a(bson, Beloit College 
at Beloit, besides five State Normal Schools, and many sectarian 
institutions. The population of Wisconsin in 1880 was 1,315,- 
407 ; in 1890 it was 1,686,880. The real property was valued 
at $455,000,000, the personal property at $125,000,000. The 
farm lands cover over 16,000,000 acres, valued at $400,000,000. 
The daily school attendance is 200,457. In 1890, there were 
5,583 miles of railroad, and in 1892 there were 529 newspapers. 

Milwaukee, the chief city, had a population in 1890 of 
204,468. It is situated on Lake JMichigan, having a fine harbor 
which is protected by a lai'ge breakwater. There are large grain 
elevators where grain is loaded onto vessels bound for the East. 
Steamers have left this harbor loaded with grain and niill pro- 
ducts direct to England. 

There is an immense Shipping Trade. In entrances and 
clearances it follows closely upon Chicago, the number last year 
exceeding twenty thousand. It is the centre of an immense beer- 
brewing business. 

La Crosse, the second city (po])ulation, 25,090), is a prosperous 
manufacturing city, situated on the Mississipj)i, Oshkosh, the 
third city, another manufactunng centre (population, 22,836), is 
situated on Lake Winnebago, Madison, the cai)ital (population, 
13,426), is in the centre of beautiful lake -country, and has several 
fine public buildings. The Chautaucpum assemblies are annually 
held here. The Governor of Wisconsin is (4eorge W. Peek 
(Democrat), whose term expires January 2, 1893. The Stateis 
Republican. 

Wizard of Kinderkook. (See I'l-esidents of the Uniti-d 
States.) 

Woinail Suffrage. — Woman suffrage is credited with having 
begun in France in 1790, but it took no definite form. New Jer- 
sey in 1793 imposed certain restrictions on voters, and included 
both sexes. The act was repealed fourteen years later. The 
first woman's rights convention was held at Seneca Falls, N. Y., 
in 1848. The demand for suffrage was based on the ground 
that manv women are tax-payers, that all are interested in good 
government, and that it is unjust for women of intelligence to be 



AVOMKN's CIIKISTIAN TEMPKRA.NCK UNION. 433 

(Icprivod of a vote while ignorant men liave a voice in the gov- 
ernment. Tliey assert that their iniluence will have a purifying 
effeiet on pohtics. Practically the same arguments are made to- 
day, 'i'he first National Convention was held at Worcester, 
Mass., in 1850. The proi)osition to admit women to suffrage has 
for many years been sul)iiiitted to the successive State and 
national conventions, and in some sections of the country the 
pubHc sentiment in its favor has assumed great strengtli. In 
187U tlie Rei>ublican State Convention of JVIassaclmsetts admitted 
lAu-y Stone and Mary A. Livermore as delegates. The Kepuh- 
licau National Conventions of 1872 and 1870 resolved tliat "the 
honest demands " of this " class of citizens for additional riglxts 
. . . sliould be treated with respectful consideration." 
The Prohibition party, in its platform of 1872, liad a woman 
suffrage plank, and the Greenback national platform of 1884 
favored tlie submission of a woman suffrage amendment to the 
people. The woman suffragists, organized as tlie Equal Rights 
Party (which see) in 1884, nominated Belva A, Lockwood for 
the Presidency. She had 2,500 votes. Tlie right to vote for 
School GommiLtees, etc., has been granted to women in Ari- 
zona, Colorado, Delaware, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Ken- 
tucky, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, New 
Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Oklahoma, 
Oregon, South Dakota, Texas, Vermont, Wasliington, and Wis- 
consin, In Kansas women have ecpial suffrage with men in 
municipal elections. In Wyoming they have voted for State and 
municipal officers since 1870. In Montana the Constitution guar- 
antees women a vote on local taxation. In New York, women 
vote at scliool elections (3,000 voted in Bingliamton in 1890), at 
waterworks elections, and on questions of paving, grading, drain- 
age, street lighting, and other local improvements ; 47 women 
voted at the State election in 1887, and were not punished. In 
Pennsylvania they vote on local improvements (paving, etc.), by 
signing or refusing to sign petitions therefor. In 1889, a joint 
committee of Congress reported in favor of amending the United 
States Constitution to relieve the women of the whole country 
(about 13,000,000) from all disfranchisement. Congress did not 
act upon these reports. Twenty-nine States and Territories, in 
all, have given women some form of suffrage. 

Women's Christian Tomperance Union, The. — Unques- 
tionably the most powerful agency at work in the cause of 
temperance is the Women's Christian 1^emi)erance Union. The 
ol)ject of the Union is thus defincMl : To unify throughout the 
world the work of women in temperance and social reform and 
to circulate a petition addressed to all the governments of the 



434 women's cheistian temperance union. 

world for the overthrow of the alcohol and opium trades. 
Metliods : Preventive, Educational, Evangelistic, Social, and 
Legal. Time of Prayer : Noontide. Badge : A Knot of White 
Ribbon. Watchwords: Agitate! Organize! 

The Union has been actively at work under its present organi- 
zation since 1874, and its aims are accomplished by the more 
modern methods of temperance agitation, which are along the 
line of education. The Union has a newspapei-, Avhich is published 
in Chicago, and has a wide circulation. It is published by a stock 
company, which also conducts the other publishing business of 
the Union, which is very extensive, over 1"25,000,OUO pages 
having been published in 1891. In order to impress the coming 
generation with the evils of tlie drink habit, the Union a few years 
ago sought to have the study of what is called scientific temper- 
ance introduced as a study in the common schools. Thirty- four 
States, through the efforts of the Union, have adopted laws 
requiring in the public schools the study of Scientific Tem- 
perance. Laws have also been secui-ed forbidding the sale of 
tobacco to minors, and the members of the Union in all parts of 
the world are collecting a monster petition against legalizing the 
sale of alcoholics and opium, M'hicli will be presented to the rulers 
of the civilized nations as soon as two million names have been 
secured. 

The Headquarters of the Union in this coimtry are in Chi- 
cago, where there is in course of erection tlie Woman's Temperance 
Temple, which will cost over one million dollars. The Woman's 
National Temperance Hospital is also in Cliieago. Connected 
with the Publication House is a Lecture Bureau which sends 
speakers to all parts of the country. The Union has interna- 
tional connections, already having auxiliary unions at work in 
thirty-three different nationalities. In this country there are 
10,000 local unions, having a membership and following of nearly 
500,000. A notal)le feature of the organization is that it is con- 
ducted entirely by women. Besides its work in the temperance 
cause, the Union has accomplished great reforms in the manage- 
ment of Industrial Homes for girls, and many of these homes 
have been establislied solely througli its efforts. Laws for the 
better protection of women and girls, refuges for abandoned 
women, and legislation raising the age of consent have all been 
secured through a department for the jiromotion of social purity, 
which is under the supervision of the President, Frances E. Wil- 
lard. The officers of the National Organization are : President^ 
Frances E. Willard, Evanston, 111. ; Corresponding Secretary, 
Caroline B. Buell, Chicago ; Recording Secretary, Mary A. 
Woodbridge, llavenna, Ohio ; Treasurer, Esther Pugh, Chicago. 



WOKLD S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 435 

Wood-Pulp Miller. (See Nicknames of Famous Americans.) 
Wool, Production of. (See Agriculture.) 
World's Columbiau Exposition, The. 

State Exhibits. Foreign Exhibits. 

Buildings. Columbus Celebrations. 

Previous Expositions. World's Congress Auxuiaiy. 

In 1887, the proposition to celebrate the four hundredlli 
anniversary of the discovery of America by an International 
Exposition of arts, industries, and manufactures, and of the prod- 
ucts of the soil, mine, and sea was put forth. In 1889, the lead- 
ing cities of the East, besides Chicago, St. Louis, and Cincinnati, of 
the West, competed with one another for the site of the Exposi- 
tion. The contest was reduced to Chicago and New York, and 
Chicago won. The act j^roviding for the holding of the Exposi- 
tion was approved on April 25, 1890. It authorized the ap- 
pointment of commissioners who should organize the Exposi- 
tion, and when these preliminaries were completed, the President 
was required to make a public proclamation of the fact and 
officially invite " all the nations of the earth " to particijjate in the 
Exposition. This proclamation was issued December '24, 1890. 

The following States and Territories made Appropria- 
tions toward expenses at the fair in the amounts named : 
Arizona, 130,000 ; California, 1300,000 ; Colorado, $100,000 ; 
Delaware, * 1 0,000 ; Idaho, 120,000; Illinois, $800,000; Indian.a, 
175,000 ; Iowa, $50,000 ; Maine, $40,000 ; Massachusetts, $75,- 
000 ; Michigan, $100,000; Minnesota, $50,000; Missouri, $150,- 
000; Montana, $50,000; Nebraska, $50,000; New Hampshire, 
$•25,000 ; New' Jersey, $20,000 ; New Mexico, $25,000 ; North 
Carolina, $25,000 ; North Dakota, $25,000 ; Ohio, $100,000 ; 
Pennsylvania, $300,000 ; Rhode Island, $25,000 ; Vermont, 
$20,000; Washington, $100,000; West Virginia, $40,000 ; Wis- 
consin, $65,000; Wyoming, $30,000 ; total, $"2,700,000. In other 
States upwards of a million dollars was subscribed by individuals 
Practically all of the civilized nations of the world will be repre- 
sented by exhibits. 

Jackson Park, the site of the Exposition, is in the south- 
eastern part of the city of Chicago. The section set apart for 
the site of the Exposition covered 666 acres, overlpoking Lake 
Michigan, with a park front a mile and a half long. The money 
spent in grading and filling this site, which originally was a half 
marsh and half prairie, was $450,400 ; in landscape gardening 
$323,490; in viaducts and bridges, $125,000 ; in piers, $70,000 ; 
in waterway improvements, $225,000 ; in railways (to the park) 



436 WOKLd's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 

1500,000 ; steam plant, $800,000 ; electricity, $500,000 ; statuary 
on buildings, $100,000 ; vases, lamps, and posts, $50,000 ; sew- 
erage, water supply, etc., $800,000. The Income of the Exposi- 
tion from all sources is estimated at $23,000,000, including 
$5,628,000 stock-subscriptions, $5,000,000 Chicago city bonds, 
gate r^?iceipts (estimated), $10,000,000 ; concessions, $1,500,000 ; 
saUd,ge, $1,000,000; interest, $27,000. This was supplemented 
by a bill introduced in Congress for the appropriation of $5,- 
000,000 by the government. 

The plans for the Dedication' of the Exposition buildings, 
were decided upon as follows : On October 12, 1892, a national 
salute, and, in the early part of the forenoon, the troops, both of 
the regular army and the national guard, assembled und-er the 
command of Gen. Nelson A. Miles, U. S. A., and reviewed by the 
President of the United States at 11 a. m. Immediately after 
the review, the ceremonies proper in the great manufacturers' 
building, a march by the orchestra, composed especially for the 
occasion by John K. Payne ; 2, a prayer by Bishop Charles II. 
Fowler, D. D., LL. D., of California ; 3, presentation by the 
chief of construction, Mr. Burnhara, of the master artists of the 
Exposition and their completed work ; 4, report by the director- 
general of the Exposition, Col. George R. Davis ; 5, presentation 
of the buildings to the president of the national commission by 
the president of the local directory ; 6, vocal chorus, " The 
Heavens Are Telling," Haydn ; 7, presentation of the buildings 
to the President of the United States by the president of tlie 
national commission; 8, march and chorus from "Tlie Ruins of 
Athens," Beethoven ; 9, dedication of the buildings by the Presi- 
dent of the United States ; 10^ hallelujah chorus from « The 
Messiah," Handel; 11, dedicatory oration, by Hon. W. C. P. 
Breckinridge of Kentucky; 12, dedicatory ode, words by Miss 
Harriet Monroe, music by Professor Chadwick; 13, " The Star 
Spangled Banner " and " America," with grand chorus and full 
orchestral accompaniment; 14, national salute. In the evening 
a magnificent display of fireworks, and the grand allegoric parade, 
the " Procession of the Centuries." On October 13, receptions, 
military manceuvres, and a grand dress parade of all the troops, 
with more pyrotechnics and a repetition of the allegoric " Pro- 
cession of the Centuries." A grand Civic and Industrial 
Display, including illustrations of the leading events in the life 
of Columbus, and the history of the country. A dedication ball 
in the evening. 

The Exposition Buildings, for the construction of which 
$6,740,000 was appropriated, were designed to cover an area under 
roof of 150 acres, equal to the area under roof of the Paris (1889), 



WORLD S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 437 

the Philadelphia (187G), and the Vienna (1873) Expositions com- 
bined. This area of 150 acres is exclusive of the State and for- 
eign buildings. The Adniinistralion Building is pronounced 
the gem. and crown of the Exj)osition ])alaces. It is located at 
the west end of the great court in the southern part of the site, 
looking eastward, and at its rear are the transportation facilities 
and depots. The most conspicuous object on the grounds is the 
gilded dome of this lofty building. This imposing edifice cost 
about $-1:50,000. It covers an area of 260 feet square, and con- 
sists of four pavilions 84 feet square, one at each of the four 
angles of the square and connected by a great central octagonal 
dome 120 feet in diameter and 220 feet in height. The general 
design is in the style of the French Keuaissance. All the depart- 
ments and most of the subordinate departments have exhibits. 
One of the unique exhibits is that of the Navy Department, a 
feature of which is a full sized model 348 feet long of one of the 
new coast-line battleships, built by the Cramps at Philadelphia. 
This Imitation Battleship of 1893 is erected on piling on the 
Lake front in the northeast portion of Jackson ]*ark. It is sur- 
rounded by water, and has the apjtearance of being moored to a 
wharf. The structure wilt have all the fittings that belong to 
the actual ship, such as guns, turrets, torpedo tubes, torpedo nets 
and booms, with boats, anchors, chain cables, davits, awnings, 
deck fittings, etc., etc., together with all. appliances for working 
the same. Officers, seamen, mechanics, and marines are detailed 
by the navy department during the Exposition, and the discipline 
and mode of life on our naval vessels are completely shown. 
The Transportation Building is exquisitely refined and 
simple in architectural treatment, although it is very rich and 
elaborate in detail. In style it savors much of the Romanesque. 
The main building measures 960 x 250 feet, and cost $300,000. 
The transportation exhibits naturally include everything of what- 
soever name or sort, devoted .to the purpose of transportation, 
and range from a baby carriage to a mogul engine, from a cash 
conveyor to a balloon or carrier pigeon. 

Machinery Hall has been pronounced by many architects 
second only to the Administration Building in ai-chiteotural 
beauty. The building is sj^anned by three arched trusses and the 
interior presents the appearance of three railroad train-houses, 
side by side, surrounded on all of the four sides by a gallery fifty 
feet wide. The trusses are built separately, so that they can be 
taken down and sold for use as railroad train-houses. In each 
of the long naves there io an elevated travelling-crane running 
from end to eiui of the building for the purpose of moving 
machinery. These platforms are built so that visitors may view 
the o])eration of the machinery from them. 



48S world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 

Facing the gi-e;it lagoon in the nortliwestern part of the park 
is the superb Woman's Building, designed by a woman, Miss 
llayden, of Boston. The structure is liUO by 4<I0 feet, and cost 
1120,000, Italian Renaissance is tlie style selected. The niain 
grouping consists of a centre pavilion, tiankcd at each end Avitli 
corner pavilions, connected in the lirst story by oi)en arcades in 
the curtains, forming a shady promenade the whole length of tlu; 
structure. The lirst story is raised about ten feet from the 
ground line, and a wide staircase leads to the centre pavilion. 
This pavilion, forming the main triple-arched entrance, with an 
open colonnade in the second story, is finished with a low and 
beautifully proportioned pediment, enriched Avith a highly elabo- 
rate bas-relief. Here are located the Hanging Gardens, and 
also the committee-rooms of the Board of J.ady ^Alaiiagei's, 

The building for Manufactures and Liberal Arts is the 
largest exposition building ever erected or contemi)lated. It is 
1,(>»7 feet long by 787 feet Avide, its greatest dimension being 
north and south. It covers an area of oi)^ acres. It is rectangu- 
lar in form, its central hall being surrouncled by a nave and two 
galleries. The cost of the building is 11,500,000. The feature 
of the building is the great centi-al hall. It has .a clear space of 
1,280 feet by 880 feet. Its roof rises to a height of 245^ feet at the 
apex, and the 380 feet space is covered by a single arched span, 
without a supporting column. The height from the floor to the 
centre of the arch is 201 feet, clear, and the height of the lantern 
above the arch is 44^ feet. TMcnty-two steel arches siippoit 
the centre of the roof. Each arch weighs 125 tons, and more 
than 5,000 tons of steel enter into the construction of the hall. 
Only by comparison with existing structures can anj'- adequate 
idea be formed of the size of this building. It is three times as 
large as St. Peter's Cathedral in Borne, and the largest 
church in Chicago can be placed Avithin the A'estibule of 8t. 
Peter's. Its central hall, Avhich .occupies but one third of its 
area, Avill comfortably seat 50,000 jx'ople. The f)ui]ding is in 
the Corinthian style of architecture and is severely classic. 

The Hall of Mines and Mining is 350 by 700 feet. Its 
architecture is the early Italian Renaissance, the exterior presenting 
a massive though graceful appearance. The principal fronts 
display enormous arched entrances, richly embellished witli 
sculptural decorations, emblematic of mining and its allied indus- 
tries. Marbles of different hues are used as facings, being also a 
part of the mining exhibit. The main fronts are 65 feet high and 
the main entrances 90 feet high. The roof is of steel cantih'A ei- 
trusses supported by steel columns (15 feet ajiart longitudinally 
and 115 feet and 57 feet 6 inches Avide transversely, making clear 



AVOKLI) S COLUMHIA.Y EXI'OSITIOK. 4;^9 

space in the centre of the building 680 feet long and 115 feet 
Avide, and on each side a space of 57 feet 6 inches by 630 feet, 
leaving the central space encumbered by only sixteen supporting 
posts. It is said that the cantilever system as ap2)]ied to roofs 
was never l)eforo used on so large a scale. The cost of this 
liiiilding is |"J60,000, and it covers an area of 5.6 acres. 

(4recian-Ioiiic in style, the Fine Arts Building is a pure 
type of the most refined classic architecture. It cost over $500,- 
OUO. The building is oblong, and is 500 by 320 feet, intersected 
north, east, south, and west by a great nave and transept 100 
feet wide and 70 feet high, at the intersection of which is a great 
dome 60 feet in diameter. The building is 125 feet to the top 
of the dome, which is surmounted by a colossal statue of the 
type of famous figures of Winged Victory. 'I'he transept has a 
clear space through the centre of 60 feet, being lighted entirely 
from above. On either side are galleries 20 feet wide and 24 
feet above the floor. The Collections of sculpture are displayed 
on the main floor of the nave and transei)t, and on the walls both 
of the ground floor and of the galleries are ample areas for dis- 
playing the paintings and sculptured panels in relief. The 
corners made by the crossing of the nave and transept are filled 
with small picture galleries, Aroujid the entire building are 
galleries 40 feet wide, forming a continuous promenade around 
the classic structure. The main building is entered by four 
Great Portals, richly ornamented with architectural sculpture 
ami approached by broad flights of ste|)s. The walls of fthe 
loggia of the colonnades are highly decorated with mural paintings, 
illustrating the history and progress of the arts. The frieze of 
the exterior walls and the pediments of the principal entrances 
are ornamented with sculptures and ])ortraits in bas-relief of 
the masters of ancient art. The general tone of color is light 
gray stone. 

The Horticultural Building is 1,000 feet long, with an ex- 
treme width of 250 feet, and costs 1200,000. The plan is a 
central |>avilion with two end pavilions, each connected with the 
central one by front and rear curtains, forming two interior courts, 
ea(;h 88 by 270 feet. These courts are lioautifully decorated in 
color and planted with ornamental shrubs and flowers. The 
centre pavilion is roofed by a crystal dome 187 feet in diameter 
and 113 feet high, under which are exhibited the tallest palms, 
bamboos, and tree ferns. It was designecl to contain not only a 
complete exhibit of dairy )>roducts, but also a dairy school, in 
connection with which will be conducted a series of tests for d( 
termining the relative merits of different breeds of dairy cattle as 
milk and butter producers. 



440 world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 

The Dairy School, it is believed, will he most instructive and 
valuable to asj^riculturists. Tlie school will include a contest be- 
tween both herds and individuals of the chief breeds of dairy 
cattle, with a view of ascertaining the respective merits of each in 
milk-giving and butter-producing. Each hei-d will be charged 
each day with the food consumed, accurately weighed, and will 
be credited with the milk and butter produced. Spectators will 
be able to obtain an excellent view of the processes in all their 
stages. The Tests and all details of management will be under 
lules prepared by a committee com]>osed of one member from 
each of the dairy cattle associations in the United States, three 
from the Columbian Dairy Association, three from the agricultural 
colleges and United States experimental stations, and one from 
the manufacturers of dairy utensils. The results of this test and 
of the exhibition, which will be made of the latest and most ad- 
vanced scientifiG methods known in connection with the feeding 
and care of cattle, the treatment of milk, and the production of 
butter and cheese, cannot fail to be of great and lasting benefit to 
the dairy interests of this country. 

One of the most artistic of the Exposition palaces is the 
Fisheries Building, wliich embraces a large central structure 
with two smaller polygonal buildings connected with it on either 
end by arcades. It cost $20(),000." The extreme length of the 
building is 1,100 feet and the width 200 feet. In the central 
portion is the general fisheries exhibit. In one of the polygonal 
buildings is the angling exhibit and in the other the aquaria. 
The exterior of the building is Spanish-Romanesque, which con- 
trasts agreeably in appearance with that of the other buildings. 
The glass fronts of the aquaria are in length about 575 feet 
and have 3,000 square feet of surface. They make a panorama 
never before seen in any exhibition and rival the great perma- 
nent aquariums of the Avorld, not only in size, but in all othot- 
respects. The total Water Capacity of the aquaria, exclusive 
of reservoirs, is 18,725 cubic feet, or 140,000 gallons. This 
weighs 1,192,425 pounds, or almost 600 tons. In the entire salt- 
water circulation, including reservoirs, there are about 80,000 
gallons. The supply of sea water was secured by evapt>rating 
the necessary quantity at the Woods lloll station of the United 
States fish commission to about one fifth its ])ulk, thus reducing 
both quantity and Aveight f(n' transportation about 80 per cent. 
The fresh water required to restore it to its ])ro]>er density was 
supplied from Lake JMichigan. In transporting^ the marine fishes 
to Chicago from the coast there was an addition of pi-obably 
0,000 gallons of pure sea water to the supply on each trip. 
The Fish Exhibit is a wonderful one, and not the least intor- 



world's t;OLUMBlAN EXPOSITION. 441 

esting portion of it is the aquarial or live fish display. This is 
approached through one of the arcades from the main building. 
In the centre of the polygonal building is a rotunda 60 feet ir, 
diameter, in the middle of which is a basin or pool twenty-six feet 
wide, from which rises a towering mass of rocks covered with 
moss and lichens. From clefts and crevices in the rocks crystal 
streams of water gush and drop to the masses of reeds, rushes, 
and ornamental semi-aquatic plants in the basin below. In this 
pool gorgeous gold fishes, golden ides, golden trench, and other 
iishes disport. From the rotunda one side of the larger series of 
aquaria may be viewed. These are ten in number, and have a 
capacity of 7,000 to 27,000 gallons of water each. 

The Forestry Building is, in appearance, perhaps the most 
novel of all the Exposition structures. Its dimensions are 200 by 
500 feet, and the cost was $'200,000. To a remarkable degree its 
architecture is of the rustic order. On all four sides of the build- 
ing is a veranda, supjjorting the roof of which is a colonnade 
consisting of a series of columns composed of three tree trunks 
each 25 feet in length, one of them from 16 to 20 inches in diam- 
eter and the others smaller. All of these trunks are left in their 
natural state with bark undisturbed. They are contributed by 
the different States and Territories of the Union and by foreign 
countries, each furnishing specimens of its most characteristic 
trees. The sides of the building are constructed of slabs with 
the bark removed. The Avindow frames are treated in the same 
rustic manner as is the rest of the building. The main entrance 
is elaborately finished in different kinds of wood, the material 
and workmanship being contributed by the wood-workers of 
the world. The other entrances are finished artistically to 
represent the woods of different countries and regions. The 
roof is thatched, not with straw, as was erroneously stated some 
time ago, but with tanbark and other barks. The interior of the 
building is finished in various woods in a way to show their 
beautiful graiiiing, suscejitibility to polish, etc. The visitor can 
make no mistake as to the kinds of tree trunks which form the 
colonnade, for he Avill see upon each one a tablet upon which are 
inscril)ed the cotnmon and scientific name, the State or country 
from Avhich the trunk was contributed, and other pertinent infor- 
mation, such as the approximate quantity of such timl)er in the 
region whence it came. Surmounting the cornice of the veranda 
and extending all around the building are numerous flagstaffs, 
bearing the colors, coats-of-arms, etc., of the nations and States 
represented in the exhibits inside. 

The Forestry Building contains a most varied exhibition of 
Forest Products in general — the most complete which could 



442 world's columbmn" exposition. 

be gathered togethei-. It contains logs and sections of trees, 
worked lumber in tlie form of shingles, flooring, casing, etc. 
There are shown here rare woods and barks, mosses, galls, 
wood pulj^, wooden ware, rattan, rosins, gums, vegetable ivory, etc. 

The Electrical Building, the seat of perhaps the most novel 
and brilHant exhibit in the exposition, is based upon a nave 11.') 
feet wide and 114 feet higli, crossed in the middle by a transept 
of similar dimensions. The building is an attractive one, with 
many towers, and spires, and masts for display of banners and 
electric lights at niglit. In the design of this building it was 
j)roposed by the architects to so devise the details and general 
outhnes that they might be capable of providing an electrical 
illumination by night on a scale hitherto unknown, the flagstaff's, 
open porticoes, and towers being especially arranged with this in 
view. The building cost $375,000. 

One of the magnitieent structures raised for the Exposition is 
the Agricultural Building. The style of architecture is 
classic Kenaissance. The building is five hundred by eight hun- 
dred feet, its longest dimensions being east and west. The north 
line of the building is almost on a line with the pier extending 
into the lake, on which heroic columns, emblematic of the thirteen 
original States, are raised. A lagoon stretches out along this 
entire front of the buihling. The east front looks out into a 
harbor which aft'ords refuge for numerous pleasure craft. Tlie 
entire west exposm-e of the building faces a branch of the lagoon 
that extends along the north side. With these picturesque sur- 
rouiulings as an inspiration, the architects have brought out 
designs that have been pronounced all but faultless. For a single 
story building the design is bold and heroic. The general cornice 
line is sixty-five feet above grade. On either side of the main 
entrance arc mammoth Corinthian Pillars fifty feet high and 
five feet in diameter. On each corner and from the centre of the 
building pavilions are reared, the centre one being one hundred 
and foity-fonr feet square. The corner pavilions are connected 
by curtains, forming a continuous arcade around the toj) of the 
building. All tin-ough the main vestibule statuary has been 
designed, illustrative of the agricultural industry. Similar de- 
signs are grouped about all of the grand entrances in the most 
elaborate manner. The corner pavilions are surmounted by 
domes ninety-six feet high and above these tower groups of 
statuary. The design for these domes is that of three women, of 
herculean proportions, suppoiting a mammoth globe. To the 
southward of the Agricultural liuihling is a spacious structure 
devoted chiefly to a Livestock and Agricultural Assem- 
bly hall. This building is conveniently near one of the stations 



.'o 



WORLD S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION, 443 

of the elevated railway. It is a very handsome building and was 
designed t-o be the common meeting point for all persons inter- 
ested in live stock and agricultural pursuits. An assembly room, 
seating fifteen hundred persons, furnishes facilities for lectures, 
by gentlemen eminent in their special fields of work, embracing 
every interest connected with live stock, agriculture, and allied 
industries. Such a building was never erected at any exposition, 
and its construction here sliows that the board of directors pur- 
posed affording every desirable facility that they could furnish to 
aid the great live stock and agricultural interestSo The Agricul- 
tural and Live Stock Buildings cost upwards of $800,000. 

World's Congress Auxiliary. — The World's Congress 
Auxiliary is an organization authorized and supported by the 
Exposition corporation for the purpose of bringing to Chicago a 
series of world s conventions of leaders in the various depart- 
nuMits of Inunan progress during the exposition season of 1893. 
The auxiliaiy has also been recognized by the Government of the 
United States as the appropriate agency to conduct this impor- 
tant work. Its general announcement was sent to foreign govern- 
ments by the department of State, and an appropriation for its 
expenses was made by Congress. The Congress will hold sj^ecial 
sessions at which all questions affecting the moral, industrial, and 
social improvement of the world will be discussetl, and the aim 
Avill be to have the ablest living representatives in science, relir 
gion, art, music, literature, social science, education, philosophy, 
etc., lend their presence to the sessions. The discussions of the 
Congress, the addresses made, and the papers read, it is expected, 
will be preserved in encyclopedic form. 

Other Columbus Celebrations. — A most interesting 
feature of the quadro-centenary will be a naval review in New 
Yoi'k Harbor in April, 1893, to which foreign nations have been 
invited to send ships of war to join the United States Navy in 
rendezvous at IIam|)ton Roads, and to proceed thence to New 
Vi>rk. It is also proposed to have the 13,000,000 j)ublic School 
Children in the United States, on a given day, unite in celebrat- 
ing the discovery of America, with fitting exercises. Brazil 
will also commemorate the 400th anniversary of the discovery of 
America by a world's fair to be held at Ili-o de Janeii'o, under 
government auspices, beginning November, 1892. In Spain a 
royal decree was issued, January 10, 1891, providing for the ap- 
pointment of a committee to organize the celebration of the 
quadi-o-centeiiary of the discovery of America. It is provided by 
the decree tliat Portugal and the United States be invited to be 
represented on the committee. A feature of the celebration will 
be a congress to be held at Iluelvato (lommemorate the departure 



444 world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 



1 



of Columbus. In Madrid there will Le exhibitions of the arts 
and industries of the period of Columbus. The Madrid exposition 
will be opened September 12, 181)2, and will close December ol, 
1892. The exhibits Avill be classified in their histoiical order, be- 
ginning with plans, models, reproductions, or drawings of ancient 
American caverns, and everything showing any trace of their 
having been used as human dweUings. Plans and models of 
prehistoric American monuments and dwellings, as well as stone 
arms, articles made of horn and bones, pottery, and ornaments, 
and arms, and utensils of the copper and bronze ages will be 
exhibited. Following these there will be exhibits of all kinds of 
articles of this historic period. The quadro-centenary will be 
celebrated at Genoa, the Birthplace of Columbus, under the 
auspices of the King of Italy. An exposition of Italian and 
American products will be a feature. A new opera, " Columbus," 
composed by Baron Franchetti, will be presented, and there will 
be a museum of Columbian antiquities. Columbia, South 
America, will have an exposition from July 20 to October 31, 
1892, after which the best part of the collection will be sent to 
Chicago. The Circulo Colon-Cervantez, a Spanish and Spanish- 
American Society of New York City, will celebrate the Landing 
of Columbus, October 12,1892, with a grand historical pageant 
in the streets of New York, starting from the Battery. At 
Central Park, the statue of Columbus will be unveiled with cere- 
monies. It is desired to make this a public holiday, with fire- 
works and a general illumination of the houses of the city at night. 
The exercises are in cliarge of the president of the society, Juan 
N. Navarro, consul-general of Mexico. 

Previous World's Fairs. — The first World's Exposition 
was opened in London in 1851 ; its buildings covered 21 acres, 
the number of visitors was 0,039,195 in 141 days, and the re- 
ceipts were $1,780,000. At the Paris Exposition of 1855, the 
buildings covered 24^ acres, the visitors numbered 5,162,330, in 
200 days, and the receipts were $600,500. The London Exposi- 
tion of 1862 was open 171 days, the buildings covered 231^ 
acres, the visitors numbered 0,211,103, and the receipts were 
$2,300,000. The Paris Exposition of 1867 was open 210 days, 
was visited by 8,805,969 persons, and the receipts aggregated 
$2,822,932. The buildings covered 37 acres. The Vienna 
Exposition of 1873 had 7,354,687 visitors, the l)uildings covered 
40 acres, and the receipts were $2,000,000 in 186 days. 

The Philadelphia Exposition of 1876 was opened for 
159 days beginning May 10. The gross receipts M^ere $3,815,724 ; 
the number of visitors was 9,892,625. The buildings covered 
60 acres. The average daily attendance was 49,986. The 



WYOMING. 445 

largest attendance on any one day was 274,919. Tlie Paris 
Exposition of 1878 covered GO aeres ; the luunber of vi.sitors in 
194 days was 1(),032,725, and the receipts were $2,531,650. 
Sydney,' New South Wales, held an exposition in 1879, which 
was attended by 1,117,536 persons, and Melbourne held one in 
1880, which was attended by 1,330,279 persons. The Glasgow 
Exposition of 18S8 was open iov 161 days, and the attendance 
was 5,748,379. The Largest Attendance at any exposition 
was at the Paris Exposition of 1889, which was open 185 days, 
was attended by 28,149,353 persons, and the receipts were $8,- 
300,0t)0. 

The funds for the Philadelpliia Centennial Exposition were 
raised by subscription as ft)llows : City of Philadelphia, |>1,575,- 
000; Pennsylvania, 11,000,000 ; New Jersey, 1100,000; Con- 
necticut, Delaware, and New Hampshire, $10,000 each; Con- 
gress, $1,500,000 ; Wilmington, Del., $5,000, and the various 
States contributed $234,000 for exhibits. 

World's Congress Auxiliary. (See AVorld's Columbian 
Ex])osition.) 

World's Fairs. (See World's Columbian Exposition.) 

Wyoillillg. — The first settlements within its limits were made 
in 1834, at Port Laramie, by Americans. There Av^as considerable 
immigration during the construction of the Union Pacific Railroad, 
and the Territorial organization was completed on May 10, 1869. 
Wyoming was admitted into the Union, July 10, 1890. The 
main chain of the IJoekies extends across the State, forming what 
is known as " The Divide." A large part of the State is 
10,000 feet above sea level. Some of it is 14,000 feet, and no 
part of it is less than 6,000 feet above sea level. The rivers are 
the Big Horn, Tongue, Powder, Green, Little Missouri, North 
Platte, Medicine Bow, Laramie, and Sweetwater. 

The most interesting of the natural features of Wyoming, and 
those which ha\e most attracted the attention of travellers, are 
found in the extreme northwest corner of the Territory, in the 
section known as the Yellowstone National Park. This 
wonderful park has a length of sixty-five miles north and south 
by fifty-five miles in width, and an area of 3,575 square miles. 
No part of it is less than 6,000 feet above the sea, and the snow- 
covered mountains that hem in the valleys on every side rise to a 
height of 12,000 feet. It is a land of wonders, with its grand 
cafions and geysers, its beautiful lakes and rivers, with cataracts, 
cascades, and ra]>ids of unsurpassed beauty, and mountains 
towering far above the deep and rugged valleys through whicli 
the rapid streams flow. 



446 X. Y. Z. MISSION. 

Wyoming has 5,000 miles of canals for irrigation purposes, 
built at a cost of tl(),000,0(Ui. Grazing is llio chief industry, 
there being ou its ranges upwanls of a million cattle and as 
many sheep. Tbe raising of horses is also a leading business. 
The live-stock interests of Wyoming have upwards of ^75,000,(100 
of capital invested. Gold and silver mining is carried on with 
excellent results. There are extensive coal-tields, yielding 1,500,- 
000 tons in a year, and employing 3,000 men. 

The United States Garrisons are Fort Russell, Fort 
McKmney, Fort Washakie. The State has 1,100 tS^iosUone 
Indians and 900 Arapahoes, on reservations. The popuhition 
of Wyoming in 1880 was 20,798; in 1890, it was 00,705. The 
assessed propeity was valued at fol,500,00() ; the manufactures 
aggregated $898,494 in a year ; the acreage of fai-in lands was 
124,483, valued at $835,895, yielding products Morth $372,391. 
The school attendance was 3,750 ; the number of miles of raU- 
roads in 1890 was 1,000 ; the newspapers numbered 35. 

Cheyenne, the chief city and the cajutal, with a population 
in 1890 of 11,090, is a centre for railroads and supplies. It has 
all the attributes of an eastern city. The second city is Laramie, 
(population in 1890 6,407), which is also a bustling place, having 
many industries, good schools, and many churches. Rock Springs, 
the third city, with 3,317 inhabitants, is the coal-mining centre. 
The Governor of Wyoming is Ames W. Barber (Rejjublican). 
His term expires January 2, 1893. The State is Republican. 

X. Y. Z. Mission. — An interesting incident, and, one which 
redoimded to the credit of the United States, is connected with 
these initials, France having given valuable aid to the colonies 
iu the Revolutionary War, requested a like favor for herself in 
her war with Great Britain in 1789. AVashington, however, 
persisted in maintaining the United States in an attitude of neu- 
trality, whereat France was greatly angered. In 1797, C 0. 
Pinckney was sent as ]\[inister to France ; about the same time, the 
French Directory announced that they would receive no more 
American ministers. Pinckney was ordered to quit the country. 
President A(huns at once called an Extra Session of Con- 
gress, before which he made an address in whic-h he said that he 
Avas about to send three commissioners to France in the hope of 
making peace. The French navy at the time were attacking Amer- 
ican merchant vessels, and the navy. (See French Spoliations 
Claims.) The envoys, some months later, reported that they had 
been received by Talleyrand after having been kept waiting, that 
in other respects they had been discourteously treated, and, more- 
over, that a bribe to the Directory and a loan to the French 
government were the price of a peaceable arrangement with the 



YANKEK. 



447 



United States. In tlicir re])ort, tlie envoys indicalod the names 
of the persons Avho had tried to bribe them as X. Y. and Z. 

The result of this new insult was the enkindling of a War 
Spirit in the country, taking advantage of which the Federal 
administration passed a number of acts to make the nation ready 
for hostilities, among which were the ordering of a provisional 
army, with Washington as Commander-in-Chief, the increasing 
of the navy, and its establishment as a separate department, the 
negotiation of a new loan, and the imposition of a direct tax. 
France, however, the next j'car disavowed any authority of the 
persons designated as X. Y. Z. to act for the Directory, and 
hastened to smooth over the disagreement, which was quickly 
accomiDlished. Howe v e r , 
the vast power assumed by 
the Federalists in the con- 
duct of this affair with 
France alarmed the public 
mind, and brought about 
an undercurrent of })ublic 
sentiment, antagonistic to 
the centralization of great 
power in the government, 
which ultimately led to the 
downfall of the Federalists. 
A chief instrumentality in 
arousing the people were 
the two acts forced through 
by the F'ederalists, known 
as the Alien and the Sedi- 
tion Laws (which see). 

Yankee. — The lexicographers liave differed each witli the 
other regarding the derivation of this Avord. The most widely 
accepted explanation of its origin is that it came from the corrupt 
))r<)iiunciation by the Indians of the word English or French 
Anglais. The Dutch settlers along the Hudson first applied the 
word to the New England j)eople, and to this day in its more 
general aj)plication it refers to the inhabitants of the six New 
England States. Englishmen, and other foreigners, however, use 
the term as referring to the entire body of Americans ; and in 
the South, it is quite common to speak of all Northerners as 
Yankees. As distinguis]ie<l from " New Englander," it is not 
nearly so complimentary a term; in fact, Yankee is to some 
people suggestive of that kind of slu-ewdness which is synony- 
mous with trickery. 

Yankee Doodle. (See Songs of the Nation.) 




ririLADELriiiA y. m. 



BUILDING. 



448 YOUNG men's OHIUSTIAN ASSOCIATION. 

Young Hickory, (See Nicknames of Famous Americans.) 
Young Hickory* (See Presidents of the United States.) 
Young Men's Christian Association.— The founder of this 
widespread religious movement was George Williams, a clerk in 
a London dry-goods house, who, in 1844, organized in that city 
the first association. The first society on this continent Avas 
organized in 1851 at Montreal ; the second mms organized soon 
after at Boston. There are to-day 1,385 associations. The aggre- 
gate membership in America is 225,500 ; there are 231 Y. M. C. A. 
buildings valued at $9,946,085. The various organizations own 
649 libraries, containing upwards of 450,000 volumes. There 
are 1,186 secretaries and assistants, and the ciu-rent expenses of 
associations in 1891 aggregated $2,032,127. The total number of 
associations in the world is 4,151. The officers of the Inter- 
national Committee are Chairman^ Cephas Brainerd ; Tre<(snrei\ 
Benjamin C. Wetmore ; General Secretary^ Richard C. Morse ; 
Board of Trustees : Chairman^ J. N. Harris, New London, Ct. ; 
Treasurer^ John S. Bussing, New York City. Headquarters, 
No. 40 East Twenty-Third Street, New York City, 




BIOGRAPHICAL STORY 



OP THE 



Career, with Anecdotes, Reminiscences, and 
an Account of the Family Life of 

BENJAfllN HARRISON 

The Republican Presidential Nominee 



WHITELAW REID 



The Republican Vice=PresidentiaI Nominee. 



449 




BKNJANIIX UAIJKISON. 
452 



BENJAMIN HARRISON'S CAREER. 



Statesmen are actors on the stage of national achievement. 
It is given to tliem to practice, if they clioose, certain arts 
and stratagems which, however transparent they may be to 
the initiated, keep them in the public mind. Yet to this 
level of personal seeking, not even tlie most bitter opponent 
of Benjamin Harrison can accuse him of stooping. He never 
lias played to the galleries. He never lins courted notoriety 
for its own sake. In all his ])ul)lic career, his demeanor has 
been as unassuming, as dignitied, and as unselfish as that 
which has characterized him in liis private life. It is for this 
reason, togetlier Avith the fact that his nomination in 1888 
was due rather to his political availability than to his ad- 
mitted statesmanship, that in the public estimation he is a 
conservative, level-headed, liigh-minded, and safe Chief 
P^xecutive, but lacking the (pialilications of leadership. Thus 
the average citizen has come to regard him as the possessor 
of fair administrative ability, without especial brilliancy of 
mind or conduct. But the popular judgment of a man is 
more often tlian not an unfounded one. The greatest man 
not always deserves to wear the title. Tlie glittering crown 
on the head of the peophfs idol not alwa^^s is a golden one, 
l)ut may be alloyed with the base metal of mediocrity. For- 
tunately tlie student of history rarely judges statesmen from 
the point of view of what is called their personal po[)ularity, 
but rather from that of personal worth, public service, and de- 
votion to princii)le. So it happens that the study of the 
career of Benjamin Harrison reveals many unexpected traits 
of character. We are struck with his versatility. Whether 

453 



454 BENJAMIN Harrison's career. 

■\ve regard him in the light of his military achievements, of 
his legal attainments, of his statesmanship, or of his oratory, 
we Und him well eqnipped, and in either capacity acquitting 
himself with honor. Versatility is rarely a characteristic of 
our Presidents nowadays. As a rule they are men whose 
ability lies in but one direction, who, if they happen to be 
lawyers, know next to nothing of the science of war, and if 
they happen to be soldiers, are ignorant of the great formative 
legal principles of the Constitution. President Harrison has 
shown himself to be more than a lawyer, more than a soldier. 
As head of the most energetic administration since the war, 
he has commanded the approval often of his opponents. Long 
ago they ceased to recognize in him the fortunate grandson 
of a famous grandfather, but have learned to admire him be- 
cause of his broad-minded statesmanship, and to fear him be- 
cause of his political sagacity. 

The Harrison family came to America from Englg,nd, 
where it was prominent at the time of Oliver Cromwell. 
The head of the family was a Major-General Harrison, one 
of Cromwell's trusted followers and fighters. In the zenith 
of Cromwell's power it became the duty of this Harrison to 
participate in the trial of Charles I., and afterwards to sign 
the death warrant of the King. He subsequently paid for 
this with his life, being hanged Oct. 13, 1660. Pepys in his 
diary says : "I went out to Charing Cross to see Major- 
General Harrison hanged, drawn, and quartered, which was 
done there, he looking as cheerful as any man could in his 
position. He was presently cut down, and his head and 
heart shown to the people, at which there was great shouting 
of joy. It was said that he said he was sure to come shortly 
to the right hand of Christ to judge them that had judged 
liim, and that his wife do expect his coming again." His 
descendants emigmted to America, and the next of the family 
that appears in history is Benjamin Harrison, of Virginia, 
great-grandfather of the subject of this sketch and after whom 



BEN.rAMix haurison's cakeer. 455 

he was named. Benjamin liariison was a member of the 
Continental Congress dnring the years 1774, 1775, and 
1776. He was a member of the committee which prepared 
the memorial to the King and Parliament on the stamp tax, 
and while he opposed Patrick Henry's inflammatory utterances 
on that question, yet he was none the less loyal to the idea 
of independence. He was the brother-in-law of Peyton 
Randolph, the first President of the American Congress. 
When Randolph died the Soutliern members united upon 
Harrison to succeed him ; but the latter, to secure harmony 
between the North and the South, withdrew his claims in 
favor of John Hancock, of Massachusetts. Harrison was one 
of the signers of the Declaration of Independence and Cliair- 
man of the Committee which reported the Declaration to the 
Continental Congress, was three times elected Governor of 
Virginia, and was a member of the convention that ratified 
the Constitution. He died in 1791. 

The youngest of his three sons was William Henry 
Harrison, who was graduated at Hampden Sidney College. 
He was engaged in the study of medicine when, the Indian 
war having broken out, he entered the military service with 
the commission of ensign in the First Infantry. He made a 
good soldier, and was promoted several times. His career as 
a commander in the War of 1812, especially his exploits at 
the Battle of Tippecanoe, gave him a national reputation. 
He was appointed Secretary of the Northwest Territory 
under General St. Clair, but resigned and was chosen delegate 
to Congress. During the session Congress created the Terri- 
tory of Indiana, including what are now the States of Indiana, 
Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin, and he was chosen its 
Governor. His adhiinistration of this office was of lasting 
importance to tlie development of the West and the North- 
west. General Harrison, besides having been elected to 
Congress, was United States Senator from Ohio and Minister 
to Colombia. He was brought into the field as the Whig 



456 BENJAMIN Harrison's career. 

candidate for President in 1839. His opponent was Martin 
Van Buren, Democrat, whom he defeated easily, receiving 
two hundred and thirty-four electoral votes to Van Buren's 
sixty. He died within one month after his inauguration as 
President. His son, John Scott Harrison, the father of 
Benjamin Harrison, was born at Vincennes, Ind., in 1804. 
He lived all his life on a farm in Southern Ohio. He served 
twice as County Clerk, and was a memljer of Congress from 
185*2 to 1856. He died about twelve years ago. 

Benjamin Harrison was born at North Bend, Hamilton 
County, O., on August 20, 1833, in the house of his grand- 
father. The Harrisons, from the first Benjimin Harrison, 
had been farmers, and were accustomed to the hard work of 
farm-life. One of the songs of the Log-Cabin and Hard-Cider 
Campaign refers to General William Henry Harrison's facility 
with the flail. The present candidate never had reason to 
regret his ])oyhood experience on the Harrison farm at North 
Bend. His lirst schooling was at the log school-house near 
his home, but when fourteen years old, he was sent to Cary's 
Academy, near Cincinnati, whei'e he })repared for college. At 
the age of sixteen, he entered Miami University, at Oxford, 
Ohio, and in June, 1852, he graduated fourth in a class of six- 
teen. 

After leaving the university, young Harrison studied law 
in Judge Bellamy Storer's office in Cincinnati, where he re- 
mained for two years. He was already in love with Miss 
Carrie L. Scott, the daughter of the Rev. J. W. Scott, the 
principal of the girls' seminary at Oxford, Ohio, and they 
were married when Harrison was nineteen and Miss Scott 
eighteen. The couple went to housekeeping in a one-story 
house at Indianapolis, where the young lawyer threw out his 
shingle and awaited clients. Their means were limited, and 
Mrs. Harrison performed the household duties Avithout tlie help 
of a servant. Her husband sawed the wood, brought the Avater, 
and anticipated practice and success. Of that early experience 



BEN.iAMTX Harbison's career. 457 

he said to a friend a few years since, " Tliey were close times, 
I tell you. A five-dollar l)ill was an event. There was one 
good friend througli it all — Robert Browning, the druggist. I 
shall always recollect him with gratitude. He believed in 
me. When things were particularly tight, I could go into 
his store and borrow five dollars from his drawer. A ticket 
in its place was all that Wiis required. Such friends make 
life worth living." Browning saw elements of success in 
young Harrison. He expected tliat he would succeed ; and 
he did. 

To General Wallace, Harrison's life-long friend, and for 
some years his law-partner, we are indebted for a pen-portrait 
of the young Indiana lawyer at an interesting point in his 
career. General Wallace says : " He Avas small in stature, 
of slender physique, and what might be called a blonde. His 
eyes were gray, tinged witli blue, his liair light, reminding 
one of what in ancient days along the Wabash was more truly 
than poetically described as a ' tow head.' He was plainly 
dressed, and, in tlvat respect, gave tokens of indifference to 
the canons of fashion. He was modest in manner, even 
diffident ; but he had a pleasant voice and look, and did not 
lack for words to express himself. At first one wondered 
that a young man apparently so lacking in assertion should 
presume to entrust himself so far from home. But it was 
noticed that everything he undertook to do he did with re- 
markable sincerity and ability, and he was soon winning 
suits at the bar. I believe it was one of his early peculiari- 
ties not to take a case he didn't believe in." 

Another biographer speaks of him thus : " PTis face was 
not an imposing figure at that time. A little slender fellow, 
with a smooth face, a l)ig, tow-white liead, no neck to speak 
of, and only the rather incredible fact that he had a wife 
saved him from being mistaken for a school-boy. He was 
poor, too, and for a long time lived in three rooms in a little 
old house, still standing in N'^ermoni Street, near Alal)ama." 



458 BENJAMIN Harrison's career. 

His law-practice the first year at Tiulianapolis did not yield 
enoiigli to .suj)port liiin, and ho was compelled to draw upon 
his small ca[)ital of eight liuudred dollars, the proceeds of a 
lot of laud in Cincinnati, which was bequeathed to him by a 
deceased aunt, Mrs. General Findlay, of that city. At this 
time he occupied a desk in tlie office of John H. Ilea, Clerk 
of the United States Districjt Court, being too poor to liire 
an ofitice of his own. It was here that an opportunity to dis- 
play his ability presented itself, when one day the Prosecuting 
Attorney, Major Jonathan W. Gordon, invited him to assist 
in the trial, then attracting wide attention, of the " Point 
Lookout " burglary case. He A\as called U|)on to make the 
leading argument for the prosecution, Governor Wallace, one 
of the leading members of the Indiana bar, being pitted 
against him. During the afternoon, when the witnesses were 
being examined, he eagerly noted every point, wi-iting down 
with great fulness notes of everything which he thought 
could be used with advantage in his maiden argument of the 
evening. Evening came. The court-house was packed. The 
court-room was lighted with tallow candles. In the feeble 
light of tlie court-room Harrison observed, greatly to his dis- 
gust, that the pencil that he had employed to write with 
during the day was so hard that his notes were perfectly 
illegible. This gi'catly embarrassed him. At the outset of 
his speech he made one attempt to use some of the fragments 
of his papers ; but finding that they interfered with the free 
expression of his thought, in his despair he threw the notes 
boldly to one side. With the memory of his wife and babv 
at home he confronted the jury, giimly determined not to 
make a failure. Tlio loss of his notes probably saved him. 
His memory retained enough of the details of the case, with- 
out being fretted with the superfluous parts of it. He made 
such an effective })lea to the jury that, wlu'ii he had com- 
pleted, Governor Wallace went up to him and })atted him 
upon the shoulder, giving him waiin words of encourage- 



BENJAMIX HARRISOX'S CAREER. 459 

ment and approval. He invited him to form a business 
partners] lip with his son, who was then about to establish 
himself in the practice of law in Indianapolis. The two 
young men worked along together, making a bare living, 
until 1860, when Wallace became a candidate for Clerk of 
the Circuit Court and Harrison a candidate for the Reporter- 
ship of the Supreme Court, the salary of which was twenty- 
five hundred dollars a year. 

His professional reputation was further enhanced by his 
prosecution of a negro charged with attempting wholesale 
murder by putting poison in the coffee at a hotel. Harrison 
knew nothing of poisons, but calling on a young doctor 
named Parvin, who has since become famous, spent a night 
in study, and the next day went into court and gained a 
conviction. 

His legal abilities were of so pronounced a character that 
in middle age he was regarded as one of the ablest of the 
lawyers of Indiana. A legislative investigation, in which he 
secured employment through the Democratic Governor, won 
him new honors. The ability he displayed elicited the 
highest praise of lawyers and laymen. He soon acquired 
the reputation of consummate skill in the preparation of 
cases. He became an expert examiner of witnesses and dis- 
cussed legal questions in written briefs or oral arguments 
with convincing strength, and became one of the leaders of 
his profession as an advocate. 

" In a case at law," said one of his legal brethren, " he 
brings a moral force to bear upon any crooked work or con- 
cealment that is as powerful as any skill in handling it. His 
scorn and sarcasm has an ' ugly honesty ' in its expression 
that will skin or scalp the victim, according to the degree of 
his culpability. In speaking he has a high, shrill voice, un- 
pleasant to the ear for the first few moments, but a great 
clearness of enunciation soon absorbs the sense in the subject. 
His manner is very earnest and at any proper point sweeps 



460 BEXJAMix tiaimiison's carker. 

on like a cavalry charge. He has an aggressive streak in his 
]uiture, as his square, firm j.iw and t]u'. 'clench' with which 
lie shuts his mouth indicate, lie h;io abundant pluck in the 
use of it, and with an aroused conscience is no respecter of 
persons." 

Tliat a man of his attainments and fame should hecome a 
leader in politics v.^as inevitable. In the fii'st years of his 
life at Indianapolis ho had gained a local reputation as a 
political speaker. Being by inheritance a Wliig, it was only 
natural that his sympathies should be with the Republican 
party, when in 185G it was fornu'd with Fremont as its candi- 
date for the Presidency. It is related of- him that when the 
news came that General Fremont had been nominated, he 
was at work in his oflice. A crowd of exultant men rushed 
hi and asked him to make a ratification speech. He declined, 
saying that he could not speak without preparation. The 
crowd })ersistod, but he continued to refuse until a number 
of me]i picked him up on their shoulders, carried him 
outside, put him on a dry-gc^ods l)ox, and told him to say 
something to the people who were there assembled. Thus, 
entirely without preparation, he made a speech which won the 
wildest ap[)lause from his hearers and added greatly to his. 
reputation as an orator. 

In the Lincoln campaign of 18G0, he took the stump in 
favor of tlie Republican candidate. He had himself been 
nominated for the ofiico of Reporter of the Supreme Court, 
and he made a spirited canvass, a feature of wliich was a 
joint debate at Rockville, where he broke lances with 
Thomas A. Hendricks, the leader of the Indiana Democracy, 
and worsted liim in an oratorical encounter which has been a 
tradition among loyal Republicans ever since. Hendricks, 
then running for Governor, and Daniel W. Voorhees were 
announced to speak the same evening as Harrison. The 
Democrats challenged the young Republican orator to a joint 
meeting, and taunted liim with tlie fear of defeat. Harrison 




MRS. CAKOMNK SCOTT HAKKISON. 



461 



BENJAMIN Harrison's career. «463 

accepted the challenge with this remark : "■ Hendricks is the 
head of the Democratic ticket while I am the tail of the 
Republican ticket. He is an experienced public debater, 
while I am on my first trip. But if we can't get along with- 
out showing the white feather, just tell them we will consent 
to a joint meeting." The audience seemed to pity Harrison 
when he arose to speak, but their sympathy was wasted, for 
the young orator immediately proved himself more than a 
match for the Democratic leader. His powers of sarcasm 
and epithet, which are a marked cliaracteristic of his oratory 
on occasion, he used to excellent advantage against Hen- 
dricks. He had the advantage of speaking after Hendricks, 
and at once assailed the record of the Democratic party, 
among other things charging that " every Democrat in Indiana 
had but a few years ago conceded the truth of a proposition 
they now deny." Voorhees was on his feet in an instant with 
a denial. Harrison stojjped for a moment and said with 
quick repartee : " I beg your pardon, fellow-citizens, I should 
have said every Democrat except Mr. Voorhees. He was 
then a Whig." A roar of applause greeted this bright sally 
of Harrison, and to him were conceded the honors of the even- 
ing. So severe was his figurative chastisement of Hendricks 
that the latter said afterwards that he never would agree to 
a similar political discussion and give Harrison the advantage 
of an uninterrupted closing argument. 

By 1862, v/hen Lincoln called for 500,000 troops, Harri- 
son had reached a point in his career when it seemed that he 
would make a name for himself in civil life. He had an 
income from his office of '$2,500 a year, a house Avhich he 
Lad half paid for, and two young children. But Lincoln's 
call for troops in July of that year he construed in the light 
of a personal appeal. The Rebellion was assuming dangerous 
proportions. Indiana had not done her share in the way of 
enlistments and Governor Morton was in despair. It hap- 
pened that Harrison, with William Wallace, called on the 



464 BENJAMIN IIARUISOn's CAREI•:l^. 

Governor with reference to the appointment of -4, lieutenant 
from northern Indiana. 

" After getting through with this business," Harrison him- 
self said, " Governor Morton invited me into an inner room. 
He there spoke of the call for troops and of no response 
being made thereto. The Governor seemed quite dis- 
couraged at tlie apathy of the people, and, pointing over 
towards the Gallup Block, where men were dressing stone, 
remarked that men were interested in their own business 
more than . in the safety of the nation. I said right 
there : — 

" ' Governor, if I can be of service to my country I am 
ready to go.' 

" He said : ' You can ; you can raise a regiment in this 
district.' He went on to say : — 

"'You have a good office, and it would be too much to ask 
you to give it up ; but you get up the legiment and we can 
find someone else to take it to the field." 

" I said : ' No ; if I make a recruiting speech and ask any 
man to enlist, I propose to go with him and atny as long as 
he does, if I live so long.' 

"' Well,' said the Governor, 'you can connnaiid the regi- 
ment.' 

"I said: ♦ I don't know that I shall want to. I have no 
military experience ; we can see about that.' " 

Harrison acted quickly. He went straight to a hat store 
and bought a military cap. Then he hired a lifer and a 
drummer, whom he stationed in front of his law office, from 
the windows of wliieh he soon threw out a Union Hag. His 
office was tlius turned into a recruiting station for the United 
States army. He did these things without consulting his 
wife. The fifer piped such shiill blasts of patriotism, and 
the drum rattled such a stirring accompaniment that tlie 
town Mas soon alive with excitement. Harrison's exam})le 
was speedily followed Ijy many others. The patriotism of 



BENJAMix Harrison's career. 465 

Indianapolis was aroused. Her citizens rallied to the Union 
cause. Within a brief time Company A of tlie Seventietli 
Indiana Regiment was raised by Harrison, and in a few- 
weeks a full regiment was organized. He was elected Colo- 
nel of this regiment. Within thirty days from the time that 
" Ben " Harrison closed his law books and donned a military 
cap he was at the head of a full regiment of troops at Bowl- 
ing Green, Ky., to assist in the repulse of Gen. Kirby Smith, 
who had been threatening southern Indiana with guerilla raids. 
This regiment, which was assigned to the first brigade of 
the third division of the 29th Army Corps, under Colonel 
Harrison became one of the best drilled and most thoroughly 
disciplined regiments of the army, although at the time of its 
enlistment its membership was composed of the most unprom- 
ising raw material. The regiment served in Kentucky and 
Tennessee until January, 1864, when it moved east to join 
Sherman in the campaign of Atlanta. At Resaca, on May 15, 
18(j4, he achieved his first triumph in the field. Here he 
led the charging column, and captured the rebel lines and 
guns. At Peach-Tree Creek he won the approval of 
Fighting Joe Hooker. While waiting with his men in re- 
serve, Harrison saw a detachment of Hood's forces coming 
towards him. The crest of a hill was between them. Har- 
rison saw instantly that it would not do to wait and receive 
this attack at the foot of the hill. Without an order he as- 
sumed the responsibility of charging his reserves up the liill 
to meet the rebels lialf way. " Our colonel was right with 
us, too," says Moses McLain, who was wounded in that 
charge. " He came right up behind us when we captured 
the four guns there — the only guns, I believe, that were 
taken in the Atlanta campaign. We had to withstand a 
murderous cross-fire, and as the gunners discharged their 
pieces we fell to the ground and allowed the shot to pass 
over us. Then we rushed up, scaled the works, and took 
possession of tlie guns." 



466 BENJAMIN TIAUKTSOn's f'ARKER. 

* This was done with so much impetuosity and couj'age that 
the rebels were sharply repulsed. It was for this that Gen. 
Joe Hooker roared out to Harrison, after it was over: "By 
G — , sir, I will have you made brigadier-general for this." 

Hooker was as good as liis word. In a letter to the Secre- 
tary of War, he commended Colonel Harrison's bravery and 
his soldierly qualities in the following manner : — 

Headquarters Northern Department, Cinnctnati, O., Oct. 
31, 1864.— The Hon. E. M. Stanton, Secretary of War: I de- 
sire to call tlie attention of the department to the claims of Col. 
Benjamin Harrison of the Seventieth Indiana Volunteers for 
promotion to the rank of Brigadier-General Volunteers. 

Colonel Harrison first jomed me in command of a brigade of 
Ward's division in Lookout Valley preparatory to entering upon 
Avhat is called the Campaign of Atlanta. My attention was first 
attracted to this young officer by the superior excellence of his 
brigade in discipline and instruction, the result of his labor, skill, 
and devotion. With more foresight than I have witnessed in any 
officer of his experience, he seemed to act upon the principle that 
success de|)ended u])on the thorough preparation in discipline and 
esprit of his connnandfor conflict more than on any influence that 
could be exerted in the field itself, and when the collision came 
liis command vindicated his wisdom as much as his valor. In all 
the achievements of the Twentieth Corjjs in that campaign. 
Colonel Harrison bore a conspicuous part. At Resaca and Peach- 
Tree Creek the conduct of himself and command was especially 
distinguished. Colonel Harrison is an officer of superior abilities, 
and of great professional and personal worth. It gives me great 
pleasure to commend him favorably to the honorable secretary 
with the assurance that his preferment will be a just recognition 
of his services and martial accomplishments. Kespectfully your 
obedient servant, 

Joseph Hooker, Major- General Commanding. 

During the absence of General Harrison in the field, the 
Democratic Supreme Court declared the office of Supreme 
Court Reporter vacant, and anotlier person was elected to the 
jiosition. From the time he left Indiana with his regiment, 
until the fall of 18G4, after the capture of Atlanta, General 
Harrison had taken no leave of absence, hnt having been 
nominated by the State convention of that year for the office 



BENJAMIN Harrison's career. 467 

from which he had been ousted, he took a thirty-days' leave 
of absence, and under orders from the War Department re- 
ported to Governor Morton for duty. During this thirty- 
days' leave, he again made a brilliant canvass of the State 
and was elected for another term. After the campaign was 
over, during the winter of 18 64-' 65, he was ordered to rejoin 
Sherman at Savannah. With his wife and two children, 
accompanied by an orderly, he set out for Savannah by the 
way of New York. Upon the road he was stricken down 
with scarlet-fever and was forced to get off the train in the 
snows of midwinter at Narrowsburg, a country station on the 
New York and Erie Railroad. Fortunately the orderly who 
was with him was an experienced hospital nurse. The doctor 
who attended him had to come seventeen miles over the 
snow. The man who had escaped death from every variety 
of rebel bullet had a hard struggle in the snowbanks of frigid 
New York. Finally the hospital nurse himself was attacked 
by the fever, and the children also were taken down. But 
the pluck of Mrs. Harrison and her untiring care enabled 
them all to subdue the fever. Harrison lost all the hair off 
his head and several coats of cuticle. But he rallied rapidly 
when once he began to recover, and finally reached Sherman 
in time to participate in tlie closing incidents of the war. He 
was with him at the surrender of Johnston, was in Washing- 
ton with his regiment at the grand review, and did not return 
home until the war was over. He received the brevet of 
Brigadier-General of Volunteers on January 23, 1865. 

General Harrison, in 1868, declined a re-election as Reporter 
of the Supreme Court in order to resume the practice of his 
profession. He was associated in the practice of law with 
the firms of Porter, Harrison & Fishback, and Harrison, 
Hines & Miller — Mr. Miller being the present Attorney- 
General of the United States. Almost from his first appear- 
ance in the State he was taken into the councils of the party 
and the local politicians. He made many political speeches, 



468 BENJAMIN niVRRTSON';^ CAREER. 

assisted in the management of tlio State Committee, and 
gradually grew in political power until in 1876, Godlove S. 
Ortli having declined the Republican nomination for 
Governor, Harrison was substituted by the State Committee 
while absent from the State. He accepted the nomination as 
a public duty, but the then natural majority of the Demo- 
cratic party, strengthened })y the candidacy of the most 
popular Democratic leader in the State, the famous " Blue 
Jeans " Williams, could not be overcome. This campaign 
greatly extended General Harrison's acquaintance and repu- 
tation among the people. He made a gallant fight and spoke 
manj'- times. He polled nearly two thousand more votes than 
the g-eneral averasfe of his ticket. 

From this time he was the recognized leader of the Indiana 
Republicans. In 1880 he was cliairman of the Indiana dele- 
gation to the Republican National Convention, where he 
threw the vote of Indiana in favor of James A. Garfield. 
The year previous President Hayes appointed him a member 
of the Mississippi River Commission. When in 1880, largely 
as a result of his management of the campaign, the Indiana 
legislature was Republican, he was pushed to the front in 
the canvass for United States Senator, to succeed Joseph E. 
McDonald. Efforts were made to create divisions in favor 
of others, but the voice of the party was practically unani- 
mous for the man who had fouglit the party battles so many 
years, and had been a conspicuous figure in every campaign 
since 1866. His nomination was plainly foreshadowed be- 
fore the legislature convened, and before the caucus met all 
other names were withdrawn. His election gave the greatest 
satisfaction to Republicans throughout tlie State. 

During his term of six years General Harrison, while not 
a frequent speaker, established his reputation as a thinking 
and enlightened me)nl)er and a finished and ready debater. 
He was a member of the Foreign Relations Committee, the 
Committee on Military Affaii's, the Committee on Indian 



BENJAMIN Harrison's career. 469 

Affairs, and Chairman of the Committee on Territories. He 
did not force himself forward as a speaker, but when lie did 
speak he commanded attention. He was a warm friend of 
the soldier. One day in July, 1882, the Senate heard him 
at his best. His colleague. Senator Voorhees, in discussing a 
revenue-reduction bill, ridiculed the Republicans for taking 
the tax off perfumery and cosmetics. Harrison had waited 
for just this speech. When Voorhees finished, Harrison 
stepped into the arena in front of the Speaker's desk and, 
approaching the Democratic side, he went on without notes 
to belabor his colleague most vigorously and unmercifully 
for nearly an hour. Vooiliees never again sought occasion 
to provoke Senator Harrison to answer. 

Senator Harrison's principal speeches were made upon 
Civil Service, the Blair Educational Bill, the Mississippi River 
scheme of improvements, the Immigration Bill, and against 
the alien ownership of public lands. Upon Chinese immi- 
gration he argued for a faithful regard of treaty obligations 
in enforcing exclusion. His service on the Mississippi River 
Commission prepared him to discuss familiarly all proposi- 
tions brought forward for the improvement of its navigation. 
While he favored the general purpose of the Civil Service 
law then under consideration, and afterwards voted for it, he 
contended for the perfect freedom of the government employee 
to contribute for political purposes. 

His senatorial term expired March 4, 1887, and the legis- 
lature to choose his successor was to be elected in the fall of 
1886. The history of that campaign is still fairly fresh in 
the public mind. It was in a large degree General Harri- 
son's campaign. Though others were good seconds and able 
assistants he was foremost in the fight. The Republicans 
carried the State and came within a hair's breadth of carrying 
the legislature, though the ai)portionment had been gerry- 
mandered so as to give the Democrats at least forty-six 
majority on joint ])allot. Failing of re-elecUoii, with the 



470 BENJAMIN" Harrison's career. 

expiration of his senatorial term, General Harrison returned 
to the practice of his profession. 

In 1888 he was nominated for the Presidency by the 
Republican National Convention, on the eighth ballot. The 
first ballot resulted : Alger, 84 ; Sherman, 220 ; Gresham, 
114; Depew, 90; Harrison, 79; Allison, 72; Third bal- 
lot: Alger, 122; Sherman, 214; Gresham, 123; Depew, 9; 
Harrison, 88. Depew withdrew after this ballot. New York 
then flopped over with 50 votes for Harrison. On the fifth 
ballot the result was : Sherman, 224 ; Alger, 87 ; Harrison, 
142; Allison, 213; Blaine, 99. California made a break 
on the seventh ballot. Allison withdrew on the eighth ballot 
and Iowa went over to Harrison. Wisconsin gave him 22 
votes and the result was : Harrison, 554 ; Sherman, 118; 
Alger, 100 ; Gresham, 59 ; Blaine, 5 ; McKinley, 5. 

General Harrison remained at Indianapolis during the 
entire campaign. Delegation after delegation from all parts 
of the Union called on him. To every delegation he made a 
speech, and these short orations were, and have continued to 
be, the wonder of Democrats and Republicans alike. He 
never said anything that might be used against him, and 
day after day he outlined the principles of his party briefly, 
yet eloquently and with an understanding that marked him 
as a thoroughly equipped statesman. He was elected in the 
following November, carrying every Northern State except 
New Jersey and Connecticut, and receiving 223 electoral 
votes to 168 for Grover Cleveland. 

Harrison's nomination in 1888 was by those who did not 
know him regarded as the logical outcome of a situation in 
which the Republicans found themselves compelled to take a 
favorite son of a doubtful State which they expected him to 
carry with him. He was practically unknown, as statesmen 
should be known, to the majority of Republican voters. The 
cartoonists represented him as a man who wore his grand- 
father's hat, and that grandfather tlie ninth President of the 




MAJ. WILI-IAM MCKINLEY. 



BENJAMIN Harrison's career. 473 

United States. One of the many replies to the requests for 
information about Benjamin Harrison which his devoted In- 
diana friends had to make was this most comj^limentary one 
from ex-Congressman Benjamin Butterworth : — 

" You ask me what I know about Ben Harrison. I know 
all about him. I do not think there is a flaw in him, and I 
do not speak as a Republican, but as a citizen — as one who 
knows the moral and mental make-up of Ben Harrison. His 
speeches surprise a great many on account of their grasp of 
many subjects concerning which he speaks, and the thor- 
oughly practical views he entertains on all subjects whicli are 
of interest to the American people. I am not a bit sur- 
prised, for I know the man. I should have been very greatly 
disappointed if he did not develop the strong characteristics 
which crop out in all his speeches. In his manner of thought 
and expression he reminds me more of Lincoln than of any can- 
didate we ever had. He doesn't know how to be a trimmer, 
but speaks from a thorough conviction of duty and an inspi- 
ration which springs from adherence to the right. He is as 
kind as a mother, and as courageous as any man I ever knew. 
He would not conscientiously offend the humblest or meanest 
of creatures, and he would not hesitate to tackle the most 
powerful, it is said,, if d:ity required it. I cannot help but 
feel that in his nomination we arc getting around once more 
into the same atmosphere that surrounded Abraham Lincoln," 

The doubts in the public mind of Harrison's ability, how- 
ever, liave been dispelled by the masterly manner in which 
he has inspired and directed the policy of his administration. 
Whatever errors he may have made, it cannot bo denied that 
his administration has been an eventful one, the most active, 
in fact, since the war. During it General Harrison has 
maintained himself with a wise conservatism and a patriotic 
devotion to the national welfare which have caused him to 
rise high in the public estimation. The unknown Hoosier 
lawyer has exhibited a breadth of view and a ready grasp in 



474 BENJAMIN HAUKISON's CAKEER. 

the discussion of national questions which were unsuspected 
at the time of his nomination in 1888. Especially happy has 
he been in his speechco, in the malving of wliicli it i.s univer- 
sally admitted he is easilj'' the most fluent of the Presidents 
since Lincoln. His oratory is characterized by a natural 
grace and ease of expression, without any suggestion of 
studied effort. Here are a few of his sayings talcen at ran- 
dom from a volume of Jiis sjjceches delivered during his 
present term of office : — - 

When hopes go out of the heart and life hocotnes so hard that 
it is no longer sweet, men are not safe neighbors and they are 
not good citizens. 

If I were to select a watchwoid that I would have eveiy young 
man write above his door and on his heart it would be that good 
word, " FideUty." 

, I pity the man who wants a coat so cheap that the man or 

woman who produces the cloth or shajtes it into a garment shall 
starve in the process. 

If no ill happens to you that I do not wish and all the good 
comes to you that I do wish in your behalf, your lives will be full 
of pK'asantness and ])erice. 

I believe that our legislation should be as broad as our territory, 
should not be for classes, but should be always in tlie iiUerest of 
all our people. 

The captain who gives to the sea his cargo of goods that he 
may give safety and deliverance to his imperilled fellow-men, has 
fame ; he who lands the cargo has only wages, 

I hope that n; rro v sentiment that regards the authority of the 
United States or its officers as alien or strange, has once and for- 
ever been extinguished in this land of ours. 

President Harrison is not a " sociable " man, so-called. In 
fact, he carries hinv-;elf with a certain reserve which when 
first encountered acts as a barrier to the social relation. But 
tliis wears off on acquaintance and his reticence gives way to 
geniality. Still, his intimacies are few and far between. He 
has neither " cronies," nor vices to while away the hours 
with ; in fact, he has been far too busy a man since March, 
1880, to give liimself much leisure. He loves hard work 
and is a diligent student. He keeps in close touch with the 



BENJAMIN Harrison's career. 



47f 



trend of politics in all parts of the country and the natural 
aptitude for political organization which marked his career in 
Indiana has been frequently displaj-ed during his term as 
President, but especially at the Minneapolis Convention, 
where his forces maintained an unbroken line of battle during 
seven days of desperate fighting, being marshalled under his 
personal direction. 

He is domestic in his habits and thoroughly devoted to his 
liandsome, delicate-featured, black-eyed wife, who began with 
him a struggle for a place and a home in the then Far West 
when lie was in his twentieth year. 







WHITELAW REID'8 CAREER. 



When Horace Greeley dropped his editorial pen and toolc 
the stump in his own campaign for the Presidency in 1872, 
the management of the New York Tribune fell to his assist- 
ant, Whitelaw Reid, then in his 39th year. Greeley's politi- 
cal ruin was followed by a business crisis in his newspaper. 
Only a young man like Reid, able, ambitious, and self- 
reliant, could restore the magnificent property which Greeley's 
mistaken [)()licy had landed on the verge of bankruptcy. 
Reid had been in New York City only three years, having 
come from Ohio. Although a comparative stranger in the 
metropolis, he succeeded in interesting men of capital in the 
Tribune^ and was thereby enabled to })lace the property on a 
sound financial footing. At that period the New York 
Times was the organ of the Republican party, but the 
Tribune, under Reid's editorship, rapidly gained the favor of 
the Republican leaders and finally became the party mouth- 
piece. The paper since then has been an able and powerful 
advocate of Republican doctrine ; it has been skilfully edited, 
has been persistent in its devotion to its principles and lias, 
more than any other news[)aper, contributed to Reijublican 
success. President Hayes offered Editor Reid the appoint- 
ment of Minister to Germany, and President Garfield made 
him a similar offer, l)oth of which he refused. Three years 
ago he accepted from President Harrison the post of Minister 
to France. He Avas extremely popular at the French capital 
and fulfilled his duties in a creditable manner. He succeeded 
in negotiating for the entrance of the American hog into 
France, and on his return to this country a short time ago, 

476 




'''>'''V'-V-.^^>::--:''f-'^i 



WIUTKLAW KEID. 



WHITEI.AW REId's CAREER. 479 

after having resigned his post, he brought with him the draft 
of a treaty of extradition witli France. His nomination as 
the Republican candidate for Vice-President was accomplished 
at the instance of the New York delegation, who argued 
that he would strengthen Harrison in the most important 
doubtful State. For many years it has been customary with 
tlie Republican party to nominate for the Vice-Presidency a 
resident of New York, except when the candidate for Presi- 
dent happened to be from an Eastern State. 

Mr. Reid is of Scotch descent. He is Ohio born, but two 
generations before his ancestors came over from Scotland into 
the wilderness beyond the Alleghanies and carved out places 
for themselves in the great West. Robert Charlton Reid 
was his father, and Marian Whitelaw Ronalds his mother. 
His paternal grandfather was a Covenanter. He had a large 
area of land on the Ohio River, but gave up its possession 
rather than retain it conditioned upon his operating a ferry 
every day in the week, including Sundays. The sturdy old 
Scot went up into Greene County, O., founded the town of 
Xenia, and it was there that Whitelaw was born on Oct. 27, 
1837. 

The lad's uncle, tlie Rev. Hugh McMillan, was principal 
of the Xenia Academy and a trustee of Miami University. 
He took pains to give Whitelaw some private tutoring to test 
his mind, and was rewarded in finding that the lad had good 
grit and the acquisitive faculty. He placed him at the age 
of fifteen years in the sophomore class at Miami, where, in 
1856, tlft youth was graduated first in his class. He had 
been well drilled in the classics and never neglected this part 
of his training. Pie has always been and is to-day a littera- 
teur at one end of the newspaper office and the shrewdest of 
Scotch financiers at the other. At once on leaving his alma 
mater Reid started in as a bread-winner. He took the posi- 
tion of principal of a graded school at South Charleston, O., 
and for a year served for a small salary. 



480 M'HITET.AW HRId's PARTCEB. 

He has ever been noted for his inflexibility of mind. He 
held .strong convictions from his youth, and thus was en- 
dowed the first qualification of successful editorship, some- 
thing to sa}'. He bought the Xenia Neios and became its 
editor. The Republican party had just been formed. In the 
Fremont campaign he had taken tlie stump and became identi- 
fied with the Kepublican leaders of tlie State. With the iV^ws 
lie pitched in vigorously against the South. He said what he 
had to say ^^'ilh a vigor and variety that made his utterances 
quoted from the start. He met many public men and never 
lost a chance to talk with them on the issues of the day. He 
formed acquaintances and made friends. 

In 1860 he supported Lincoln for President, although he 
was the personal friend of Salmon P. Chase, the News 
being the first Western newspaper outside of Illinois to do 
so, and its influence caused the election of a Lincoln dele- 
gate to the Republican Convention from the Xenia district. 
The following winter he represented the Cincinnati Times at 
Columbus, as legislative correspondent: He next connected 
himself with the staff of the Cincinnati Grazette and the 
Cleveland Herald, and afterward became city editor of 
the Grazette. At the outbreak of the war he was sent to the 
front as the war correspondent of tlie Gazette, being recog- 
nized at the time as one of the best newspaper writers of the 
West. 

Reid was assigned to duty as volunteer aid-de-camp, with 
the rank of captain. He wrote over the signature of 
" Agate." His letters from the field were accurate, intelli- 
gent, and graphic ; consequently they were widely read and 
aided him to fame. He went through the first and second 
Virginia campaigns, and also the Tennessee campaign, and 
Avas present at Fort Donelson, and later at Pittsburg Land- 
ing. To witness the last battle Reid left a sick-bed against 
the doctors' orders, saw the great fight from beginning to 
end, and then sent a wonderful piece of pen-picturing, ten 



WHITELAW REId's CAREEK. 481 

columns lung, descriptive of the battle. This letter was ap- 
plauded as an example of extraordinary reporting, and 
'• Agate " received numerous complimentary notices, besides 
an increase in salary. 

In 18G2, Reid acquired an interest in the Commercial- 
G-azette, and lived in Washington as correspondent. lie was 
appointed Librarian of the House of Representatives in 1863, 
and served three j-ears. In Washington he made many ac- 
quaintances, Horace Greeley among them. Reid's Xenia 
paper had been modelled after the ITcw York Tribune of 
Greeley, and he had read everything the great agitator had 
written. The pair became fast friends. Reid was an indus- 
trious worker, and while a political writer of vigor, never 
lost his knack as a i-cporter. He went to Gettysburg when 
that fight Avas on and gave a fine description of the battle. 

The war over, Mr. Reid accompanied Mr. Chase 0:1 a tour 
of the South, and collected his letters in a book puljlished in 
18GG u:Hler the title of ''• After the War, a Southern Tour." 
This had a wide sale, and is a good example of his style. 
Later, he tried cotton-planting, having received financial 
support, but as a cotton planter he was a failure. He was 
not long idle, and the next two years he gave to the writing 
of a book entitled, " Ohio in the Wai-," which was the first of 
the State histories of the Civil War, and was used as a model 
for many others. Reid then returned to the Qazette as 
leader writer, but later became editor. He left his sanctum 
in order to go to Washington to write up the impeachment 
trial of President Johnson, which he did with characteristic 
cleverness. Greeley now invited him to New York to fill a 
place on the Tribune staff, but Reid declined. The next 
year he accepted a similar offer and he ha3 been with the 
paper ever since. Reid became Greeley's confidant ; by the 
law of opposites they got along admirably, the impulsive, 
erratic genius of the older nnn affording striking contrast to 
the calm, tactful, patient temperament of the younger. In 



482 "WHITELAAV" KKII)'« CAUEKU. 

1860, Reid succeeded Jolin Russell Younir <"is manasrinsr 
editor of tlie Tribune. Tlii'ii came the Greeley campaign of 
1872, followed by the death of Mr. Greeley and the ascen- 
sion of Mr. Reid to the control of the Tribune. In 1878, he 
was elected by the legislature of New York to be a regent 
for life of the university. Besides the works above men- 
tioned and his contributions to periodical literature he has 
written " Schools of Journalism," " The Scholar in Politics," 
" Some Newspaper Tendencies " and " Town Hall Sugges- 
tions." He is a member of the Union League Club, of the 
Ohio Society, and many other organizations, and was for 
years President of the Lotos Club. He is a lover of hoi-ses 
and frequently enjoys a morning canter on his favorite Menlo 
in Central Park. 

In 1881 Mr. Reid married IMiss Elizabeth Mills, daugliter 
of D. O. ]\Iills, the California millionaire, who had made the 
metropolis his home. They met at " Millbrae," the Califor- 
nia country-seat of the INIills family. Two children have been 
born to them, Ogden Mills Reid and Jeanie Reid. In New 
Yoik Mr. Reid lias his home in the palace which Henry Yillard 
erected on Madison avenue at a cost of about 81,000,000. It 
is one of the regal residences of the metropolis. In the heart 
of Westchester County Mr. Reid owns a castle with a 
domain of eiglit hundred acres about it. The place is called 
Ophir Farm, and is one of the finest country places in 
America. 

In Paris his now ample fortune enabled him to enterta.in 
in a fashion befitting the reiu'csentativo of a great nation. 
In April, 1892, he returned from his post and laid down 
public ofiice to renew his chosen duty as a journalist. The 
honors paid him on his return to America, including the 
dinnei-s by the Chamber of Commerce of New York, the Lotos 
Club, the Ohio Society, and others, are still fresh in the 
public mind. On his departure from Paris, a notalble fare- 
well dinner was jjiven in his honor. Amonsf the tributes to 



WMITEI-AW KKId's CAREER. 483 

the distinguished iVmciican was this one from M. de Blowitz, 
the correspondent of the London Times: 

I eainiot miss tliis opix^'tunity of testifying to the great suocess 
of ]\Ir. Iloid's mission. lie has smoothed down difficulties and 
has gained esteem hy wliieh ]>is eountry has profited. He lias 
heen hospitable and has made all his guests at home, seconded by 
Mrs. Reid. His efforts have led, first, to agreeable relations be- 
tween the government and himself, and next to improve relations 
between the two governments. Mr. Reid, who was good enough 
to call journalists his confreres, has proved that the intelligence of 
a journalist adapts itself with special flexibility and promptitude 
to all the positions intrusted to him. Knowing on his arrival but 
a few words of French he speedily familiarized himself with tlu^ 
lantruacfe so as to discuss with French statesmen the economic 
(juestions at issue. 

As humorously remarked by one of the speakers last night, he 
has been able in spite of the fierce opposition of the breeders of 
petit cochon national, to effect the introduction of American 
))ork, and only this morning he signed an extradition treaty which 
will make America a less agreeable place of sojourn for French 
swindlers. His mission, in short, has been summed up thus by 
one of those who have watched his work : " Mr. Whitelaw Reid, 
to the great advantage of liis own coimtry and the great satisfac- 
tion of France, has combined the useful with the ornamental, in- 
ducing France to make concessions which would have been 
refused to a man less gracious and persuasive. He has added to 
the cleverness of the Americans the urbanity of the French." 



DEPEW NOMINATES HARRISON. 



The speech of Cliauncey I\I. Depew, of New York, in 
seconding the nomination of President Harrison, was as 
follows ! — 

Mr. Prksidext and Gkntlemen of the Convention : It is 
the pecuharity of Republican National Conventions that each one 
of them has a distinct and interestitig history. We are here to 
meet conditions and solve problems which make this gathering 
not only no exception to the rule, but substantially a new depar- 
ture. That there should be strong convictions and their earnest 
expression as to preferences and policies, is characteri ^tic of the 
right of individual judgment which is the fundamental principle 
of Republicanism. There have l)een occasions when the result 
was so sure that the delegates could freely indulge in the charm- 
ing privilege of favoritism and of friendshiit. But the situation 
which now confionts us demands the exei-cise of dispassionate 
judgment and our best thought and exj)erience. AVe cannot 
venture on uncertain ground or encounter obstacles jilaced in the 
pathway of success by ourselves. 

The Democratic party is now divided, but the hope of the 
possession of power once more will niake it in the final battle 
more aggressive, determined, and unscrupulous than ever. It 
starts Avith fifteen States secure without an effort, by processes 
which are a travesty u])on popular government, and if continued 
long enough will paraU'ze institutions founded upon poj)ular 
suffrage. It has to win four more States in a fair fight, States 
which, in the vocabulary of politics, are denominated doubtful. 
The Republican party nuist appeal to the conscience and the 
judgment of the individual voter in every State in the Union. 
This is in accordance Avith the principles upon which it was 
founded and the objects for which it contends. It has accepted 
this issue before and fotight it out with an extraordinary con- 
tinuance of success. 

The conditions of Republican victory from 1860 to 1880 Avere 
created by Abraham Lincoln and Ulysses S. Grant. They Avere 

4S4 



.■^=5^: 




CHAUNCEY M. DEPEW. 



1«5 



DEPEW NOMINATES HARRISON. 487 

that the saved republic should bo run by its saviors. They were the 
emancipation of the slaves, the reconstruction of the States, 
the reception of those who had fought to destroy the republic 
back into the fold without penalties or punishments, and to an 
equal share with those who had fought and saved the nation in 
the solemn obligations and inestimable privileges of American 
citizenship. They were the embodiment into the Constitution of 
the princij)les for which 2,000,000 of men had fought and half a 
million had died. They were the restoration of pul)lic credit, 
the resumption of specie payments, and the j)rosperous condition 
of solvent business. 

For twenty-five years there were names with which to conjure, 
and events fresh in the public mind which were eloquent with 
popular enthusiasm. It needed little else than a recital of the 
glorious story of its heroes and a statement of the achievements 
of the Republican party to retain the confidence of the people. 
But from the desire for change which is characteristic of free 
governments, there came a reversal, there came a check to the 
progress of the Republican pai-ty and four years of Democratic 
administration. These four years largely relegated to the realms 
of history past issues, and brought us face to face with what 
Democracy, its professions and its practices mean to-day. The 
great names which adorned the roll of Republican statesmen and 
soldiers are still potent and poi)ular. The great measures of the 
Republican party are still the best of the history of the century. 
The une(j[ualled and unexampled story of Republicanism in its 
promises and in its achievements stands unique in the record of 
the parties in governments which are free. 

But we live in practical times, facing practical issues which af- 
fect the business, the wages, the laboi', and the piosperity of 
to-day. The campaign will be won or lost not upon the bad 
record of James Polk, or of Franklin Pierce, or of James Bu- 
chanan ; not ui)on the good record of Lhicoln, or of Grant, or of 
Arthur, or of Hayes, or of Garfield. It will be won or lost upon 
the policy, foreign and domestic, the industrial measures and the 
administrative acts of the administration of Benjamin Harrison. 
Whoever receives the nomination of this convention will run 
upon the judgment of the i)eop]e as to whether they have been 
more j)rosperous and hapi)y, whether the country has been in a 
better condition at home and stood more honorably abroad under 
these last four years of Harrison and Republican administration 
-than during the preceding four years of Cleveland and Demo- 
cratic government. 

Not since Thomas Jefferson has any administration l)een called 
upon to face and solve so many or such difficult problems as 



488 BEPEW NOMINATES HARRISOX. 

those which have been exigent in our e()n<1itions. No adminis- 
tration since the organization of the government has met difficul- 
ties better or more to the satisfaction of the American people. 
Chili lias ])een taught that, no matter how small the antagonist, 
no community can with safety insult the flagormuider American 
sailors. Germany and England have learned in Samoa that the 
United States has -become one of the poAvers of the world, and no 
matter how mighty the adversary, at every sacrifice American 
honor will be ni:;intained. The Behring Sea question, which was 
the insurmountable obstacle in the diplomacy of Cleveland and 
of Bayard, has hccn settled upon a basis which sustains the 
American position until arbitration shall have determined our 
right. 

The dollar of the country has been jilaced and kept in the 
standard of comniei-cial nations, and a coin has been agreed upon 
with foreign governments, which, by making bimetallism the 
policy of all nations, may successfully solve all our financial prob- 
lems. The tariff, tinkered with and trified with to the serious 
disturbance of trade and disaster to business since the days of 
Washington, has been courageously embodied into a code — a 
code which has preserved the principle of the protection of 
American industries. To it has been added a beneficent policy, 
sup2>lemented by beneficent t'caties and wise di])lomacy, which 
has opened to our farmers and manufacturers the markets of 
other countries. The navy has been builded upon lines which 
will protect American citizens, and American interests, and the 
American flag all over the world. The public debt has been re- 
duced. The maturing bonds have been paid off. The public 
credit has been maintained. The burdens of taxation have been 
lio-htened. Two hundi-ed millions of currency have been added 
to the people's money without disturbance of the exclianges. 

Unexampled prosperity has crowned wise laws and their wise 
administration. The main question which divides us is. To Avhom 
does the credit of all this belong ? Orators may stand upon this 
platform more able and more eloquent than I, who will paint in 
more brilliant colors, but they cannot put in more earnest 
thought the affection and admiration of Republicans for our dis- 
tinguished Secretary of State. I yield to no ]Jepublican, no 
matter from which State he hails, in admii-ation and respect for 
John Sherman, for Governor McKinley, for Thomas B. Keed, for 
Iowa's great son, for the favorites of Illinois, AVisconsin, and 
Michigan ; but when I am told that the credit for the brilliant 
diplomacy of this administration belongs exclusively to the Sec- 
retary of State ; for the administration of its finances to the Sec- 
retary of the Treasury ; for the construction of its ships to the 



DEPEW XOJnXATES II.VRRISOX. 489 

Secretary of the Navy; for the. introduction of American pork in 
Europe to the Secretary of Agriculture ; for the settlement, so far 
as it is settled, of the currency question to Senator Jolin Sherman; 
for the fonuulation of the tariff laws to Governor ]\lclvinley ; for 
the removal of the restrictions placed by foreign nations upon the 
introduction of American pork to our Ministers at Paris and 
Berlin, I am tempted to seriously inquire Avho, during the last 
four years, has been President of the United States, anyhow? 

Cffisai', when he wrote those commentaries which were the 
history of the conquests of Europe under his leailership, modestly 
took the position of ^Eneas when he said : " Tlu-y are the narra- 
tive of events, the whole of which I saw, and tlie part of which I 
was." 

General Thomas, as the rock of Chickamauga, occupies a i)lace 
in our history with Leonidas among tlie Greeks, except that he 
succeeded where Leonidas failed. The fight of Joe Hooker 
above the clouds was the poetry of battle. The resistless rush of 
Sheridan and his steed down the valley of Shenandoah is the epic 
of our Civil War. The march of Sherman from Atlar.ta to the 
sea is the supreme triumph of gallantry and strategy. It detracts 
nothing from the splendor of the fame or the merits of the deeds 
of his lieutenants, to say that, having selected them witli mar- 
vellous sagacity and discretion. Grant still remained the supreme 
commander of the national arm}'. All the proposed acts of any 
administration, before they are formulated are passed upon in 
Cabinet council, and the measures and suggestions of the 
ablest secretaries wfuild have failed with a lesser President. But 
for the great good of the country an<l the benefit of the Repub- 
lican party they have succeeded because of the suggestive mind, 
the indomitable courage, the intelligent appreciation of situations, 
and the grand magnanimity of Benjamin Harrison. 

It is an imdisputed fact that during the few months when both 
tlie Secretary of State and the Secretary of the Treasury were 
ill, the President personally assumed the duties of tiie State and 
the Treasury l)e])artments, and l)otli with equal success. The 
Secretary of State in accepting his portfolio under President 
Garfield, wrote : " Your administration must be made brilliantly 
successful and strong in the confidence and pride of the people, 
not at all diverting its energies for re-election, and yet compelling 
tliat result by the logic of events and by the imperious necessities 
of the situation." 

Garlield fell b.efore the l)ullet of the assassin and Mr. Blaine 
retired to private life. General Harrison invited him to take 
up that unfinished diplomatic career where its threads had 
be(Mi so tragically broken. He entei-ed the Cabinet. He 



490 DEPEW NOMINATES HARRISON. 

resumed liis work, and has Avon a higher place in our history. 
The prophecy he made for Gartield has been superlily fulfilled hy 
President Harrison. In the language of Mr. Blaine, " the 
President has compelled a re-election by the logic of events and 
the imperious necessities of the situation." 

The man who is nominated here to-day to win must carry a cer- 
tain well-known numl)erof the doubtful States. Patrick Ilenr}' 
in the convention whii-h started rolling the ball of the indepen- 
dence of the colonies from Great Britain said: "I liave but one 
lamp by Avhich my feet are guided, and that is the lamp of ex))e- 
rience. I know of no way of judging of the future but by the 
past." 

New York was carried in 1880 by Genei-al Garfield, and in 
every imjxutant election since that time we harve done our best. 
We have put forward our ablest, our most popular, our most 
brillialit leaders for Govei'uor and State ofhcers, to suffer constant 
defeat. The only light Avhich illumines with the suus of hope 
the dark recoi-d of those twelve years, is the fact that in 1888 the 
State of New York was triumphantly carried by President 
Harrison. lie carried it then as a gallant soldier, a Avise senator, 
and a statesman Avho ins[)ired confidence by his public utterances 
in daily speech from the commencement of the canvass to its 
close. He still has all these claims, and in addition an adminis- 
tration beyond criticism and rich with the elements of po^^ularity 
Avith which to carry New York again. 

Aiu-estry helps in the Old World and handicaps in the New. 
Thei-e is but one distinguished example of a sou fii-st overcoming 
the limitations imposed by the pre-eminent fame of his father, 
and theu rising above it, and that was Avhen the younger Pitt be- 
came greater than Chatham. With an ancestor a signer of the 
Declaration of Independeiu;e, and another who saved the North- 
Avest from savagery and gave it to civilization and empire, and 
who also was President of the United States, a poor and unknoAvn 
lawyer of Indiana has risen by his unaided efforts to such dis- 
tinction as laAvyer, orator, soldier, statesman, and l*resid(Mit, that 
he reflects more credit on his ancestors than they have devolved 
upon him, and presents in American history the parallel of the 
younger Pitt. By the grand record of a wise and j)opular ad- 
ministration, by the strength gained in frequent contact with the 
people in wonderfully versatile and felicitous speech, by the 
claims of a pure life in public, and in the simplicity of a typical 
American home, I ju>minate Benjamin Harrison*. 



THE REPUBLICAN PLATFORM. 



The representatives of the Republicans of tlie United 
States, assembled in general convention on the slioies of the 
Mississippi River, the everlasting bond of an indestructible 
republic, whose most glorious chapter of history is the record 
of the Repul)lican paity, congratulate their countrymen on 
the majestic march of tlie nation under the banners inscribed 
with the principles of our platform of 1888, vindicated by 
victory at tlie polls and ])rosperity in our fields, workshops, 
and mines, and make the following declaration of princi- 
ples : — 

We reaffirm the American doctrine of protection. We 
call attention to its growth abroad. We maintain that the 
prosperous condition of our country is largely due to the 
wise revenue legislation of the Republican Congress. 

We believe tliat all articles which cannot be produced in 
the United States, except luxuries, should be admitted free 
of duty, and that on all imports coming into competition 
with the products of American labor there should be levied 
duties equal to the difference between wages abroad and at 
home. 

We assert that the prices of manufactured articles of 
general consumption have been reduced under the operations 
of the tariff act of 1890. 

We denounce the efforts of the Democratic majority of the 
Mouse of Representatives to destroy our tariff laws piece- 
meal, as is manifested by their attacks upon wool, lead, and 
lead ores, the chief products of a number of States, and we 
ask the people for their judgment thereon. 

491 



492 THE REPUBLK^AX PLATFORM. 

We point to the success of the Republican policy of 
reciprocit}^, under which our export trade has vastly 
increased, and new and enlarged markets have been opened 
for the products of our farms and workshops. 

"We remind the people of the bitter opjjosition of the 
Democratic party to this practical business measure, and 
claim that, executed by a Republican administration, our 
present laws will eventually give us control of the trade of 
the world. 

Tlie American people, from tradition and interest, favor 
bi-metallism, and the Republican party demands the use of 
both gold and silver as standard money, witli such restrictions 
and under such provisions, to be determined by legislation, 
as will secure the maintenance of the parity of values of the 
two metals, so that the purchasing and debt-paying power of 
the dollar, whether of silver, gold, or paper, shall be at all 
times equal. The interests of the producers of the country, 
its farmers and its Avorkingmen, demand tliat every dollar, 
paper or ^oin, issued by the government, shall be as good as 
any other. 

We commend the wise and patriotic steps already taken 
by our government to secure an international conference, to 
adopt such measures as will insure a parity of value between 
gold and silver for use as money throughout the world. 

We demand that every citizen of the United States shall 
be allowed to cast one free and unrestricted ballot in all 
public elections, and that such ballot shall be counted and 
returned as cast; that such laws shall be enacted and en- 
forced as will secure to every citizen, be he rich or poor, 
native or foreign born, white or black, this sovereign right 
guaranteed by the Constitution. 

The free and honest popular ballot, the just and equal 
representation of all the people, as well as their just and 
equal protection under the laws, are the foundation of our 
Republican institutions, and the party will never relax its 



TFIE REPUBLIOAX PLATFOKM. 493 

efforts until the integrity of tlie ballot and the purity of 
elections shall be fully guaranteed and protected in every 
State. 

We denounce the continued inhuman outrages perpetrated 
on American citizens for political reasons in certain Southern 
States in the Union. 

We favor the extension of our foreign commerce, the 
restoration of our mercantile marine by home-built ships, and 
the creation of a navy for the protection of our national 
interests and the honor of our flag; the maintenance of the 
most friendly relations with all foreign powers ; entangling 
alliances with none, and the protection of the rights of our 
fishermen. 

We reaffirm our approval of tlie Monroe doctrine, and 
believe in the achievement of tlie manifest destiny of the 
Republic in its broadest sense. 

We favor the enactment of more stringent laws and regu- 
lations for the restriction of criminal, pauper, and contract 
immigration. 

We favor efficient legislation by Congress to protect the 
life and limbs of employees of transportation companies en- 
gaged in carrying on interstate commerce, and recommend 
legislation by the respective States that will protect employees 
engaged in State commerce, in mining, and manufacturing. 

The Republican party has always been the champion of 
the oppressed, and recognizes the dignity of manhood, irre- 
spective of faith, color, or nationality ; it sympathizes with 
the cause of Home Rule in Irel.md, and protests against the 
persecution of the Jews in Russia. 

The ultimate reliance of free popular government is the 
intelligence of the people and the maintenance of freedom 
among men. We, therefore, declare anew our devotion to 
liberty of thought and conscience, of speech and press, arid 
approve all agencies and instrumentalities which contribute to 
the education of the children of the land ; but, while insisting 



494 THE iii<:rui;Mc.\\ j'La ri-oUM, 

upon the fullest measure of I'eligious liberty, we are opposed to 
any union of Clmrch and State. 

We reaffirm our opposition, declared in the Republican 
platform of 1888, to ail combinations of capital, organized 
in trusts or otherwise, to control arbitrarily the condition of 
trade among our citizens. We heartily endorse the action 
already taken upon this subject, and ask for such further 
legislation as may be required to remedy any defects in ex- 
isting laws, and to render their enforcement more complete 
and effective. 

We a[)prove the policy of extending to towns, villages, and 
rural communities the advantages of the free delivery service 
now enjoyed by the larger cities of the country, and reaffirm 
the declaration contained in the Republican platform of 1888, 
pledging the reduction of letter postage to one cent at the 
earliest possible moment consistent with the maintenance of 
the post-office department and the highest class of postal 
service. 

We commend the spirit and evidence of reform in the 
civil service, and the wise and consistent enforcement by the 
Republican party of the laws regulating the same. 

The construction of the Nicaragua Canal is of the highest 
importance to the American people, both as a measure of 
national defence and to build up and maintain American com- 
merce, and it should Ijc controlled by the United States 
Government. 

We favor the admission of the remaining Territories at the 
earliest practicable date, having due regard to the interests 
of the people of the Territories and of the United States. All 
the Federal officers appointed for the Territories should be 
selected from bona fide residents thereof, and the right of 
self-government should be accorded as far as practicable. 

We favor cession, subject to tlie homestead laws, of the 
aiid public lands to the States and Territories in which they 
lie, under such Congressional restrictions as to disposition, 



THE REPUBLICAN PLATFORM. 495 

reclamation, and occupancy by settlers, as will secui'e the 
maximum bene tits to the people. 

The World's Columbian Exposition is a great national 
undertaking, and Congress should promptly enact such 
reasonable legislation in aid thereof as will insure a discharge 
of the expense and obligations incident thereto, and the 
attainment of results commensurate with the dignity and 
progress of the nation. 

In temperance we sympathize with all wise and legitimate 
efforts to lessen and prevent the evils of intemperance and 
})romote morality. 

Ever mindful of the services and sacrifices of men who 
saved the life of the Union, we pledge anew to the veteran 
soldiers of the republic a watchful care and recognition of 
their just claims upon a grateful people. 

We commend the able, patriotic, and thoroughly American 
administration of President Harrison. Under it the country 
has enjoyed remarkable prosperity, and the dignity and honor 
of the nation, at home and abroad, have been faithfully main- 
tained, and we offer the record of pledges kept as a guarantee 
of faithful performance in the future. 



THE VOTE BY STATES. 



President Harrison was iioiiiiuaiud on the first ballot. Tlu; 
vote by States was as follows : — 

Whole number of votes cast 904 l-'A 

Necessary to a choice 453 

Beujainiii Harrison received 585 l-fi 

James (i. Blaine receiveil 182 1-0 

William McKinley 182 

Robert T. Lincoln 1 

Thomas B. Reed 4 

The fi)lli)\ving' is the ofliuial vote by States: 

Staihs. HAituisoN. Blaink. iMeKiNr,i.\ 

Alabama. 15 . . 7 

Aikaiisas 15 . . 1 

California 8 9 1 

("oloradci 8 

Conneeticiit 4 . . 8 

Delaware 4 1 1 

Florida 8 

(Jeori^ia 26 

Illinois 34 14 

blabo 6 

Indiana 30 

Iowa 20 5 1 

Kansas 11 . . 9 

KentueUy 22 2 1 

Louisiaria 8 8 

Maine 12 

.Maryland 14 . . 2 

Massaeluisells 18 1 11 

.Micln-an 7 2 19 

.Minnesota 8 9 1 

IMissouii 28 4 2 

iMis>issii)pi 13 1-2 4 1-2 

Montana 5 1 

Nebraska 15 . . 1 

Nevada 6 

New TIami).«;liiie 4 2 

New Jer.sov • 18 2 

New York" 27 35 10 

North Carolina 17 2-3 2 2-3 1 

North Dakota 2 4 



THK VoTK HV STATES. 



497 



States. 

Ohio . . . . . 

( (regon . . . , 
I't'iinsylvania . 
Rhode Ishind . . 
South Carolina 
South Dakota . . 
Tennessee . . . 
Texas ... 
Vermont ... 
Virginia . . . , 
Wash i nolo) I . 
West Virginia . 
Wisconsin . . 
Wyoming 
Arizona . . . 
District of Coin ml 
New Mexico 
Oklahoma . . , 

Utah 

Alaska . . . 
Indian Territory , 



Harrison. 

1 

1 
19 

5 
13 

8 
17 
22 



9 
1 
12 
19 
4 
1 



Blaine. McKini.ky. 

45 

7 

3 42 

1 1 

3 2 

' 4 '3 

6 



13 

6 

'2 

2 
1 

2 



Total 535 1-6 182 1-6 182 

Ex-Spe;iker Reed received 4 votes, 1 from New Hampshire, 
1 fioiii Rhode Island, and 2 from Texas, and Robert T. Lin- 
cohi 1 vote from New Hampsliire. There were 2^ votes 
absent. 



BIOGRAPHICAL STORY 



Career, with Anecdotes, Reminiscences, and 
the Family Life of 

Q ROVER CLEVELAND 

The Democratic Presidential Nominee 
Aim 

ADLAI E. STEVENSON 

The Democratic Vice=PresidentiaI Nominee. 



w^' 




GHOVKK CLEVELAND. 
500 



CAREER OF GROVER CLEVELAND. 



The political rise of Grover Cleveland has no parallel in 
history. Mayor of an inland city on January 1, 1882 ; Gov- 
ernor of the greatest State in the Union on January 1, 1883 ; 
President of the United States on March 4, 1885, he reached 
the highest position of national eminence, and displayed 
well-developed qualities of leadership in a shorter period 
of time than most public men occupy in finding an 
entrance to the arena of political action. Such a career 
would have been impossible in any other country of the 
earth. In it we find epitomized the possibilities for the indi 
vidual in a government by the people. It would not far 
overshoot the mark if it were said that any man who has 
been elected to preside as Mayor over any American city of 
more than 200,000 inhabitants, and Avho has performed his 
duties wisely and faithfully, is a good enough public adminis- 
trator to make a Governor of a State, and that any man who 
has made a fitting Governor of a large and important State 
is generally pretty good Presidential timber. Cleveland as 
President conducted his office in accordance with tlie same 
principles which were the inspiring motives of his adminis- 
tration as Governor, and as Governor he was simply perform- 
ing the duties of Mayor for a larger community. In neither 
ofhce was he what is commordy known as brilliant. He was 
earnest, painstaking, faithful, and at the same time cour- 
ageous ; bound to do what he felt to be his duty, and always 
susceptible to what he l)elieved was the public interest. The 
high estimation with whicli liis public services were regarded 
by his party was attested by the liandsome compliment it 



502 CAREER OF GROVEK CT.EVELA1>^^D. 

paid him in renominating^ him for the Presidential office, not- 
withstanding his defeat of 1888. 

The original ancestor of the Cleveland family, in this 
country, was Moses Cleveland, who in 1635 emigrated from 
Ipswich, England, to IMassaclmsetts, and settled near Woburn 
where he died in 1701. His grandson, Aaron Cleveland, 
was graduated at Harvard College, and later was ordained 
as a minister of the Episcopal Church. One of his charges 
was in Philadelphia, where he met and was on terms of 
intimacy with Benjamin Franklin. He died in Franklin's 
liouse in 1757. Another Cleveland, Timothy, a member of 
the branch of the family which settled in Connecticut, fought 
with the patriots at Bunker Hill, and was a lieutenant in the 
Continental Army during the War of the Revolution. Of 
the Rev. Aaron Cleveland's sons, the second, named after 
the father, settled at Norwich, Connecticut, and rose to 
political prominence in the State, being a member of the 
legislature, and an ardent advocate of the abolition of slavery. 
In middle life he entered the ministry, being identified 
with a CoiiGfreg'ational church in Vermont, and after that in 
New Haven, Conn., where he died in 1815. The second 
Aaron Cleveland had thirteen children, the second of whom, 
William, set up as a silversmith and watchmaker in Norwich, 
Conn. The vicissitudes of business carried him to Wortliing- 
ton, Mass., thence to Salem, and finally back to Norwich, 
Conn., where he was prominent in the Congregational church. 
William's son, Richard Falley Cleveland, was the father of 
Grover Cleveland. Richard was born in 1805, at Norwich, 
and was educated at Yale College. His father desired the 
son to enter the ministry, but the years immediately suc- 
ceeding his graduation, he spent as tutor in a private school 
in Baltimore, Md. In this city, he met Anne Neale, daughter 
of a prosperous law-book publisher of Irish extraction, and a 
famous beauty, whom lie married as soon as he assumed the 
duties of his first pastorate. This Avas the Congregational 



CAREER OF GROVER CLEVELAND. 508 

church at Windham, Conn., where he lived until failing 
health compelled him to seek a home in the South. Returning 
to the North at the end of a year, he took a church in Cald- 
well, N. J., where on March 18, 1837, a son named Stephen 
Grover, in honor of the minister the father had succeeded, was 
born. There were three other children, Anne, William 
Neale, and Mary, all older than Grover, and after him, Cecil, 
Frederick, Margaret, Susan, and Rose. When Grover was 
three years old, his father accepted a call at Fayetteville, N. Y., 
at $G00 a year. Here Grover went to the district school, 
where he did not especially distinguish himself. In fact, 
there was nothing in his school-boy career °to mark him as 
superior to liis fellows. At this time, Richard Cleveland's 
means being limited, he determined that it would be well to 
give Grover some practical business experience, which he did 
by finding him a position as a clerk in a Fayetteville store at 
150 a year. A biographer says of tins period of Grover 
Cleveland's career : " There is unimpeachable testimony that 
whatever the boy's hand was given to do, he did witli all his 
heart, and that he left behind him the reputation for bravery, 
fidelity, and candor that has outlived all these years." The 
family removed to Clinton, N. J., the seat of Hamilton Col- 
lege, when Grover was eleven years of age, the intention 
being to place Grover in the college, William being already 
there. Richard Cleveland's salary was now $1,000 a year, 
larger than it had ever been, and he was encouraged to hope 
that he would be able to give his sons as thorough an educa- 
tion as his own had been. 

At Clinton, Grover resumed his preparation for college, 
but was compelled to give it up in his sixteenth year, when 
his father, who had been called to Holland Patent, near 
Utica, N. Y., died there a month after his arrival. This 
event made a complete change in the situation and prospects 
of the family. The fatlier'.s income had barely sufficed for 
the support and education of his children. It became appar- 



504 CAREER OF OROVER CLEVELANO. 

eiit that such of them as were old enougli would have to 
i;ike care of themselves and help to take care of the others. 
jVlthough the gaining of a college education had been the 
dearest Avish of his life, Grover cheerfully gave it up and 
went to work. 

His oldest brother, William, was at this time a teacher in 
the Institute for the Blind in the city of New York. He 
procured for Grover the pLu^e of clerk and assistant teacher. 
William liad recently graduated from Hamilton College, and 
under his tuition Grover devoted all his leisure time to the 
study of Latin and English literature. At the end of a 
year's engagement he returned to his mother's house, where, 
between the times of seeking more lucrative emjiloyment he 
still continued his studies. He searched for work in SyrsL- 
cuse and Utica, but without success, and finally made up liis 
mind to go West. On his way he stopped in Buffalo to 
visit his uncle, Lewis F. Allen, a stock-breeder. He made 
the journey thither with twenty-five dollars in his pocket, the 
amount of a loan from a deacon in his father's church, for 
which he gave a note, dated May, 1858, to repay the sum on 
demand. His ultimate destination was Cleveland, O., but 
his uncle induced him to remain in Buffalo, and placed him 
at work compiling a " herd-book " containing the pedigrees 
of full-blooded short-horn cattle. For this work he received 
sixty dollars ; the book was accurately compiled and became 
a standard work, and is such to-day. 

Grover's uncle now endeavored to find him a place in a 
law-office, where the lad might realize his ambition to become 
a lawyer. After refusals from several other firms, Rogers, 
Bowen & Rogers gave Grover a place as office boy. He at 
once set to work with the dogged perseverance and unflag- 
ging industry which have characterized his whole career, to 
master tlie rudiments of the law and to make liimself useful. 
Althougli living witli his uncle two miles out of town he 
was always the first to arrive in the morning and the last to go 



OAREEK OF (tROVER CLEVELAND. 505 

at night. His industry was appreciated, and in a few months 
he received a salary of four dollars a week. This was in- 
creased from time to time, and after his admission to the bar 
in May, 1850, ho was made managing clerk at -fsBOO a year. 
In 1861 this had been increased to $1,000 a year, and then, 
at the age of t\^"enty-five, he left the office to become assist- 
ant district-attorr.cy of Erie County. 

Tliose who knew Grover Cleveland at this period of his 
life have said that he won success by his industry, courage, 
and honesty. He was thorough in all he undertook, and, 
once his convi'-tions were formed npon what he believed to be 
reliable data, nothing could change them. On any question 
he was studying, he was reticent until he had familiarized 
himself with all its bearings, then ho made conclusions from 
which it was impossible to swerve liim. He adopted a rule 
to complete every day's work so that it would not have to be 
done again, and the late hours kept by the President at his 
desk in the Executive Mansion bear testimony to the habit he 
contracted in his young manhood. 

Plis appointment as assistant district-attorney came to him 
without any solicitation on his part. He was reluctant to 
accept it, because the salary was only six hundred dollars a 
year. Having accepted it at the earnest advice of friends, he 
entered npon his new work witli all the energy and zeal of 
youth. The district-attorney lived twenty-iive miles out of 
town, and therefore most of the work devolved upon the 
assistant. He was in attendance at every one of the twelve 
grand juries which met during each of the three years of his 
term in office, and presented in full the large majority of the 
cases. Nearly all tlie indictments during that period were 
drawn by him, and more than half the cases he tried in court. 
On more than one occasion he conducted four cases before a 
jury, won a favorable verdict in each, and sat down at eight 
ij'clock in tli(! evening to make preparations for the next day, 
not rising from his desk until three o'clock in the morning. 



506 CAREER UF GROVER CLEVELAND. 

Eight o'clock found liiin again at tlie office for the day's con- 
test with some of the best criminal practitioners in the 
country. 

During his term of office, he was drafted into the military 
service of the United States. Two of his brothers, Cecil and 
Frederick, were already at the front. His brother William 
at Southampton, Long Island, had a family to provide for. 
Grover was supporting his mother and two sisters on his 
salary of six hundred dollars. At the advice of friends, 
therefore, he determined to find a substitute, and did so, the 
bounty money being borrowed from tlie district-attorney. In 
1865, at the age of twenty-nine, he was nominated for district 
attorney by the Democrats, but was beaten by his intimate 
personal friend, Lyman K. Bass, with whom he afterwards 
formed a law partnership — in 1866. Mr. Cleveland formed 
a partnership with tlie late mayor of Buffalo, Isaac V. Van- 
derpoel, which lasted till 1869, when he joined the firm of 
Laning, Cleveland & Folsom. In 1867, the late William 
Dorsheimer, then United States District Attorney for the 
Buffalo district, offered Mr. Cleveland the position of assist- 
ant, which he declined. In 1870, his friends suggested his 
name as candidate for the office of sheriff, and, without any 
effort on his part, he received the unanimous vote of the Demo- 
cratic party, and was elected for three yeai's. The office 
of sheriff is the most important executive office in the county, 
under the system in the State of New York. The duties of 
this position were filled by Mr. Cleveland w ith the same at- 
tention and business-like fidelity that he had always shown 
in such positions as he had held, either in i)ublic or private 
life. In this, the first important executive position which he 
had filled, he did justice to himself and to those whose con- 
fidence he had secured, and by whom he was selected. He 
had for the first time in many years sufficient leisure for self- 
imjjrovement, and the income of the office was large enough 
to jjermit him to save some money. His position in Buffalo 



CAREER OF GROVER CLEVELAND. 507 

politics was now assured, and there was no man in the h^cal 
Democracy who was more highly esteemed. 

At the expiration of his term as sheriff, with Lyman K. 
Bass and Wilson S. Bissell, the law firm of Bass, Cleveland 
& Bissell was formed, and was one of the strongest in Westeiii 
New York. Judqe Georo-e W. Clinton said of him at thiy 
time : " In his jury addresses he never fired over the heads of 
the jury in rhetorical eloquence. He addressed himself to 
them directly, as an honest, sensible man speaking to his 
fellows, and he won his verdicts by his close and full argu- 
ment and his thorough knowledge of all the evidence in the 
case. He was strictly honorable, and never endeavored to 
take petty advantages of the opposing counsel or of the jury. 
At the time he became mayor, he can truthfully be said to 
have been eminent at the bar of Erie County." 

In 1881 the Reform movement in Buffalo was organized, 
with the view of purging the city of the corrupt influences 
by wliich its municipal administration was surrounded. 

Party lines were to a certain extent disorganized. The 
city had been badly ruled by a combination of Republican 
managers, its revenues were stolen or wasted, and no mayor 
had been found, for many years, who possessed the courage 
and ability to attack the existing abuses. The Democratic 
leaders turned to Lawyer Cleveland a-s the man to win the 
election. He was nominated by acclamation, and in his 
speech of acceptance pledged himself if elected to conduct 
the office of mayor in the interest of the people of Buffalo. 
After an exciting canvass, he was elected by a majority of 
3,530, while on the same day the Republican State ticket had 
carried the city by a majority of over 1,600. During the 
short time that he renrained in office, being raised to the 
governorship before tlie expiration of his term as mayor, 
he saved the city more than $1,000,000 by preventing the 
consummation of corrupt schemes and bargains by the city 
council. 



508 CAREER OF (iRDVKJl CLEVELAND. 

He displayed indomitable pluck and grit, a thorough 
knou IimIo'c of the law, a clear perception of the needs and 
rights of the eity, and of the best way to secure them, and a 
sincere determination to place the public interests ab.^ve the 
claims of paity. He showed how easily a man who is 
thoroughly honest and tlioroughly earnest can gain victory 
over corrupt combinations. 

In September, 1882, the Republicans of New York nom- 
inated Charles J. Folger, Secretary of the Treasury, for Gov- 
ernor. Tlu^ inliuences m liidi ])roiight about his nomination 
led to the revolt of several influential Republican news- 
papers, and many of the Rejuiblican voters announced their 
intention not to A'ote for him. The Democrats nominated 
Mayor Cleveland to oppose F'olger ; Cleveland's letter of 
acceptance, written in his characteristic, vigorous style, 
calltMl forth heart}' commendation, and a campaign was 
inaugurated which was notable for the listlessness of the 
Republicans, and the desertion of thousands of them to 
rally to the cause of the Democracy. Cleveland achieved 
;i. wonderful triumph at tlie polls, his majority being 
192,854. 

Tlie traits of tireless industry, unostentatious dignity, 
thoi'oughness and simplicity noted in Grover Cleveland's 
early career Avere obser\'ablo during his stay in Albany. 
On the day before his inauguration as Governor he came 
from Buffalo with his law partner, Mr. Bissell, went to the 
Executive Mansion and spent the night. The next day the 
city was excited with the ap})roaching ceremonies. The 
streets were crowded, but there was no military parade and 
no procession. Mr. Cleveland would not allow it. He 
Avalked from the Executive Mansion, accompanied by Mr. 
Bissell, to the Capitol, a mile distant, making one of the 
throng that was going that way. He entered the building 
uni-ecognized, went to the executive chamber, where he was 
met by Governor Cornell. The moment the inaugural cere- 




3ms. FBANCKS CLEVELAND. 



CAREKR OK (iKOVER CLEVKLAKD. 511 

mony was over he passed into the hirge reception room, 
which had been set apart for his use, ordered tliat the doors 
should be open to admit everj^body, and wlien the handshak- 
ing was over he went immediately to work. Never was an 
important jjublic event so completely stripped of fuss and 
feathers, and never was a more radical change effected in the 
oflieial regime of the executive department. 

His lirst message to the legislature was a disa[)pointment. 
He intimated that a newly elected Executive could hardly 
be expected " to present a complete exhibit of State affairs.' 
The opposition newspapers throughout the State made fun 
of the message without stint, but the truth was that Mr. 
Cleveland did not know much about the details of the Gov- 
ernor's ofiice and he did not hesitate to say that he did not. 
He would not pretend to a knowledge which he did not 
possess. But shortly after his inauguration he began to send 
vetoes to the legislature, which called down upon him a 
stoi'm of criticism, and drew sharply the line between the 
friends and the opponents of the policy in government which 
he had announced while Mayor of Buffalo. 

As Governor, he displayed the same fearless devotion to 
principle which had characterized his administration as INIayor 
of Buffalo. His numerous vetoes earned him tiie title of 
" V^eto Governor." He worked harder than any of his 
subordinates, and systematized the ofilice work thoroughly. 
His attention was directed to the subject of pardons, the 
decision upon which had heretofore been in the hands of a 
pardon clerk, and he at once assumed the responsibility of 
the examination and decision upon all pardons himself. He 
was especially anxious to give proper attention to all that 
related to the amelioration of the condition of laboring men, 
and thi'ough the fearless use of his veto power he prevented 
the enactment into statutes of several measures which would 
have been injuiious to this class. Under his administration 
a State Civil Sei'vice llcform l)ill and a l)ill prohibiting politi- 



512 CAREER OF CUoVKK CLEVELAND. 

cal assessments became laws. A bureau of labor statistics 
was also established with his approval, and with results of 
great advantage to the State. Many of his acts excited 
adverse comment, and antagonized the politicians, but the 
great body of the people expressed their approval of his 
course. No one questioned his earnestness, and his mistakes 
were of the head rather than of the heart. 

Being Governor of a pivotal State by an overwhelming 
majority, he became a })residential possibility from the mo- 
ment of his election. In 1884, the first name prominently 
mentioned for the Democratic nomination for President was 
Samuel J. Tilden. He having declined, the leaders of the 
New York Democracy put Governor Cleveland forward. 
This was in the eighteenth month of his term as Governor. 
Tliere wore at the time mutterings of discontent among cer- 
tain classes of Republicans due to the prospective nomination 
l)y that party of James G. Blaine, The conditions, therefore, 
were admirably fitted for the nomination of such a candidate 
by the Democrats as would in l)oth his personal and political 
charactti' commend himself to his party and to those Repub- 
licans who were about to "bolt" the nomination of Blaine. 
Such a candidate was found in Govei'iior Cleveland. Led by 
Daniel Manning, who afterwards was Secretary of the Treas- 
ury under President Cleveland, the New York delegation to 
the Democratic National Convention cast 72 votes for Cleve- 
land and thereby made his nomination certain. Cleveland 
was nominated on the second ballot, receiving 683 votes. 
Tliomas F. Bayard, of Delaware, receiving 81^ votes, and 
Thomas A. Hendricks, of Indiana, receiving 45^ votes. The 
campaign which followed will ever be memorable for the 
personal abuse of both candidates, which characterized it. It 
was a bitterly fought contest from start to finish, and re- 
sulted in the election of Cleveland. The decisive votes were 
those of New York State, which he cai-ried by the narrow 
plurality of 1,047 in a total vote, aggregating about one 



CAREER OF GROVIiR CLEVELAND. 518 

million. He received 219 electoral votes to 182 for Mr. 
Blaine, and a plurality of the popular vote of G 9,806. The 
support which Cleveland received from the Mugwumps, to- 
gether with the effect of Dr. Burcliard's famous alliteration, 
undoubtedly increased his strength. 

Tlie independent support of Cleveland was due princi- 
pally to tlie belief that as President he would set himself 
above the politicians of his party and conduct his office in 
accordance with the principles of civil service reform. Soon 
after liis election but before his inauguration the National 
Civil Service Reform League addix'ssed to him a letter 
requesting an explicit statement regarding liis views on the 
civil service. In his reply he expressed himself against the 
removal solely on partisan grounds of a certain class of office- 
liolders, but in favor of the removal of those who had proved 
themselves "offensive partisans and unscru[)u]ous manipula- 
tors of local party management." Tlie month after his 
inauguration he gratified tlie reformers but antagonized the 
politicians by reappointing the Republican Postmaster at New 
York, Henry G. Pearson. This act was another proof of his 
ability to withstand the pressure of partisanship, and of his 
courage in the face of ceiiain condenniation nnd loss of 
political advantage. What \\ iih the demands upon him for 
the " spoils of office," and his pledges to observe the letter 
and spirit of the civil service law. President Cleveland fre- 
quently expeiienced eml)arrassments which Avould have 
been intolerable to a less patient man. Many times he 
antagonized his Mugwump admirers, but no less often tluui 
he did the machine politicians. His manifest desire to do 
what he thought was right, liowever, strengthened him 
ijuite as much as liis failure to satisfy the politicians weak- 
ened him. 

The Republican Senate tried to make political capital out 
of his a])pointments and removals l)y demanding the papers 
upon wlii<-li leiiHtvals jiiid appoint niciits were made. But 



514 CAREER OF GROVER (I-EVELAND. 

in this their efforts were wasted, and his appointments were 
confirnied. His annual messages to Congress were always 
characterized by a n igorous discussion of public questions, 
in which be fearlessly expressed his own opinions, sometimes 
to the great dissatislaction of the party leaders. His exer- 
cise of the veto power as Governor was carried to equal, if 
not greater length, as President. Bills in\olving the pay- 
ment of private claims and bills appropriating money for 
public buildiiigs, many of them met with his disapproval. 
The Dependent Pension Bill, permitting a pension to soldiers 
and sailors who served in the Civil War " u[)on tlu^ ground of 
service and present disability alone, and in the entire absence 
of any injuries received by the casualties or incidents of such 
service," was vetoed b}- President Cleveland, " as an avowed 
departure from the princi})le thus far adhered to respecting 
Union soldiers, that the bounty of the Government in the 
way of pensions is generously bestowed when granted to 
those who, in their military service and in the line of military 
duty have, to a greater or less extent, been disabled." In his 
message he called attention to the alleged disregard of truth 
and good faith, stimulated by pension agents, in submitting 
claims for pensions. jNIany private pension claims submitted 
for his signature w^ere vetoed, and he thus laid himself open 
to the charge of being unfriendly to the soldier, an accusa- 
tion which his friends have always stoutly denied. 

Another incident of his administration Wiis that which grew 
out of his order to Adjutant-General Drum to return to thci 
ex-Confederates the battle-flags, then in a dilapidated con- 
dition in the Ordnance Museum, which the Union armies had 
captured. This order aroused the members of the Grand 
Army of the Republic, whose leaders attacked the President 
with such fierceiiess that he revoked the order. He was at 
the time contemplating a tour of the South which should in- 
clude St. Louis, Mo., during the Grand Army Encampment, 
but it was declared that he would be publicly insulted if 



CAREER OP (iROVER OLEVELAXD. 



515 



he did so. This purpose of the offended Union veterans 
was rebuked by General Sherman, and tlie President 
visited St. Louis without indignity either to hini or liis high 
station. 

The third annual message of President Cleveland, submit- 
ted to Congress in December, 1887, seven months before the 
Democratic National Convention of 1888, was known as the 
Tariff Message, for the reason that in it he made direct ap- 
peal to the country in behalf of a radical reduction in tariff 
duties, in order to prevent the accumulation of a large surplus 
in the Treasury. The phraseology of the message was so 




GRAY GABI-KS. 



pointed, and the sentiments it expressed were so clearly in 
the nature of a challenge to the Republican party to make 
an issue on the jjrotection basis, that Democrats rnd Republi- 
cans alike were startled. Many of Cleveland's own friends 
criticised his audacity in thus forcing an issue of his own 
(;hoosing. The message, too, forced the Democratic party to 
renominate him, which was done by acclamation at the Con- 
vention at St. Louis, in July, 1888. Li the election which 
followed in November, there was but one issue, the tariff. 
Benjamin Harrison, the Republican candidate, was elected, 
carrying New York and Indiana. 



516 CAREER OF (iliOVKE fLEVELAND. 

The marriage of President Cleveland to Miss Frances 
Folsom, was a notable event in the administration. It took 
place on June 2, 1886, in the Blue Room of the White 
House. The bride was then in her twenty-second year, 
having been born on July 21, 1864. Her father was Oscar 
Folsom, Cleveland's former hiAv-partner and intimate friend. 
At Mr. Folsom's death in 1875, Mr. Cleveland became her 
guardian. She was well educated, had the social instinct, 
and was beautiful withal, and was admiral)ly fitted to become 
the mistress of the White House. The receptions of the 
bride and groom lent an atinosp.here of gaiety to the White 
House life which it never had before, so that the Cleveland 
administration was distinguished quite as much for its social 
festivity as for its other features. U[)on the inauguration of 
Harrison, the Clevelands left Washington to live in New 
York City, where the ex-President entered upon the prac- 
tice of the law. One child, baby Ruth, has been l)orn 
to Mrs. Cleveland, the date of the birth being October 3, 
1891. 




518 



ADLAl E. STEVENSON'S CAREER. 



The Democratic candidate for Vice-President, Gen. Adlai 
Ewing Stevenson, of Bloomington, 111., is another of the 
Kentuckians b}" birth who, as citizens of Illinois, have been 
named for national political honors. 

He was Ijorn in Christianson County, Ky,, near the county 
seat of Ho[)kinsville. He was the eldest son of Mr. and 
Mrs. J. T. Stevenson. The family originally came from 
JNIecklenburg, N. C. He began to attend school at the age 
of five years, his uncle, Dr. T. F. Worrell, who died in 
Bloomington a few years since, being the instructor. Young 
Stevenson was fond of history and always showed great 
interest in politics. A great reader and a liard student, he 
rapidly went to the front among his schoolfellows. At the 
age of sixteen he came with the family to Bloomington, 
where they resided on South Albert Street. He immediately 
entered llie Illinois Wesleyan University at that place, which 
was then in its infancy. When twenty-one years old he 
went to Danville, Ky., and entered Center College, then pre- 
sided over by the Ilev. Lewis W. Green. In 1857 he was 
called home to Bloomington because of the death of his 
father. He soon began the reading of law with the firm of 
Williams & Packard, later_ the firm of Williams & Burr. 
He was admitted to the l)ar in 1858. He did not practise in 
Bloomington at first, but went. to Metaniora, Woodford 
County, where he remained for ten years, having been twice 
elected prosecuting attorney, and master in Chancery of the 
Circuit Court for four years. 

While at Danville pursuing his studies, he met Miss 

519 



520 ADLAi K. Stevenson's career. 

Letitia Green, daughter of the Rev. Lewis W. Green, Presi- 
dent of the college at which he was a student. The court«lii[) 
was at the home of jNlrs. Scott, a sister of Miss Green, who 
lived in Chenoa, 111., and there the marriage ceremony took 
place in December, 18(36, the officiating clergym-an being the 
Rev. Dr. Craig, now of the INIcCormick Seminary in Chicago. 
The couple afterwards made a trip through Kentucky, visit- 
ing the places where they were known, being Avelcomed with 
a characteristic Avarmth, the memory of which is still fresh in 
the minds of the people of that section. Four children, all 
of whom are living, have been born to them : Louis Green 
Stevenson, aged twenty-four years ; Mary E. Stevenson, 
aged nineteen years ; Julia »Scott Stevenson, aged eighteen 
years ; Letitia Ewing Stevenson, aged sixteen years. 

General Stevenson's partnership with his cousin, James S. 
Ewing, which still exists, began in 1868. The young men 
had been fast friends from boyhood, and were at school and 
college together. An incident of the boyhood in Blooming- 
ton, is related as follows : — " When Stevenson and Jim 
Ewing first came here they had a potato patch just out of 
town. They were poor, and relied on the potato crop to 
bring them in spending money. One day they brought a 
load of potatoes to town, and while passing a livery stable 
the liveryman began to guy them. This incensed the boys, 
and they decided he couldn't have them. After they had 
sold their potatoes, they found a thumper who ^^-as loafing 
about the corner and asked him if he wanted a job. They 
told him they wanted him to thrash a man. The thumper 
asked them how much they would pay, and they said they 
would give him all they had realized on the potatoes. He 
accepted the job and they told him to get in the wagon and 
lie down. Then they drove back past the livery stable. The 
livery man was still standing in the doorway, and young 
Stevenson asked if he had changed his mind about them. The 
livery man said he hadn't. Then the boys threw the liiic^ 



ADLAi E. Stevenson's career. 521 

over the dash-board and made a rush for the 'soothless in- 
sulter.' Before the lust blow was dealt, the thumper, who 
had beeu concealed in the wagon, leaped over the wheels and 
tackled the livery man, who was laid up for rei)airs in con- 
sequence for several days. Adlai told me that was the first 
time and last time he had ever spent any money for a fight." 

General Stevenson's ability as prosecuting attorney of 
Woodford County brought him into prominence before the 
people, and in 1864 he was named as the Democratic Presi- 
dential elector for that district. In the campaign of General 
McClellan as the nominee of his party for the Presidency he 
canvassed the entire State, speaking in every county. In 
1874 he was elected to Congress in the Bloomington district, 
which then included Tazewell County, and which had been up 
to that time a large Republican majority. He defeated Gen. 
John McNulta, one of the best political debaters in Illinois, 
after a most exciting and bitter canvass. In this campaign 
Mr. Stevenson won the appellation of " The Great Strad- 
dler " for the ease and success with which he rode two horses 
at once — Democracy and Greenbackism. He made a close 
and energetic campaign, and liis election was a genuine sur- 
prise, especially to the Republicans. In 1876 he was defeated 
by the Hon. Diedrich C. Smith, of Pekin, soon after which the 
district was changed by putting Tazewell County into the 
district with Sangamon, and outlining the present Fourteentli 
District. He was again nominated in 1878, and was elected. 
He was a delegate to the National Democratic Convention in 
1884, and in 1877 president Hayes appointed him a member 
of the Board to inspect the Military Academy at West Point. 

His military title was not won in the field of wars, but is 
a relic of liis service of the United States Government as 
First Assistant Postmaster-General in the Cleveland adminis- 
tration. At this time he was styled the "axeman" of the 
administration, because he decapitated thousands of Republi- 
can post-masters and appointed Democrats in their places. 



522 ADI.AI K. Sn'KVKNSON's CAKEER. 

Since li-is return from Wiishiiigton in 1889, (ieneral Stev- 
enson has not taken an active part in the business of liis law 
firm, but lias devoted his time hirgely to the interests of the 
Workl's Fair. This has called him to nearly every State in 
tlie South and several times to Mexico. Two years ago he 
Was elected President of the Inter-State Building and Loan 
Association and holds that office at present, the headquarters 
being Bloomington. He has for many years been a stock- 
liolder of the McLean County Coal Company, whose mines 
are in Bloomington, and is its president. The company has 
always employed non-iniion laboring men, and under the 
management of IMr. JNIutthew T. Scott some years ago dis- 
putes with the miners were frequent and strikes not uncom- 
mon. General Stevenson lias had nothing to do with the 
active management of the mines which are controlled by the 
Scott estate. He is also a stockholder and director of 
the People's Bank of Bloomington. 

General Stevenson's personality has won him liosts of 
friends, and in Bloomington liis political opponents were 
quite as delighted with his nomination as were those who 
have been affiliated with him. On his arrival from Chicago, 
on the evening of the day of his nomination, Bloomington 
welcomed h;m in a manner whicli proved that he is one of her 
favorite citizens. A procession, in which the citizens joined, 
irrespective of party, escorted the General to the Soldiers' 
Monument, where, standing on a gun-carriage, he listened to 
a speech of welcome and of eulogy deliveied by his t\^-ice- 
defeated Pepublican opponent. General ^IcNulta. Replying 
General Stevenson said: — 

"Mr. Mayor, Gex, McNut.ta, and my TowNSForK, Neigh- 
bors, AND Fkiknds : I have no word with Avhich to express the 
deep gratitude of my heart for tl.o generous welcome you have 
given me. Tlie memory of it will ])erish only with my lite. To 
have such a greeting from the people amojig whom I have lived 
for more than a third of a century, in a home which I esteem 
even more than the great honor that the Democrats of this great 



ADi-Ai E. Stevenson's career. 523 

and glorious nation have conferred on me, is an honor of which 
any citizen miglit well be proud. This has been my home from 
early boyhood. All that makes up life, the joys, the sorrows, 
have been here, and I have been proud of it. I have loved it, 
but I never have loved this beautiful city and its noble people as 
I do at this moment. Words cannot express my gratitude, my 
love; I can only say I thank you from the bottom of my heart. 

"Yon cannot expect an extended speech. I am worn out with 
the exacting labors of the Convention. I have not had the time 
nor the energy to collect my thoughts for a speech. 1 feel that I 
cannot say what I want to say to you; that I coi-dially respond 
to the wish of General McNulta tliat the jiolitical contest upon 
which we now enter shall be one of intelligent discussion and not 
of personal vilitication ; that it shall be a fight for the great 
principles of Democracy and for the great reform for which 
Democracy stands, dilfer as we may as to the principles and 
methods of government. We all desire the best interests of our 
common country. 

" Should my candidacy be successful, I can hardly hope at the 
close of my term of office to be welcomed to my home as I have 
been welcomed to-day. Should I be doomed to defeat, I shall 
have the satisfaction of knowing that it was not caused by the 
personal hostility of my countrymen, and that the few remaining 
years of my life will be spent in the most beautiful city and 
among the most generous people upon this earth. Again, my 
neighbors, my friends, I thank you." 

A Bloomingtoii man who lias made a stud}^ of Mr. Steven- 
son's peculiarities, says : 

" When Stevenson is not telling a funny story he always has a 
key-ring full of keys on his thumb. He has a way of throwing 
one key at a time over his thumb with his first finger. When he 
is in that attitude you can always bet he is thinking up some 
Jiew story or plotting a joke on somebody. When he Avas First 
Assistant Postmaster-General he always went through that motion 
before he fired some Republican out of the post-office. 

" Stevenson is one of tlie best after-dinner talkers in the West. 
ITe is full of what is known as the Kentucky suavity. But as an 
orator I do not regard him as a howling success. lie forgets some 
of his Kentucky polish when he gets on the stumj). As he Avarms 
u]) to his subject, he takes off his cuff's, then his necktie, then his 
shirt collar, and if the weather is very warm he ])u]ls otf his coat, 
and he thrashes around like a young hurricane. His voice on an 
occasion of this soil becomes husky, a);d he gets red in the face 
and looks as if he was going to have an attack of apoplexy. 



524 ADLAi E. Stevenson's career. 

" He has had remarkable success at the bar in criminal cases. 
In any case where he appears for a woman he is effective. One 
of the most brilliant speeches he ever made was in a case of this 
sort. In his office, at a street conit-r, or at the club, he is one of 
the best story tellers I ever heard, but Avhen he gets on the stump 
his fund of humor seems to run out. 

" He is a member of the Presbyterian church, doesn't drink 
much, never swears, and never tells a salacious anecdote. One 
of the most prominent traits in his character is his devotion to his 
family. There is not that man living who ever heard of his 
neglecting the slightest wants oi Ins household." 

Of this filial trait in the General, Mrs. Stevenson herself 
says : 

" Before I knew him I had almost learned to love him on ac- 
count of his devotion to his mother. It may seem strange that 
any son should receive special credit for being so obedient and 
dutiful to his mother, but in the case of Mr. Stevenson his devo- 
tion always seemed more mai'ked than in anyone of whom I ever 
heard." 

Another observer of General Stevenson's career says : 

" Much of Stevenson's popularity is due to his gallantry to 
women. He wins them and thoy become his advocates. If the 
women of this country had the right of suffrage, Stevenson would 
be elected Vice-President by an overwhelming majority." 




MH-I.IAM C. WHITNEY. 



526 



NOMINATION OF CLEVELAND. 



Grover Cleveland was placed in nomination by Leon 
Abbett, Governor of his native State of New Jersey, in tlie 
following speech : — 

Mb. Chairman axd Gentlemen" of the Convention : In 
placing a name before this Convention, I speak for the united 
Democracy of the State of New Jersey, whose loyalty to Demo- 
cratic principles, faithful service to the party, and whose contri- 
butions to its success entitle it to the consideration of the 
Democrat'}^ of the countr}'. Its electoral vote has alwaj's been 
cast in support of Democratic principles and Democratic candi- 
dates. 

In voicing the unanimous wish of the delegation of New 
Jersey, I present as their candidate for the suffrage of this con- 
vention the name of a distinguished Democratic statesman born 
u])on its soil, for Avhom in two presidential contests the State of 
New Jersey has given its electoral vote. The supreme consider- 
ation in the mind of the Democracy of New Jersey is the success 
of the Democratic party and its principles. We have been in 
the past, and will be in the future, ready to sacrifice all personal 
preferences to the clear expression of the will of the Democratic 
party. It is because that this name will awaken throughout 
our own State the enthusiasm of the Democracy and insui'c 
success; it is because he re])resents the great Democratic princi- 
ples and policy u])ou which this entire convention is a unit; it is 
because we believe that, with him as a candidate, the Democracy 
of the Union Avill sweep the country and establish its principles 
throughout the length and breadth of the land, that we offer to 
the convention as a nominee the choice of the Democracy of New 
Jersey — Grover Cleveland. 

If any doubt existed in the minds of the Democracy of New 
Jersey of his ability to lead the great Democratic hosts to victory, 
they would not present his name to-day ; with thc^m the success 
of the party and the establishment of its ])rinciples are beyond 
their love of admiration for any man. 

We feel certain that every Democratic State, though its pref- 

£27 



528 NOINIINATIOX OF CI.KVELAND. 

erence may be for some other distinguished Democrat, will give 
its warm, enthusiastic and earnest snj^port to the nominee of tliis 
Convention. The man Avhom we present will rally to his ])arty 
thousands of independent voters, whose choice is delerniined hy 
their personal conviction that the candidate will represent j^i'in- 
ciples dear to them, and whose ]Md)lic life and policy gives 
assurance that, if chosen by the people, they will secure an honest, 
pure, and conservative administration, and the great interests of 
the country will be encouraged and ])rotected. 

The time will come when other distinguished Democrats who 
have been mentioned in connection with this nomination will re- 
ceive that consideration to which the great services they have 
rendered their l>arty entitle them. But we stand to-day in the 
presence of the fact that tlie majority of the Democratic masses 
throughout the country, rank and file, the millions of its voters, 
demand the nomination of Grover Cleveland. 

The sentiment is so strong and overpowering that it has 
attracted and controlled the actions of delegates who would 
otherwise present the name of some distinguished leader of their 
own State, with whom they feel victory Avould l)e assured, and in 
Avhom the entire country would feel confidence. But the people 
have spoken, and favorite sons and leaders are standing aside in 
deference to their will. 

Shall we listen to the voice of the Democracy of the Union ? 
Shall we place on our banners the name of the man of their choice, 
the man in whom they believe ; or shall we for any consideration of 
policy or expedi(mcy, hesitate to obey their will V 

I have sublime faith in the expression of the people when it is 
clear and distinct. When the question before them is one that 
has excited discussion and debate ; when it appeals to their 
interests and their feelings; when it calls for the exercise of their 
judgment, and when they say we want this man, and we can 
elect liiui, we, tlieir representatives, must not disobey or disap- 
point them. It is incumbent upon us to obey their wishes and 
concur in their judgment. Then, having given them the candi- 
date of their choice, they will give us their best, their most ener- 
getic efforts to secure success. 

We confidently rely upon the loyal and successful work of 
the Democratic leaders who liave advocated other candidates. 
We know that in the great State across the river from New 
Jersey, now controlled by the Democracy, there is no Democrat 
who will shirk the duty of making an effort to secure the success 
of the candidate of this convention, notwithstanding his judgment 
may differ fi-oni that of the majority. The Democracy of New 
York and their great leaders, whose efforts and sj)lendid general- 



NOMINATION OF CLEVELAND. 529 

ship have given to us a Democratic senator and governoi-, will 
always be true to the groat party they represent ; they Avill not 
waver in the coming canvass, nor will they rest until they have 
achieved success. Their grand victories of the past, their natural 
and honorable ambition, their unquestioned Democracy, will 
make them arise and tight as never before, and with those that 
they represent and lead, they will marshal the great independent 
vote, and we will again secui-e Democratic victory in New York. 

The grand Democrats, under whose leadership the people of 
New York are now governed, will give to the cause the great 
weight of organization. 

The thundering echoes of this Convention announcing the 
nomination of Grover Cleveland will not have died out over the 
hills and through the valleys of this land before you will hear and 
see all our leaders rallying to the support of our candidate. 
They will begin their efforts for organization and success, and 
continue their work until victory crowns their efforts. All Demo- 
ci-ats will fight for victor^^ and they will succeed, because the 
principles of the party enunciated here are for the best interests 
of the country at large, and because the people of this land have 
unquestioning faith that Grover Cleveland will give the country 
a pure, honest, and stable government, and an administration in 
which the great business interests of the country and the agricul- 
tural and laboring interests of the masses will receive proper and 
due consideration. 

The question has been asked why it is that the masses of the 
party demand the nomination of Grover Cleveland. Why is it 
that this man Avho has no offices to distribute, no wealth to com- 
mand, should have secured the spontaneous support of the great 
body of Democracy? Why is it that, with all that has been 
urged against him, the people still cry : " Give us Cleveland " ? 
Why is it that, although he has pronounced in clear, earnest, and 
able language his views upon questions upon which some of his 
party may differ with him, he is still near and dear to the masses? 
It is because he has crystallized into a living issue the great prin- 
ciple upon which this battle is to be fought out at the coming 
election. 

If he did not create tariff reform, he has made it a presidential 
issue ; he vitalized it and presented it to our party as the issue 
for wiich we could fight and continue to battle until upon it 
victory is now assured. There are few men in his position who 
Avould have had the courage to boldly make the issue of tariff 
reform and present it clearly and forcibly as he did in his great 
message of 1887. I believe that his policy then w^as to force a 
national issue which would appeal to the judgment of the iseopLc. 



530 NOMINATION OF CLEVELAND. 

We must honor a man who is honest enough and bold enough, 
under such circumstances, to proclaim that the success of the 
party upon jiriuciple is better than evasion or shirking of the 
true national issues for temporary success. When victory is 
obtained uj>on princi})le it forms the solid foundation of party 
success in the future. It is no longer the question of a battle to 
be won on the mistakes of our foes, but it is a victory to be 
accomplished by a charge along the whole line under the banner 
of principle. 

There is another reason why the people demand his nomina- 
tion. They feel that the tariff reform views of President Cleve- 
land and the j)rinciples laid down in his great message, whatever 
its temporary effect may have been, gave us a living and vital 
issue to fight, which has made the great victories since 1888 
possible. 

It consolidated in one solid phalanx the Democracy of the 
nation. In every State of this Union that policy has been placed 
in Democratic platforms, and our battles have been fought upon 
it, and this great body of representative Democrats has seen its 
good results. Every man in this convention recognizes this as 
the policy of the party. In Massachusetts it gave us a Russell ; 
in Iowa it gave us a Boies ; in Wisconsin it gave us a Peck for 
Governor and Vilas for secretary. In Michigan it gave us Wv- 
mans for Governor and gave us a Democratic legislature, and 
will give us eight votes for President. In Ohio, in 1889, it gave 
us James Campbell for Governor, and in 1891 to defeat him it 
required the entire wealth and power of the Republican party. 
In Pennsylvania it gave us Robert E. Pattison. In Connecticut 
it gave us a Democratic Governor, Avho was kept out of office by 
the infamous conduct of the Republican party. 

In New Hamjishire it gave lis a legislature, of Avhich we were 
defrauded. In Illinois it gave us a Palmer for senator, and in 
Nebraska it gave us Bo}^! for Governor. 

In the great Southern States it has continued in power the 
Democratic paity. In New Jersey the power of the Democracy 
has been strengthened, and the legislature and executive are now 
both Democrat. In the great State of New York it has given us 
the great David B. Hill for senator, and Roswell P. Flower for 
Governor. With all these glorious achievements, it is the wisest 
and best policy to nominate again the man whose policy made 
these successes possible. The people believe that these victories, 
which gave us a Democratic House of Representatives in 1890 
and Democratic governors and senators in Rcjuiblican and doubt- 
ful States, are due to the courage and wisdom of Grover Cleveland. 
And so believing, they recognize him as their great leader. 



NOMINATION OF t'LKVKLANI). 631 

In presenting this name to the Convention, there is no reflec- 
tion upon any of the masterful leaders of the ]»arty. The vic- 
tories which have been obtained are not alone the laeritage of 
those States ; they belong to the whole party. I feel that every 
Democratic State, and that every individual Democrat, has 
reason to rejoice and be proud and applaud these splendid 
successes. The candidacy of Grover Cleveland is not a reflection 
upon others; it is not antagonistic to any great Democratic 
leader. He comes before this Convention, not as the candidate of 
any one State. He is the choice of the great majority of Demo- 
cratic voters. 

The Democracy of New Jersey presents to this Convention, in 
this the people's year, their nominee, the nominee of the people, 
the plain, blunt, honest citizen, the idol of the Democratic masses 
— Grover Cleveland. 



THE DEMOCRATIC PLATFORM. 



Section 1. The representatives of the Democratic party 
of the United States, in national convention assembled, do 
reallirm their allegiance to the piineiples of the party as 
formulated by Jefferson and exemplified by the long and 
illustrious line of his successors in Democratic leadershi[s 
from Madison to Cleveland ; we believe the public ^Yelfare 
demands that these principles be applied to the conduct of 
the Federal Government through the power of the party tlial 
advocates them ; and we solemnly declare that the need of 
a return to those fundamental principles of a free popular 
government, based on home rule and individual liberty, M^as 
never more urgent than now, when the tendency to centralize 
all power at the federal capital has become a menace to the 
reserved rights of the States that strikes at the very roots of 
our government under the Constitution as framed by tlie 
fathers of the republic. 

Sec. 2. We warn the people of our common country, 
jealons for the preservation of their free institutions, that the 
policy of federal control of elections, to which the Republi- 
can party h;is committed itself, is fraught Avith the gravest 
dangers, scarcely less momentous than would result from a 
revolution, practically establishing monarchy on the ruins of 
tlie. republic. It strikes at the North as well as the South, 
and injures the colored citizen even more than the white ; it 
means a horde of deputy marshals at every polling 2:)lace, 
armed with federal power, returning boards appointed and 
controlled by federal authority, tlie outrage of the electoral 
rights of the people in the several States, the subjugation of 

532 



THE DEMOCRATIC PLATFORM. 533 

the colored people to the control of the party in power und 
the reviving of race antagonisms, now happily abated, of the 
utmost peril to the safety and happiness of all, a measure 
deliberately and justly described by a leading Republican 
senator as " the most infamous bill that ever crossed the 
threshold of the Senate." 

Such a policy, if sanctioned by law, would mean the 
dominance of a self-perpetuating oligarchy of office-holders, 
and the party first intrusted with its machinery could be dis- 
lodged from power only by an appeal to the reserved rights of 
the people to resist opposition, which is inherent in all self- 
governing communities. Two years ago this revolutionary 
policy was emphatically condemned by the people at the 
polls ; but, in contempt of that verdict, the Republican 
party has defiantly declared in its latest authoritative utter- 
ance that its success in the coming elections will mean the 
enactment of the force bill and the usurpation of despotic 
control over elections in all the States. 

Believing that the preservation of republican government 
in the United States is dependent upon the defeat of this 
policy of legalized force and fraud, we invite the support of 
all citizens who desire to see the Constitution maintained in 
its integrity, with the laws pursuant thereto, wliicli have 
given our countiy a hundred years of unexampled prosperity ; 
and we pledge the Democratic part}', if it be intrusted with 
power, not only to the defeat of the force bill, but also to 
relentless opposition to the Republican j)olicy of profligate 
expenditure which, in the short space of two years, has 
squandered an enormous surplus and emptied an overflowing 
treasury, after piling new burdens of taxation upon the 
already overtaxed lal)or of the country. 

Sec. 3. We denounce Republican protection as a fraud, a 
robbery of the gieat majority of American people for the 
benefit of the few. We declare it to be a fundamental 
princi[)le of the Democratic party that the Federal Govei'ument 



534 THE DEMOCRATIC PLATFORM. 

has no constitutional power to enforce and collect tariff 
duties except for the purpose of revenue only, and demand 
that the collection of such taxes shall be limited to the 
necessities of the government, and honestly and economically 
administered. 

We denounce the McKinley tariff laAv enacted by the 
Fifty-First Congress as the culminating atrocity of class legis- 
lation ; we indorse the efforts made by the Democrats of the 
present Congress to modify its most oppressive features in 
the direction of free raw materials and cheaper manufactured 
goods that enter into general consumption ; and we promise 
its repeal as one of the beneficent results that will follow the 
action of the people in entrusting power to the Democratic 
party. 

Since the McKinley tariff went into operation there have 
been ten reductions of the wages of laboring men to one 
increase. We deny that there ha*s been any increase of 
prosperity to the country since that tariff went into operation, 
and we point to the dulness and distress, the wage reductions 
and strikes in the iron trade as the best })Ossible evidence 
that no such prosperity has resulted from the McKinley act. 

We call the attention of thouglitful Americans to the fact 
that, after thirty years of restrictive taxes against the im- 
portation of foreign wealth in exchange for our agricultural 
surplus, the homes and farms of the country have become 
burdened with a real estate mortgage debt of over $2,500,- 
000,000, exclusive of all other forms of indebtedness ; that 
in one of the chief agricultural States of the West there 
appears a real estate mortgage debt averaging one hundred 
and fifty-tlu'ee dollars per capita of the total population, and 
that similar conditions and tendencies are shown to exist in 
the other agricultural exporting States. Vn^e denounce a 
policy which fosters no industry so much as it does that of 
the sheriff. 

Sec. 4. Trade interchange on the basis of reciprocal ad van- 



THE PEMOCKATIO PLATFORM. 535 

tages to tlie countries i^articipating is a time-honored doctrine 
of the Democratic faith, bnt we denounce the sham reciprocity 
whicli juggles with the people's desire for enlarged foreign 
markets and freer exchanges l)y pretending to establish closer 
trade relations for a country whose articles of export are 
almost exclusively agricultural products with other countries 
that are also agricultural, while erecting a custom house bar- 
rier of prohibitive tariff taxes against the richest countries of 
the Avorld that stand ready to take our entire surplus of 
products and to exchange therefor commodities which are 
necessaries and comforts of life among our own people. 

Sec. 5. We recognize in the trusts and combinations, which 
are designed to enable capital to secure more than its just 
share of the joint product of capital and labor, a natural con- 
sequence of the prohibitive taxes Avhich prevent the free 
competition which is the life of honest trade, but we believe 
their worst evils can ])e abated by law, and we demand the 
rigid enforcement of tlie laws made to prevent and control 
them, together with such further legislation in restraint of 
their uses as experience may shoAv to be necessary. 

Sec. 6. The Republican party, while professing a policy of 
reserving the j)ublic land, for small holdings by actual settlers, 
has given away the people's heritage till now a few railroads 
and non-resident aliens, individual and corporate, possess a 
larger area than that of all our farms between the two seas. 
The last Democratic administration reversed the improvident 
and unwise policy of the Republican party touching the pul> 
lie domain, and reclaimed from corporations and syndicates, 
alien and domestic, and restored to the people nearly 100,- 
000,000 acres of valuable land, to be sacredly held as home- 
steads for our citizens, and we pledge ourselves to continue 
this policy until ever^ acre of land so unlawfully held shall 
be reclaimed and restored to the people. 

Sec. 7. We denounce the Republican legislation known as 
the Sherman act of 1890 as a cowardly makeshift, fraught 



536 THE DEMOr-RATIO PLATFORM. 

with possibilities of danger in the future which should make 
all of its supporters, as well as its autlior, anxious for its 
speedy repeal. We hold to the use of ])oth gold and silver 
as the standard money of tlie country, and to the coinage of 
both gold and silver without discriminating against either 
metal or charge for mintage, but the dollar unit of coinage of 
both metals must be of equal intrinsic and exchangeable 
value, or be adjusted through international agreement, or by 
such safeguards of legislation as sliall insure the maintenance 
of the parity of the metals and the ecjual pcnver of every 
dollar at all times in the markets and in the payment of 
debts ; and we demand that all paper currency shall be kept 
at par with and redeemable in such coin. We insist upon 
this policy as especially necessary for the protection of the 
farmers and laboring classes, the first and most defenceless 
victims of unstable money and a fluctuating cun-ency. 

Sec. 8. We recommend that the prohibitory 10 per cent, 
tax on State bank issues be repealed. 

Sec. 9. Public office is a public trust. We reaffirm the 
declaration of the Democratic national convention of 1876 
for the refoi'ui of the civil service, and we call for the honest 
enforcement of all laws rep-ulatino- tlie same. The nomina- 
tion of a President, as in the recent Republican convention, 
by delegations composed largely of liis appointees, holding 
office at his pleasure, is a scandalous satire upon free popular 
institutions, and a startling illustration of the methods by 
which a President may gratify his ambition. We denounce 
a policy under which federal office-holders usurp control of 
party conventions in the States, and we pledge tlie Democratic 
party to the reform of these and all other abuses which 
threaten individual liberty and local self-government. 

Sec. 10. The Democratic party is the only party that has 
ever given the country a foreign policy consistent and vigo- 
rous, comjjelling respect abroad and inspiring confidence at 
home. While avoiding entangling alliances, it lias aimed to 



THE DK^rOCRATIC PLATFORM. 537 

cultivate friendly relations with other nations, and especially 
with our neighl)ors on the American continent whose destiny 
is closely linked with our own, and we view with alarm the 
tendency to a policy of irritation and bluster, which is liable 
at any time to confront us with the alternative of liumiliation 
or war. We favor the maintenance of a navy strong enough 
for all purposes of notional defence, and to properly maintain 
the honor and dignity of tlie country abroad. 

Sec. 11. This country has always been the refuge of the 
oppressed from every land, exiles for conscience sake, and in 
the spirit of the founders of our government we condemn the 
oppression practised by the Russian government upryn its 
Lutheran and Jewish subjects, and we call upon our national 
government, in the interest of justice and humanity, by all 
just and proper means, to use its prompt and best efforts to 
bring about a cessation of tliese cruel persecutions in the 
dominions of the Czar, and to secure to the oppressed equal 
rights. 

We tender our profound and earnest sympathy to those 
lovers of freedom who are strugghng for home rule and the 
great cause of local self-government in Ireland. 

Sec. 12. We heartily approve all legitimate efforts to pre- 
vent the United States from being used as the dumping 
ground for the known criminals and professional paupers of 
Europe, and we demand tlie rigid enforcement of tlie law 
against Chinese immigration or the importation of foreign 
workmen under contract to degrade American labor and 
lessen the wages, but we condemn and denounce any and all 
attempts to restrict the immigration of the industrious and 
worthy of foreign lands. 

Sec. 13. This Convention hereliy renews the expression 
of appreciation of the patriotism of the soldiers and sailoi-s 
of the Union in the war for its preservation, and we favor 
just and liberal pensions for all disabled Union soldieis, their 
widows and dependents, but we demand that the work of the 



638 THE DEMOCRATIC PLATFORM. 

pension office shall be done industriously, impartially, and 
honestly. We denounce the present administration of tliat 
office as incompetent, corrupt, disgraceful, and dishonest. 

Sec. 14. The Federal Government should care for and im- 
prove the Mississippi River and other great waterways of the 
republic, so as to secure for tlie interior States easy and 
cheap transportation to the tide water. 

When any waterway of the republic is of sufficient impor- 
tance to demand the aid of the government, such aid should 
be extended by a definite plan of continuous work until per- 
manent improvement is secured. 

Sec."^15. For purposes of national defence and the promo- 
tion of commerce between the States, we recognize the early 
construction of the Nicaragua Canal, and its protection against 
foreign control, as of great importance to the United States. 

Sec. 16. Recognizing the World's Columbian Exposition 
as a national undertaking of vast importance, in which the 
general government has invited the co-operation of all the 
powers of the world, and appreciating the acceptance by 
many of such powers of the invitation extended, and the 
broadest liberal efforts being made by them to contribute to 
the grandeur of the undertaking, we are of the o[)inion that 
Congress should make such necessary financial provision as 
shall be requisite to the maintenance of the national honor 
and public faith. 

Sec. 17. Popular education being the only safe basis of 
popular suffrage, we recommend to tlie several States most 
liberal ap[)ropriations for the public schools. Free common 
schools are tlie nursery of good government, and they have 
always received the fostering care of the Democratic party, 
which favors every means of increasing intelligence. Freedom 
of education being an essential of civil and religious liberty, 
as well as a necessity for the development of intelligence, 
must not be interfered with under any pretext ^\'hatever. We 
are opposed to State interference with parental rights and 



THE T>KMOrRATI0 PLATFORM. 539 

rights of conscience in the education of children, as an in- 
fringement of the Democratic doctrine that the largest indi- 
vidual liberty consistent with the rights of others ensures the 
highest tj-pe of American citizenship and the best government. 

Sec. 18. We approve the action of the present House of 
Representatives in passing bills for the admission into the 
Union as States of the Territories of New Mexico and 
Arizona, and we favor the early admission of all Territories 
having necessary population and resources to admit them to 
statehood, and while they remain Territories we hold that the 
officials appointed to administer the government of any Terri- 
tory, together with the District of Columbia and Alaska, 
should be bona fide residents of the Territory or district in 
which their duties are to be performed. The Democratic 
party believes in home rule and the control of their own 
affairs by tlie people of the vicinage. 

Sec. 19. We favor legislation by Congress and State legis- 
latures to jDrotect the lives and limbs of railway emploj^ees 
and those of other hazardous transportation companies, and 
denounce the inactivity of the Republican party, and particu- 
larly the Republican Senate, for causing the defeat of meas- 
ures beneficial and protective to this class of wage-workers. 

Sec. 20. We are in favor of the enactment by the States 
of laws for abolishing the notorious sweating system, for 
abolishing contract convict labor, and for prohibiting the em- 
ployment in factories of children under fifteen years of age. 

Sec. 21. We are opposed to all sumptuary laws as an inter- 
ference with the individual rights of the citizen. 

Sec. 22. Upon this statement of principles and policies the 
Democratic party asks the intelligent judgment of the Ameri- 
can people. It asks a change of administration and a change 
of party, in order that there may be a change of system and 
a change of methods, thus assuring the maintenance unim- 
paired of institutions under which the Re[)ublic has grown 
great and powerful. 



THE VOTE BY STATES. 



Cleveland's triumph in the convention was largely due to 
the admirable generalship of William C. Whitney, who was 
Secretary of the Navy under the Cleveland administration. 
The nomination was accomplished on the first ballot, the 
States voting as follows : 

State. CLEVELANn. Hill. Boies. 

Alabama 14 1 2 

Arkansas ..." 1(5 

California 18 

Colorado 3 5 

Connecticut 12 

Delaware 6 

Florida 5 

Georgia 17 5 

Idaho . . G 

Illinois 48 

Indiana 30 

Iowa i'() 

Kansas -iO 

Kentucky 18 . . li 

Louisiana 3 1 11 

Maine 9 1 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 24 4 1 

Michigan 28 

Minnesota 18 

Mississippi 8 3 3 

Missouri 34 

Montana 

Nebraska 1') 

Nevada . . 4 

New Hampshire 8 

New Jersey 20 

New York 72 

North Carolina 3 1-3 . . 1 

North Dakota 

Ohio 14 10 

Oregon 8 

Pennsylvania (54 

Rhode' Island 8 

South Carolina 1 3 14 

Soutli Dakota 7 . . 1 

Tennessee 24 

Texas 23 1 6 

Vermont . . 8 

Virginia 12 11 

540 



THK VOTE KY STATES. 541 

State. . Clkveland. Hilt.. 7?oies. 

Washinj^ton 8 

West Virginin 7 1 

Wisconsin 24 

AVyoming 3 

Alaska 2 

Arizona o 

District of ( oluml ii 3 

New Mexico 4 

Oklahoma 2 

Utah .r 2 ,. .. • 

Indian Territory 2 

Totals ()i(3]-3 112 103 

SCATTERING. 

Alabama — Morrison, 4 ; Campbell, 2. Florida — Car- 
lisle, 3. Georgia — Gorman, 4. Kentucky — Carlisle, 6. 
Louisiana — Gorman, 1. Maine — Gorman, 1 ; Whitney, 1. 
Maryland — Gorman, 9 1-2. Massachusetts — Russell, 1. 
Mississippi — Gorman, 4. Nebraska — Gorman, 1. Nevada 
— Gorman, 2. North Carolina — Stevenson, 16 2-3 ; Morri- 
son, 1. Ohio ■ — Carlisle, 5 ; Gorman, 5. Virginia — Gorman, 
1. West Virginia — Gorman, 3 ; Pattison, 1. Wyoming — 
Gorman, 3. Totals — Gorman, 36 1-2: Stevenson, 16 2-3; 
Morrison, 5 ; Carlisle, 15 ; Campbell, 2 ; Pattison, 1 ; Whit- 
ney, 1 ; Russell, 1. 



THE WHITE HOUSE CHILDREN. 



A curious phase of national politics is the puhlic curiosity 
which has been manifested in tlie children of the Harrison 
family, and tlie more recent, and if possible, more intense 
interest wliich the birth of " Baby Ruth " Cleveland has 
aroused. The childi*en of no royal family have been regarded 
with more ardent admiration, altliough neither of them have 
been seen to any extent outside their respective home circles. 
In a certain sense, this display of the public interest, with 
its consequent exaltation of the youthful persons concerned, 
has a salutaiy effect upon the mind of j'oung America. It 
impresses the thinking l)oy and girl with the cardinal feature 
of the republican form of government, viz., that the people 
choose their rulers from among themselves, and that the boy 
or girl, who by the fortunes of politics goes to live at the 
White House, may bo more fortunate, but in the eye of the 
law is no better than the child of the humblest citizen. 
Children in America are democrats first and last. Far more 
than their ciders, they have a common feeling one towards 
another ; all boys and girls, to a certain age, are brothers and 
sisters, recognizing in their mutual contact neither the 
accidents of birth nor the artificial barrier of social position. 
It therefore happens that the boy in the White House is, in 
imagination, the playmate of every other boy in the land. 
In a monarchy this would be impossible, for there the breach 
between the children of the royal family and those of the 
people makes itself felt in a multitude of ways. 

Never until the Harrison administration has so much been 
made of the child occupants of the Executive Mansion. In 

542 




BENJAMIN HAKRISON MOKEE. 



THE WHITE HOUSE CHILDREN. 545 

fact, rarely has it happened that young children have been 
membei's of the Presidential household, Washington, who 
had no children of his own, adopted the two youngest 
children of his foster son. Colonel Custis, — Eleanor Parke 
Custis and George Wasliington Custis, and both were present 
at the time of his inauguration as President, being respec- 
tively eleven and nine years of age at that time. There 
was no White House in those days, and the nation's first 
President lived in New York Citj^ where the youngsters 
were important members of the social circle which Washington 
drew about him. President John Adams had Susanna, the three- 
year-old daughter of his deceased son Charles, at the White 
House during part of his administration. Jefferson's daugh- 
ters Martha and ]\Iary, " Patsey " and " Polly," as they were 
familiarly styled, were both married during his occupancy of 
the White House. The former married Thomas Mann 
Randolph, and by him had a child, James Madison Randolph, 
who was born at the White House in the winter of 1805-6, 
and was the first child born in tliat historic dwelling. In 
February, 1829, when the administration of John Quincy 
Adams was within a month of its ending, the White House 
was the scene of a christening which was a good deal of a 
social event. The infant was the baby girl of the President's 
son John, by tlie latter's wife, born Miss Mary Hellen, and 
was christened Mary Louisa in the presence of the Cabinet 
officers, the Justices of the Supreme Court, the Diplomatic 
Corps, and other notables at the Capitol. Mary Louisa became 
one of the family circle, and was muctli beloved by the 
President, of wliom it is related that he penned some verses 
in honor of the baby, a couplet of whicli declared that he 
was ever ready to 

" Clap the hands, and laugh, and sing 
To catcli that heaven, an infant's smile." 

This administration baby was the possessor of a doll known 



546 THE AVHITE HOUSE CniLDREN". 

as " Sally," which achieved a national reputation as the 
" White House Doll." Mary Louisa's tenure of office, how- 
ever, was cut short by the inauguration in March, 1829, of 
President Andrew Jackson, whose eight years' occupancy of 
the White House was significant, from tlie present point 
of view, in that it was the birthplace of three of the four 
children of Major Andrew Jackson Donelson, who was Mrs. 
Jackson's nephew, and with his wife, went to live at the 
White House upon the General's inauguration. A biogra- 
pher says : " There was such frolicking there as has never 
been known before or since ; the common desire was to create 
sunshine for the President, for his public life was most 
stormy and trying." Between the intervals of his exploitation 
of the doctrine that to the " victors belong the spoils," the 
liero of New Orleans found exceedino- delisrht in dartingf into 
tlie bath-room while the Donelson cliildren were bathing 
"■and sprinkle them with water, pretending to whip them 
with a wash-cloth, and would laugli and chuckle when any 
of them were quick enougli to return the splashing." 

Lincoln's children were favorites both with the men who 
were associated with him during the crucial period of the 
nation's life, and with the people generally. Robert Todd, 
the elder, is now the present Minister at the Court of St. 
James. William's death at a tender ao'e at the White House 
called forth the nation's sympathy, and jirayers were uttered 
in behalf of the grieving parents. The third son was Thomas, 
known as " Tad," an abbreviation of Tadpole, an affectionate 
name given to him by his father. A favorite picture of 
Lincoln represents him seated with " Tad " on his knee 
reading an open book. 

The young man who, for the best part of four )^ears, has 
lived at the White House, has been more prominently in the 
public mind than any other of the " administration " young- 
sters. Li many respects lie lias been the subject of more 
adulation than has his grandparent. Although he is but five 



iDHE "WHITE IIOITSE CHILDREX. 547 

years old, his picture has been published more often than 
that even of the President, while columns of narrative set- 
ting forth his attributes, mental, moral, and physical, have 
been provided in response to the widespread demand for knowl- 
edge regarding him. Yet there is no evidence that Benja- 
min Harrison McKee's head has been turned by all this 
greatness thrust upon him ; on the contrary he has carried 
himself with a becoming dignity and a modesty of demeanor 
befitting his exalted position as the First Boy in the Land. 
Like all inveterate office-holders, he shakes hands after a sort 
of automatic fashion due to tlie obligatory nature of his duties ; 
the Harrisons never are demonstrative in their show of feel- 
ing, any\A'ay. " Baby " McKee is not an exception to the 
rule. However, he has found himself confronted with a- 
condition, the theory of which he feels he long ago deserved to 
have outlived, l)at wliich he seems to be powerless to over- 
come, viz., the national disgrace he suffers in being called 
" Baby " IMcKee. It is declared to be a fact that whenever 
any visitor at the White House asks liim ever so sweetly 
" Is this Baby McKee ? " or, " How do you do. Baby 
McKee ? " tlie grandson of the President invariably replies, 
" I'm not Baby AIcKee ! Vm Benjamin Harrison McKee ! " 
In accordance with his wishes, the doorkeepers about the 
White House are careful to speak to and of him as Benjamin, 
and never as Ben or Benny. He readily comes forward 
when his presence is requested by visitors, but always with 
a grave reservation, born of his liabitual appearance before 
strangers. He is absolutely fearless in their presence, being 
perfectly composed, in this respect following the habit of his 
grandfather in receiving a crowd of people. But this is not 
the sole point of similarity between the grandparent and 
his grandcliild. Observation of the picture of Benjamin 
Harrison McKee shows that the boy has the President's 
breadth and height of forehead, eyes of the same color, 
and a similar facial contour; in fact, he could not more 

/ 



548 THE WHITE HOUSE CHILDREN. 

closely resemble the President if he was the President's own 
son. 

Benjamin Harrison McKee is the son of James R. McKee, 
formerly of Indianapolis, who married President Harrison's 
daughter. Mrs. McKee said recently : — 

" The name ' Bahy ' McKee belongs to Benjamin, altliougli 
yon may see from the picture that he is older. My little girl was 
born just two weeks after my father Avas nominated, so during 
that summer she was too small to be much in company. As 
Benjamin was constantly in the yard and about the house where 
the strangers Avho called saw him, the title ' Baby ' McKee was 
given him by the people who flocked to see my father." 

Benjamin's German nurse has taught him the language of 
the Fatherland so well that he uses it quite as fluently as the 
mother tongue. He is an expert rider on the velocipede, 
and an adept at carpentry after a rude juvenile fashion. He 
takes most delight, but not less than the President himself, 
in playing with his distinguished grandparent, whom he 
leads in many a boisterous romp tlnough the Executive 
Mansion. The majesty of Benjamin's greatness has dimmed 
the lustre which otherwise might attach itself to his fair 
young sister, Mary Lodge McKee, who is three and a half 
years old. The world hears very little of this member of the 
Wliite House family, but she has a sweet disposition and 
wins many friends. 

" Baby Ruth " Cleveland achieved instantaneous fame on 
October 3, 1891, when she was born at her father's home in 
New York City. The rejoicing which accompanied this 
notable event was widespread and heartfelt, and congratula- 
tions came thick and fast to the overjoyed father. A re- 
markable fact in connection with Baby Ruth's birtli was the 
unanimity with which it was said tliat she would help re- 
elect her father to the Presidenc}'. She at once rose to the 
dignity of a political force, and it was felt that she would 
make an excellent rival for political honors against the 
juvenile candidate of the Republicans. If there was any 




MRS. CLEVELAND ANB BAI5Y KUTH. 
549 



THE WHITE HOUSE CHILDREN. 551 

advantage to the Harrison administration in the person of 
Master Benjamin Harrison McKee, it was argued that it 
would be more than offset by the winning personality of 
" Baby Ruth," who, all the accounts agreed, was as beautiful 
as her beautiful mother. At all events, Candidate Cleve- 
land measurably rose in the public estimation. The cartoon- 
ists, the newspaper funny men, the song writers, and the 
poets, who previously had utilized Baby McKee as a source 
of inspiration, now warned that young man he must look 
after his laurels, and they f;nthwith devoted a large part of 
their printed pleasantries to the infant daughter of the 
Democratic ex-President. The accounts of little Ruth have 
been rather meagre, but those who care for details may be 
interested in the following : — 

"Half of her face is strikingly like his (her father's) — large 
forehead, heavy brows, small eyes, strong nose, and large facial 
angle. There is remarkable width of the face from temple to 
temple. In the lower face the mother's likeness is seen. Mrs. 
Cleveland has a very pretty mouth and as lovely a chin as nature 
ever modeled in a human face. Miss Cleveland has the same 
pretty month, the same lovely chin, the same smooth curve of the 
cheeks, and the same laughing dimple, heightened in charm by 
the faultless delicacy of infantile beauty. Her bright little eyes 
are gray-blue, and she has quite a shock of long hair, V>lack as 
jet and fine as corn-tassels. Oddly enough, she is not a dimpled 
baby ; nobody could call her roly-poly. An authority on babies 
would take her to be a boy. She is strong and muscular, has a 
large frame, superb respiration, good appetite, perfect digestion, 
and the promise of developing into a large woman. Although a 
ten-pounder, she is a magnificent specimen of humanity, well- 
formed, beautifully hinged, and perfectly able to support her own 
weight. Her head doesn't lop over when she is raised up ; she 
doesn't give one the impression that she will go to pieces at the 
bath. She takes to water like a web-foot and shows a decided 
taste for white castile soap and velvet sponges." 



SKETCH OF GEN. JOHN BIDWELL. 



John Bidwell was born on the fifth day of Augnst, 1819, 
in Chautauqua Count}^ New York. His father, Abraham 
iiidwell, was a native of Connecticut, and his mother, whose 
maiden name was Clarissa Griggs, was a native of Massachu- 
setts. The candidate of the Prohibitionists is, therefore, of 
Yankee origin, and his career shows that he has inherited in 
a marked degree the peculiar tact and shrewdness, the energy 
and industry for which New Englanders are noted. His 
grandfather fought in the "War of 1812, and was an indus- 
trious and successful farmer, who reared a large family of 
children. The candidate's mother was noted for her many 
amiable and estimable qualities. The boy received a limited 
education ; but he was a hard student and had a natural apti- 
tude for books. During his roving life in the far West he 
passed much of his time in self-improvement, a fact which 
accounts for his creditable literary abilities. His youthful 
life was an unsettled one. When ten years of age, his father 
moved to Erie, Penn., and, two years later, to Ashtabula 
County, Ohio, and, in 1835, to Darke County, Ohio; the next 
year, at the age of seventeen years, feeling the necessity of 
further schooling, the son returned to Ashtabula County, 
where, in the Kingsville Academy, he studied less than two 
yeai-s, and ended his scholastic education. In 1838 he 
returned home, spent one winter, and left, at the age of nine- 
teen, to seek his fortune in the West, single-handed, and 
without means. 

He went to Iowa, then into Missouri, and up the Missouri 
River to the extreme western boundary of the State, These 

652 



SKKT* II (IF CEN. .lolIX HI DWELL. 553 

travels occupied several months. Spending nearly two years 
ill Missouri, he formed a wide acquaintance, and in the spring 
of 1841 he aided in organizing the first party to cross the 
Rocky Mountains direct to California. 

He enlisted in defenpp of California against the insurrection 
of the native chiefs, Castro and Alvarado, in tlie revolt of 1844 
and 1845, and acted as aide-de-camp to General Sutter till the 
war ended by the expulsion of the Mexican Governor Michelto- 
rena. hi 1846 General Fremont began the war which gave 
California to the United States. Onj of Fremont's first acts 
after the war was thouglit to be closed was to appoint young 
Bidwell, then twenty-seven years old, magistrate of San Luis 
Rey District. 

In 1849, at the age of thirty, he was chosen a member of 
the first Constitutional Convention of California at Monterey, 
then the capital, but circumstances prevented his attendance. 
The same year he was elected to the senate of the first legis- 
lature of California. In 1850 he was appointed one of the 
commissioners, by Governor Burnett, to convey to Washing- 
ton City the block of gold-bearing quartz, as California's con- 
tribution to the Washington monument. In 1855 he was 
acraiii a candidate for the State senate. In 1860 he was a 
delegate to the national Democratic Presidential Convention 
at Charleston, S. C, and that year was a Union or Douglas 
Democrat. 

In 1863 he was appointed by Governor, and now U. S. 
Senator, Lelaiid Stanford to command the Fifth Brigade, 
California Militia, serving till the close of the Civil War. In 
1864 he was a delegate to the Baltimore Convention, which 
re-norninated President Lincoln for the Presidency. In the 
same year he was nominated and elected to the Thirty-Ninth 
Congress. Two years later, he was tendered a re-nomination, 
but declined. In 1875 he was nominated for Governor of 
California on the Anti-monopoly or Non-partisan State ticket, 
polling 30,000 votes. April 4, 1888, he was chosen to pre- 



S54 SKETrll <i|' (;|.;\. .KHI.V lUDWKLL. 

side at the State Prohibition Convention, and was made can- 
didate for (Governor in 1800, j)()lling nearly donhlo the 
regular Prohibition vote that year. He received 10,868 
votes to 5,761 for General Fisk. In 1888 he said: "I am a 
Prohibitionist, a native Anu-ru-an, s^id anti-Chinese in tlio 
sense of wholesome restriction of all foreififn immiofration, and 
an anti-monopolist in the truest sense of the term."' 

Chico Vicino, the tract opened up to settlement adjoining- 
General Bidwell's private estate,, has a prohibitory clause 
against the manufacture and sale of all intoxicants, which is 
made a condition precedent to all conveyances or certificates 
of sale of laud therein. 

General Iwdwell is p()[)ularly known as " the father of 
(^hieo." lie is closely identilied with its leading enterprises, 
and is a niunilicent benefactor, liaviuL;' donated to the city of 
Chico lands for its beautiful publii-, parks, lots for religious 
and educational purposes, -113,500 to the Presbyterian church 
of which he is a member, land for the station of the State 
Forestry Commission, tlie site for the State Normal School at 
Chico, etc. The Normal school is i:i close p)roximity to 
General Bidwell's bjautiful villa aiid i-esidence — the Rancho 
Chico — a magnificent estate wliich contains all varieties of 
trees and shrubs, interwoven M'ith clear streams and forty-five 
miles of drives and walks, wliit'h are always open to the 
public. After his defeat for Governor he became interested in 
the diiuk piobknn. At that time his lanch had many pro- 
ductive vineyards, and his wine cellars contained a varied 
assortment of native wines. lie caused all his cellars to be 
turned out, and his vines to be destroyed, and from that time 
he was an ardent worker in the cause of prohibition. 

General Bidwell was married in 1868 to Annie, elder 
daughter of the late Joseph E. C. Kennedy, a prominent 
resident of "Washington, D. C, and member of a cnltured 
Maryland family. Slie \n\^ strongly seconded her husbajid's 
public and philanthropic benefactions, and especially his 



SKETCH OF GEX. JOII.V BIDM'ELL. 555 

efforts to protect, enlarge, and educate the Indians living at 
the Ranchiera on Kancho Chico, the school being under her 
direct supervision. The general has built a chapel for them, 
and Mrs. Bidwell herself conducts the Sunday services. She 
is a noble Christian woman. 

General Bidwell is a man of untiring enterprise, with a 
large heart and a powerful mind 5 a man of wide reading, 
liigh culture and refined taste, and withal a strong, true man. 
He is six feet three inches in height, with splendid physique, 
commanding and dignified in appearance, and has the attri- 
butes of one born to be a leader of men. 

One of his admirers said of him: "Put him beside Cleve- 
land and he Avould tower eighteen inches above him ; put 
him beside the Republican nominee and he would hide him, 
hat and all." 

In the Cincinnati Convention of the Prohibitionist party, 
he was nominated for President by Ex-Gov. John P. St. Jolni, 
who said that General Bidwell was one of the pioneers of 
California, a man who has always been in sympathy with the 
people of the country, a man who has labored with his hands 
and earned money by the sweat of his brow, a man loyal to 
the principles of this party. He has served two terms in 
Congress. He voted for the Pacific railroad bill, because he 
would not have represented his constituents properly if he 
hadn't ; he voted to take the tax off wine and brandy, and 
God bless him for that. 

After the roll of States had been called the Convention 
proceeded to a ballot, with the following result : Whole 
number of votes, 974. Necessary for a choice, 487. John 
Bidwell, of California, had 590. Gideon T. Stewart, of Ohio, 
had 179. W. Jennings Demorest, of New York, had 139. 
H. Clay Bascom, of New York, had 3. General Bidwell was 
declared the nominee of the Convention for President. 

J. B. Cranfill, of Texas, nominated by the Prohibitionists 
for Vice-President, is about forty-five years old. He was a candi- 



556 SKETCH OF GEN. JOHN 15IDWELL. 

date before the Conventiou of the party in 1888, but was 
defeated. He is editor of the Advance, of Prohibition and 
JReforni, and also of the Baptist Standard^ all of which are 
published in Texas. 

The figures on the first ballot for Vice President were : 
Levering, S80 ; Cranfill, 386 ; Satterlee, 26 ; Carskadon, 21. 
Enough changes were made before the figures were 
announced, however, to give Cranfill 416 votes, nine more 
than enouoh to win. 



THE PROHIBITIONIST PLATFORM. 



The Prohibition party, in national convention assembled, 
acknowledging Almighty God as the source of all true gov- 
ernment, and His law as the standard to which all human 
enactments must conform to secure the blessings of peace 
and prosperity, presents the following declaration of princi- 
ples: 

1. The liquor traffic is a foe to civilization, the arch-enemy 
of popular government and a public nuisance. It is the cita^ 
del of the forces that corrupt politics, promote poverty and 
crime, degrade the nation's home life, thwart the will of the 
people, and deliver our country into the hands of rapacious 
class interests. All laws that, under the guise of regulation, 
legalize and protect this traffic, or make the government 
share in its ill-gotten gains, are " vicious in principle, and 
powerless as a remedy." We declare anew for the entire 
suppression of the manufacture, sale, importation, exporta- 
tion, and transportation of alcoholic liquors as a beverage by 
Federal and State legislation, and the full powers of the gov- 
ernment should be exerted to secure this result. Any party 
that fails to recognize the dominant nature of this issue in 
American politics is undeserving of the support of the people. 

2. No citizen should be denied the right to vote on account 
of sex, and equal labor should receive e(][ual wages, without 
regard to sex. 

3. The money of the country should consist of gold, silver, 
and paper, and should be issued by the general government 
only, and in sufficient quantities to meet the demands of 
business and give full opportunity for the employment of 

557 



558 THE PROHIBITIONIST PLATFORM. 

labor. To this end an increase in the volume of money is 
demanded, and no individual or corporation should be allowed 
to make any profit through its issue. It should be made a 
legal tender for the payment of all debts, public and private. 
Its volume should be fixed at a definite sum per capita, and 
made to increase with our increase in population. 

4. We favor the free and unlimited coinage of silver and 
gold. 

5. Tariff should be levied only as a defence against foreign 
governments which levy tariff upon or bar out our products 
from their markets, revenue being incidental. The residue 
of means necessary to an economical administration of the 
government should be raised by levying a burden on what 
the people possess, instead of upon what we consume. 

6. Railroads, telegraph, and other public corporations 
should be controlled by the government in the interest of the 
people, and no higher charges allowed than necessary to give 
fair interest on the capital actually invested. 

7. Foreign immigration has become a burden upon indus- 
try, one of the factors in depressing wages and causing dis- 
content, therefore our immigration laws should be revised and 
strictly enforced. The time of residence for naturalization 
should be extended, and no naturalized person should be 
allowed to vote until one year after he becomes a citizen. 

8. Non-resident aliens should not be allowed to acquire 
land in this country, and we favor the limitation of individual 
and corporate ownership of land. All unearned grants of 
land to railroad companies or other corporations should be 
reclaimed. 

9. Years of inaction and treachery on the part of the 
Republican and Democratic parties have resulted in the 
present reign of mob law, and we demand that every citizen 
be protected the right of trial by constitutional tribunals. 

10. All men should be protected by law in tlieir right to 
one day's rest in seven. 



THE PROHIBITIONIST PLATFORM. 559 

11. Arbitration is the wisest and most economical and 
humane method of settling national differences. 

12. Speculation in margins, the cornering of grain, 
money, and products, and the formation of pools, trusts, and 
combinations for the arbitraiy advancement of prices, should 
be suppressed. 

13. We pledge that the Prohibition party, if elected to 
power, will ever grant just pensions to disabled veterans of 
the Union army and navy, their widows and orphans. 

14. We stand unequivocally for the American public 
school and opposed to any appropriation of public moneys for 
sectarian schools. We declare that only by united support 
of such common schools, taught in the English language, can 
we hope to become and remain a homogeneous and liannonious 
people. 

15. We arraign the Republican and Democratic parties 
as false to the standards reared by their founders ; as faith- 
less to the principles of the illustrious leaders of the past, to 
whom they do homage with the lips ; as recreant to the 
" higlier law," which is as inflexible in political affairs as in 
personal life, and as no longer embodying the aspirations of 
the American people, or inviting the confidence of enlightened 
progressive patriotism. Their protest against the admission 
of " moral issues" into politics is a confession of their own 
moral degeneracy. The declaration of an eminent authority 
that municipal misrule is " the one conspicuous failure of 
American politics " follows as a natural consequence of such 
degeneracy, and is true alike of cities under Republican and 
Democratic control. Each accuses the other of extravagance 
in congressional appropriations, and both are alike guilty ; 
each protests when out of power against the infraction of the 
civil service laws, and each when in power violates those laws 
in letter and spirit ; each professes fealty to the interests of the 
toiling masses, but both covertly truckle to the money power 
in their administration of public affairs. Even the tariff 



560 THE ritOIIIIUTIONIST PLATFORM. 

issue, as represented in the Democratic Mills l)ill and the 
Republican McKinlc}^ bill, is no longer treated by them as an 
issue upon great and divergent principles of government, but 
is a mere catering to different sectional and class interests. 
The attempt in many States to wrest the Australian ballot 
system from its true purpose, and to so deform it as to render 
it extremely difficult for new parties to exercise the rights of 
suffrage, is an outrage upon popular government. The com- 
petition of both the parties for the vote of the slums and their 
assiduous courting of the liquor power and subserviency to 
the money power has resulted in placing those powers in the 
position of practical arbiters of the destinies of the nation. 
We renew our protest against these perilous tendencies, and 
invite all citizens to join us in the upbuilding of a party that 
has shown in five national campaigns that it prefers temporary 
defeat to an abandonment of the claims of justice, sobriety, 
personal rights, and the protection of American homes. 



GEN. JAMES B. WEAVER. 



James B. Weaver, the candidate of the People's party, 
was born in Dayton, O., June 12, 1833. He was graduated 
at the law school of Ohio University, Cincinnati, in 1854. 

In April, 1861, he enlisted as a private in the Second Iowa 
Infantry, was elected a lieutenant, rose to be major Oct. 3, 
1861, and after the senior field-officers had fallen at Corinth 
was commissioned colonel Oct. 12, 1862. He was brevetted 
brigadier-general March 13, 1865, for gallantry in action. 

After the war he resumed legal practice, was elected dis- 
trict-attorney of the second judicial district of Iowa in 1866, 
and was appointed assessor of internal revenue for the fifth 
district of the State in 1867, serving six years. 

He became editor of the Iowa Tribune, published at Des 
Moines, and was elected to Congress, taking his seat ]\Iarch 
18, 1879. 

In June, 1880, he was nominated for the Presidency by 
the convention of the National Greenback-Labor party, and 
in the November election he received 307,740 votes. He 
was returned to Congress after an interval of two terms by 
the vote of the Greenback-Labor and Democratic parties, 
taking his seat Dec. 7, 1885, and in 1886 was re-elected. 



561 



THE PEOPLE'S PARTY PLATFORM. 



Assembled upon the llGtli anniversary of the Declaration 
of Independence, the People's Party of America, in their first 
national convention, invoking upon their action the blessing 
of Almighty God, put forth, in the name and on behalf of 
the people of this country, the following preamble and dele- 
gation of principles : — 

The conditions which surround us best justify our co-ojjera- 
tion ; we meet in the midst of a nation brought to the verge 
of moral, political, and material ruin. Corruption dominates 
the ballot box, the legislatures, the congress, and touches 
even the ermine of the bench. The people are demoralized ; 
most of the States have been compelled to isolate the voters 
at the polling places to prevent universal intimidation or 
bribery. The newspapers are largely subsidized or muzzled, 
public opinion silenced, business prostrated, our homes covered 
W'ith mortgages, labor impoverished, and the land concentrat- 
ing in the hands of the capitalists. The urban workmen are 
denied the right of organization for self-protection ; imported 
pauperized labor beats down their wages ; a hireling standing- 
army, unrecognized by our laws, is established to shoot them 
down, and they are rapidly degenerating into European con- 
ditions. The fruits of the toil of millions are boldly stolen 
to build up colossal fortunes for a few, unprecedented in the 
history of mankind, and the possessore of these, in turn, 
despise the republic and endanger liberty. 

We declare that this republic can only endure as a free 
government while built upon the love of the wdiole people 
for each other and for the nation ; that it cannot be pinned 

£62 



THE PEOPLE'S PARTY PLATFORM. 563 

together by bayonets ; that the Civil War is over, and tliat 
every passion and resentment wliich grew out of it must die 
with it, and that we must be in fact, as we are in name, one 
united brotherhood of free men. 

Silver, which has been accepted as coin since the dawn of 
history, has been demonetized to add to the purcliasing power 
of gold, by decreasing the value of all forms of property as 
well as human labor, and the supply of currency is purposely 
abridged to fatten usurpers, bankrupt enterprise, and enslave 
industry. A vast conspiracy against mankind has been 
organized on two continents, and it is rapidly taking posses- 
sion of tlie world. If not met and overthrown at once, it 
forebodes terrible social convulsions, the destruction of civili- 
zation, or the establislnnent of an absolute despotism. 

Our country fnids itself confronted by conditions for 
which there is no precedent in the history of our world ; 
our annual agricultural productions amount to billions of 
dollars in value, which must within a few weeks or months 
be exchanged for billions of dollars of commodities consumed 
in their production ; the existing currency supply is wholly 
inadequate to make this exchange ; the results are falling 
prices, the formation of combines and rings, the impoverish- 
ment of the producing class. We pledge ourselves tliat if 
given power we will labor to correct those evils by wise and 
reasonable legislation, in accordance with the terms of our 
platform. We believe that the powers of government — in 
other words of the people — should be expanded (as in the 
case of the postal service) as rapidly and as far as the good 
sense of an intelligent people and the teachings of expe- 
rience shall justify, to the end that oppression, injustice, and 
poverty shall eventually cease in the land. 

Assembled on tlie anniversary of the birthday of the 
nation, and filled with the spirit of the grand general and 
chief who established our independence, we seek to restore 
the government of the republic to the hands of the " plain 



664 THE people's party platform. 

people," with which class it originated. We assert our pur- 
poses to be identical with the purposes of the national con- 
stitution, to form a more perfect union and establish justice, 
insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defence, 
promote the general welfare and secure the blessings of lil> 
erty for ourselves and our posterity. 

We declare, therefore, that the union of the labor forces of 
the United States this day consummated shall be permanent 
and perpetual ; may its spirit enter into all hearts for the sal- 
vation of the republic and the uplifting of mankind. 

Wealth belongs to him who creates it ; every dollar taken 
from industry without an equivalent is robbery. " If any 
will not work neither shall he eat." . 

We believe that the time has come when the railroad cor- 
porations will either own the people or the people must own 
the railroads, and should the government enter upon the 
work of owning and managing all railroads, we should favor 
an amendment to the constitution by wliich all persons 
engaged in the government service shall be placed under a 
civil service regulation of the most rigid character, so as to 
prevent the increase of the power of the national adminis- 
tration by the use of such additional government employees. 

We demand free and unlimited coinage of silver and gold 
at the present legal ratio of 16 to 1. 

We demand that the amount of circulation medium be 
speedily increased to not less than $50 per capita. 

We demand a graduated income tax. 

We believe that the money of the country should be kept 
as much as possible in the hands of the people, and hence we 
demand that all State and national revenues shall be limited 
to the necessary expenses of the government economically 
and honestly administered. 

We demand that peoj^le's savings banks be established by 
the government for the safe deposit of the earnings of the 
people and to facilitate exchange. 



THE people's party PLATFORM. 565 

Transportation being a means of exchange and a public 
necessity, tlie government should own and operate the rail- 
roads in the interest of the people. 

The telegraph, telephone, like the post-office system, being 
a necessity for the transmission of news, should be owned 
and operated by the government in the interests of the 
people. 

The land, including all the natural sources of wealth, is 
the heritage of the people and should not be monopolized for 
speculative purposes, and alien ownership of land should be 
prohibited. All land now held by railroads and old corpora- 
tions in excess of their actual needs, and all lands now owned 
by aliens should be reclaimed by the government and held 
for actual settlers only. 

A supplement to the platform was adopted, demanding a 
free ballot and a fair count without federal intervention ; 
favoring a graduated income tax and fair and liberal pen- 
sions ; demanding further restriction of undesirable immigra- 
tion ; expressing sympathy with the eight-hour movement ; 
demanding abolition of the Pinkerton detective system ; 
favoring a single term for Presidents, and election of senators 
by the direct vote of the people ; and opposing subsidies. 

On the roll-call of States for presentation of candidates for 
President, Gen. J. B. Weaver, Senator Kyle, General Field, 
of Virginia, ex-Senator Van Wick, of Nebraska, Mann Page, 
of Virginia, and Ignatius Donnelly were placed in nomina- 
tion. Virginia withdrew her candidates. 

The first ballot resulted: Weaver, 995 ; Kyle, 265 ; Norton. 
1 ; Page, 1 ; Stanford, 1. 

Gen. J. G. Field, of Virginia, was nominated for Vice- 
President. 



"BUTLER'S BOOK." 

The Autobiography and Personal Reminiscences of IVIajor-Ceneral 

BENJAMIN F. BUTLER, 

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Mexico, the Aztecs, and Montezumas_. Cliff and Cave Dwellers and Mound Builders. 
The Indians and Esquimaus, their Life, Religions, Customs, Habits, Governments, 
Wars, etc. Splendid Architecture of Yucatan and Central America. 

Four Creat Theories of the Origin of the American Indians. Red men indig- 
enous to the soil. Descendants of the lost tribes of Israel journeying eastward from 
Palestine and crossing Behriug Straits into America. Fiisang records a migration 
of Mongols, who became a race of rulers, the Aztecs. Europeans crossed from 
Africa and South America by the ancient continent of Atlantis. 

This wealth of unpublished lore forms a striking contrast to the dry record and 
innumerable lives of Columbus and arrounis of the discovery with which the coun- 
try is surfeited. It throws a flood of light on American history which has previously 
been involved in total darkness. Out of traditions, and exhumed relics, and hiero- 
glyphic records, is evolved a new history of the Western World. The outcome of 
centuries of research and study, and the work of years of authorship and painstak- 
ing arrangement. A rare American historical book. It will meet the universal 
demand for enlightenment on subjects that have hitherto been enveloped in the 
obscurity of unrecorded antiquity. 

What the People want they will Buy. 
Large size quarto folio, nearly 900 pages, profusely illustrated tinth 4O0 

engrai'ings. I'optilar Prices, $3.50 to $4.50. 

Canvassing Prospectus ready >Tuly 15. liook ready for delivery in August, 

Descriptive circulars sent on application. 

Agrents wanted. 



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